i

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE REPORT

ON THE FIFTY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE OF

TANZANIA MAINLAND

1961-2011

December, 2011

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THE FLAG OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

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THE MAP OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

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H.E DR. JAKAYA MRISHO KIKWETE

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

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H.E. DR. MOHAMMED GHARIB BILAL

THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

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R.T. HON. MIZENGO KAYANZA PETER PINDA (MP)

THE PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

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Table of Contents

PREFACE ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... vi 

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................... 1 

Historical Background Up To 1961 ................................................................................................... 1 

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................. 3 

Politics, Leadership And Legal Framework ....................................................................................... 3 

CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................... 11 

Economic Development ................................................................................................................... 11 

CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................................................... 17 

Social Services ................................................................................................................................. 17 

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................ 22 

Culture .............................................................................................................................................. 22 

CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................... 28 

Achievements, Challenges and the Way Forward ............................................................................ 28 

Achievements ................................................................................................................................ 28 

Challenges .................................................................................................................................... 30 

Way Forward ................................................................................................................................ 31 

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 32 

i

PREFACE

On 9 December 2011, Tanzania Mainland commemorates fifty years of her

independence. We thank the Almighty God for the mercy and blessings bestowed on

our country and her people during the first fifty years of independence. By His grace,

we have managed to defend our freedom and to maintain peace and tranquility.

During these fifty years, the efforts of the people of Tanzania and their leaders, have

yielded positive results in the economy, politics, leadership, legal and social services

and culture. The achievements made are also the outcome of the abundant natural

resources our country is endowed with both on and under the ground and a wide

variety of attractions which we prudently utilised for the benefit of our Nation.

In the past fifty years of independence, Tanzanians have dared to perform many

activities for the development of our country. First and foremost was the successful

but difficult struggle for independence from colonialism. We also eliminated the

colonial legacies in the political, economic, social and cultural systems and

discontinued the traditional chiefdoms for the purpose of uniting all ethnic groups into

a single nation. In 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar united and became The United

Republic of Tanzania thereby realising the concept of African unity. In addition, the

adoption of the Arusha Declaration in 1967, whose aim was to place the ownership of

the major means of production under the control of the people and to build an

egalitarian and self reliant society, was among the difficult but necessary decisions

underlying the principles of socialism and self reliance.

With regard to our relations with foreign countries, as a nation, we decided to follow a

policy of non-alignment despite pressure from the big and powerful nations of the

East and the West. With great valour, we have managed to defend our independence,

protect our borders against invasion, and insisted on making our own decisions.

During the past fifty years of independence, Tanzania Mainland has succeeded in

building the basis for a strong, stable and sustainable economy. During the period

1985-2011, the economy has been growing by an average of 5 percent per annum and

Government revenue collection has increased significantly. Economic growth has

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been the result of positive contributions of manufacturing, mining, tourism,

agriculture, land and infrastructure sectors. The growth of the economy and increase

in revenue collection has enabled the Government to expand and improve the quality

of social services such as education, health, human settlement and water which are

now available to most people.

In addition, there has been great improvements in the infrastructure sector, particularly

transportation, compared to the situation before independence. We have managed to

construct all weather roads connecting all the regions in the country, expand the

railway network including the construction of the Uhuru Railway (TAZARA), and

improve our airports and harbours. Communications has been made easy through

voicemail, internet and cellphones.

The systems which have been established and the experience gained during the past

fifty years of independence provide us a strong foundation for bigger strides in the

years ahead. The Nation is proud of the successes we achieved and the measures taken

in addressing the numerous challenges. These will serve as a useful reference point in

our future struggles for development. Strategies will be devised to enable citizens to

invest in their own development, become more self reliant, and move the country

towards middle income status.

As we commemorate fifty years of independence for Tanzania Mainland, we are

obliged to thank our leaders at all levels for their contribution to the achievements

attained. In a very special way, we acknowledge, and truly honour the Father of the

Nation, the late Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, for his distinguished

contribution to the struggle for the independence of our country, for his outstanding

leadership, and for laying a solid foundation for our Nation. We also remember and

honour the late Right Honourable Rashid Mfaume Kawawa for working hand in hand

with Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere.

I sincerely thank His Exellency Alhaji Ali Hassan Mwinyi, the second phase

President, and His Exellency Benjamin William Mkapa, the third phase President, for

their constructive efforts and patriotism in serving our Nation.

In the same vain I earnestly thank all Tanzanians for their hard work and maintenance

of peace and solidarity, which have made a vital contribution to our country’s

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development. We extend our gratitude to friendly countries and international

organizations for their cooperation and support. Our special thanks go to those

countries and organizations that have consistently supported our development efforts.

As we celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of our independence, it is time to reflect, look

forward, and formulate sound strategies for addressing the challenges ahead. As was

the case during the past fifty years, the future of the Nation is in the hands of all

citizens, especially young women and men, who together constitute the future Nation.

Tanzanians and their leaders will ensure that during the next fifty years, our Nation

remains strong and united anchored by our national fundamental principles of respect

for human dignity, freedom, progress, equality, justice, independence, unity,

nationalism and patriotism, peace and integrity. We intend to make increased use of

ICT to accelerate our economic development, strengthen national defence and

security, enhance cultural development and defend the respect and dignity of the

African people.

I take this opportunity to thank the Ministers, Regional Commissioners and all those

who participated in the preparation of this report which, I believe, contains important

historical information about the first fifty years of our independence.

Finally, I convey my best wishes to all Tanzanians during the celebrations of the fifty

years of the independence of our country. I appeal to all of you to celebrate this

occassion in true happiness, unity, peace and tranquility. Furthermore, I wish our

Nation greater prosperity during the next fifty years of our independence.

“INDEED, WE DARED, WE SUCCEEDED AND WE ARE FORGING

AHEAD”.

GOD BLESS AFRICA, GOD BLESS TANZANIA.

Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete

President of the United Republic of Tanzania

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Tanzania Mainland celebrates her fifty years of independence on 9th December, 2011.

The Government has prepared a consolidated report derived from reports submitted by

Ministries, Regions, Districts and various Institutions. This consolidated report

highlights Tanzanian historical background, political, leadership the constitutional

and legal framework, economic development, social services, culture and national

identity. Furthermore, the report has underscored achievements and challenges as well

as the future prospects for the country.

The preparation of this Report was not an easy task. The Nation recognizes the

valuable contributions from different stakeholders who, in one way or another, have

participated in making this historical milestone possible. Therefore, I take this

opportunity to thank and congratulate the chief executives at different levels of the

Government and Institutions who participated in this demanding task, particularly the

Permanent Secretaries, Regional Administrative Secretaries, Council Directors and

Heads of different Institutions. My vote of thanks should also go to all Public

Servants working in Government and those working in Public Institutions, who

diligently participated in preparing their reports which provided significant inputs for

the preparation of this national report.

I sincerely convey my appreciation to members of the Committee which prepared this

National Reports. The committee has managed, through their experience and

professionalism, to consolidate the reports from different insititutions into one

comprehensive report. It is my expectation that this Report will serve as reference as

well as provide vision for all Tanzanians and future generations. I also strongly urge

employees in the public service, private sector as well as civic organization workers in

general, to play their part by working efficiently and effectively so as to contribute to

the development and prosperity of our nation in the coming fifty years.

We have Dared, we Succeeded and we are Forging Ahead.

Phillemon L. Luhanjo

CHIEF SECRETARY

vi

INTRODUCTION

December 9th, 2011 will be the 50th anniversary since Tanganyika, now Tanzania

Mainland, attained independence. This part of Africa had been a home to various

indigenous societies since ancient times, but towards the end of the 19th century it was

invaded and ruled by colonialists from Europe. The colonial rule, which lasted for

seventy six years, destroyed the pre-existing political, economic and social systems of

the colonised societies. The colonial state established new principles and systems that

were oppressive, exploitative and discriminative. Colonialism also negatively affected

African people’s cultures. Due to the misery they suffered under colonialism, the

people of Tanzania Mainland fought for their rights through welfare associations,

labour organisations, cooperative unions and political parties, and eventually regained

their independence in 1961.

Principles and Aspirations in Nation-Building

The advent of independence opened up an opportunity for the leadership of the

nascent nation, under the leadership of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, to

identify and articulate appropriate fundamental principles and aspirations to guide the

nation-building effort. These fundamental principles, which were widely disseminated

during the early years of independence, included respect for human dignity,

freedom, equality, human rights, development, nationalism and patriotism,

unity, peace, self-reliance, and integrity. Concepts about these principles were

initially conceived during the period of independence struggles, and some of them

were actually proclaimed in the constitution of the Tanganyika African National

Union (TANU), the Party that led the country to independence. In pursuing the task of

identifying and articulating these principles, the founding leaders of the nation were

guided by awareness of the world’s situation at that time, the prevailing conditions

after colonialism, as well as citizens’ expectations that emerged during the struggle for

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independence. Efforts to articulate and disseminate the nation’s fundamental

principles and aspirations continued throughout the first decade of independence.

Implementation and Enhancement of the Nation’s Principles

The first fifty years of Tanzania Mainland independence have been marked by efforts

to implement and further strengthen the nation’s principles and aspirations as outlined

above. This has been the responsibility and duty of the Government and citizens

during all the four post-independence phases of the nation’s central leadership. A

period of fifty years is long enough for a country to review its history, assess its

achievements and challenges since independence and reflect on its future directions.

This exercise serves to document the nation-building efforts made so far, to educate

the current and future generations, to build hope and optimisim for a better future.

Having realised the importance of this kind of documentation, the Government made

arrangements for major sectors to report on the achievements made and the challenges

encountered in the efforts to bring about development in accordance with the nation’s

principles. These reports were prepared at ministerial and regional levels. A special

committee of experts appointed by Government then used the reports, together with

information from other sources, to prepare a consolidated national report as hereby

presented.

Structure of the Report

This report is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is about the country’s

environment and history up to 1961. The chapter outlines the unique environmental

features of the country and highlights the major administrative, economic and social

transformations undergone from ancient times to 1961, when it gained independence.

Chapter Two presents the nation’s fundamental principles and aspirations, symbols,

political stature, leadership, administration, and laws. It briefly elaborates on the

nation’s fundamental principles as mentioned above and shows how they link and

interrelate with each other. The nation’s main symbols, that is, the flag, the coat of

viii

arms, the Independence Torch and the national anthem are briefly explained. The

chapter also elaborates on the development efforts made in the areas of political

relations, leadership and administration during the three major epochs of the country’s

post independence history, namely the Nation Building period (1961-1966), the period

of Socialism and Self-Reliance (1967-1985) and the epoch of neo-liberal reforms

(1985-2011). The chapter ends with a section highlighting the achievements made and

challenges encountered during the successive periods.

Chapter Three concerns issues on economic development and provides detailed

elaborations on the role played by this sector in the implementation of the nation’s

principles and aspirations. The chapter highlights the development efforts made,

through self-reliance, to combat ignorance, disease and poverty and improve people’s

livelihood. In explaining these efforts, the chapter elaborates on the various policy

innovations and development plans adopted, the achievements made in their

implementation during the first fifty years of independence and the downturns

experienced.

Chapter Four covers social services and provides details of measures taken by the

Government in collaboration with the people, in providing and enhancing services in

the fields of education, healthcare, water supply and human settlements and housing.

Achievements attained and challenges encountered have also been highlighted.

Chapter Five is about the efforts undertaken since independence to sustain and

promote Tanzania’s culture. The chapter explains the meaning and major pillars of

Tanzania’s culture, which include its history, the Swahili Language, arts, customs and

traditions, sports and games, leisure and entertainment and the press. It also explains

the role played by culture in the struggle for liberation.

Chapter Six concludes the report with an overview of the achievements gained by

Tanzanians since independence in the implementation of the nation’s fundamental

principles and aspirations in all the spheres of national development. The chapter also

ix

outlines the challenges encountered along the way and the measures taken to address

them. The final section of the chapter projects the nation’s development vision for the

next fifty years.

1

CHAPTER ONE

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND UP TO 1961

Tanzania Mainland has been shaped by natural forces which formed her physical

features, a colonial history which defined her borders a well as deliberate efforts

towards nation building by the citizens and their leaders since attaining independence

in 1961. This country, which is on the east coast of the African continent, is located

just south of the equator bordering the Indian ocean to the east, while on its mainland ,

it shares a border with Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, The democratic Republic of

Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya.

Tanzania Mainland has been a hub for human settlement for many centuries. Its

physical features include grasslands, mountains and a diversity of lowlands. It is

further endowed with unique and world renowned features, such as Lake Tanganyika,

which is the longest lake in the world and second deepest in the world, Mount

Kilimanjaro which is the highest stand- alone mountain in the world and the

Ngorongoro crater which is one of the world wonders. The Serengeti plains which

hold a large number of wildlife, is believed to be the origin of humankind. Tanzania

Mainland has abundant natural resources including fertile land, minerals and precious

stone, a variety of wildlife and unique marine life.

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Mount Kilimanjaro

Communities which inhabited Tanzania Mainland before 1961 had different types of

economic, governance and cultural systems. These systems changed overtime as a

result of internal forces as well as integration with people from different parts of the

world. During the 19th century, this part was invaded by colonialists, beginning with

the Germans and later the British.

Colonial rule, which lasted for 76 years, usurped the power to govern from the people,

subjecting them to an oppressive political system and developed an exploitative

economic system. The colonial regime, in collaboration with missionaries, established

such social services as education and health. However, these services were of poor

quality and were provided on a discriminatory basis. Consequent to all this, when the

country attained its independence, it inherited a weak economy, limited and

discriminatory social services and very few professionals to manage key development

sectors.

3

CHAPTER TWO

POLITICS, LEADERSHIP AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The second chapter focuses on the nation’s fundamental principles and identity as well

as politics, leadership and legal systems under which Tanzania Mainland has operated

in its fifty years of independence. Since attaining independence in 1961, Tanzania

Mainland, later the United Republic of Tanzania has adhered to specific fundamental

political philosophies and principles which have shaped the country’s leadershipship

style, legal structures and public policies. The nation’s fundamental principles are

human dignity, freedom, progress, human equality, justice, independence, unity,

patriotism and nationalism, peace and ethical conduct.

These principles are inseparably intertwined and they are inextricably linked.

Tanzania Mainland has made deliberate efforts to create a political, leadership and

legal systems which empowers the citizenry to determine their own destiny,

safeguards the rule of law, human rights and justice; and adheres to the principles of

democracy and ethical conduct. Moreover, the system has articulated and defined a

foreign policy that commensurates with the nation’s fundamental principles of

national sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence.

In addition, specific measures have been undertaken to ensure that Tanzania Mainland

acquires its own identity, among the community of nations, symbolised by the

national flag, national emblem, national anthem and the Uhuru torch.

4

Lieutenant Alexander Nyirenda hoisting the National Flag and placing the Uhuru Torch on the peak of Mount Kilimanjaro on 9th December 1961.

The main challenges encountered in the political, leadership and legal spheres since

independence have been categorised under three major phases, namely the Nation

Building period, (1961-1966); Ujamaa and Self Reliance (1967-1985) and

Liberalization phase (1986-2011). The salient challenges were, to build One Nation

out of 120 ethnic goups, to sustain national fundumental principles, to establishing

governance structures and systems and to formulate policies to govern foreign affairs

and international cooperation.

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During the Nation Building period, the major thrust was on the establishment of a

political system which embraced the principles of equality and human dignity;

eliminating all forms of discrimination and tribalism and establishing one a one party

democracy. In the spirit of Pan-Africanism and African unity, the Republic of

Tanganyika and the People’s Republic of Zanzibar united to establish the United

Republic of Tanzania. Furthermore, development of a national framework to govern

foreign relations and international cooperation was emphasized.

Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere and Sheikh Abeid A. Karume signing the legal instruments for the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on 26th April 1964.

In the leadership and legal spheres, the government deliberately abolished the system

of traditional rulers (chiefs) in order to pave way for nation building. Similarly, the

Africanization policy was implemented to transform a colonial type civil service into a

national civil service that was patriotic and committed to run the government

machinery diligently. The government pursued specific policies aimed at attaining

self-sufficiency in human resource requirements in the civil service. Furthermore,

administrative, defense and security organs which had a national character were

established. The administrative machinery as well as legislative and legal systems

underwent reforms in order to redefine their roles and functions, behaviour and

attitude of public servants, in line with a different working environment

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In the era of Socialism and Self-Reliance, Tanzania resolved to build a socialist

society on the basis of the principles of African socialism and existing conditions in

the country. The Arusha Declaration which was promulgated in 1967 clearly defined

the country’s ideology from which the vision and road map were derived. In this

period, the ruling party, TANU, was strengthened and assumed supremacy over the

organs of state. It meant that roles and responsility undertaken by government were

under the auspices of the Party. On different occasions, TANU issued Guidelines to

direct political affairs and state functions. In 1977 TANU and ASP merged to form

one political party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), which was a landmark event in the

political history of Tanzania Mainland.

In 1972, the country pursued a policy of “decentralization” where regional authorities,

on behalf of central government, administered and managed development activities in

the region. It was asumed that, people at grassroot level will participate in their

development activities. For that reason, local government authorities were abolished.

However, the local government system was re-introduced again in 1982 to facilitate

peoples’ participation in development. A permanent Constitution of the United

Republic of Tanzania was enacted in 1977 and it was amended in 1984 to include a

clause on basic human rights and also limited the tenure of the Presidency to two

terms of five years each. Unfortunately, during this period, specifically from 1978 to

1979, Tanzania was forced into a war with Uganda following the invasion and

occupation of part of its territory by the Ugandan forces led by Dictator Idd Amin

Dada. The Tanzania Peoples Defense Forces (TPDF) in collaboration with the

citizens fought gallantly and won the war.

The major and critical political, economic and social transformations occurred during

the period of Liberalism. There was a shift from state controlled economy to market-

driven economy and a change from one party system to multiparty political system.

The electoral system was reformed to make it more accessible and transparent.

Enabling institutional and legal frameworks were put in place to facilitate the

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implementation of the new economic model. By 2011, 18 political parties had been

fully registered and had participated in several elections, including presidential and

parliamentary elections. CCM won all Presidential elections held since 1995. Many

changes have taken place in politics and administration. The number of non-state

institutions, including the civil society organizations, trade unions and cooperative

unions, has increased. Similarly, an enabling environment to facilitate their smooth

functioning and autonomy has been created. The structure of government was

changed to facilitate the creation of Executive Agencies and by 2011 there were 33

established executive agencies. The number of women in leadership positions has

significantly increased from 1,495 (30.6 percent) in 2005 to 2340 (35.9 percent) in

2011.

In addition, a conducive environment has been created to encourage private sector

participation in development. Some parastatals have been privatized; remuneration

for public service employees has improved, and ethical conduct in public service

delivery has been promoted and enforced. The structure of regional administration has

been improved, including the expansion of regions from 10 in 1961 to 21 in 2011 and

local government councils have increased from 67 in 1961 to 133 in 2011. In addition,

the new regional administrative structure was introduced in 1997, changing the

regional administrative machinery from playing an executive function to that of

consulting, facilitation, minitoring and evaluation.

The Constitution was also amended to allow the re-introduction of multi-party system

in Tanzania. That went in tandem with the enactment of new laws and amendment of

existing laws to create a conducive environment for building and sustaining a liberal

democratic system. The Judiciary services were expanded quantitatively and

qualitatively. The number of judges and magistrates has increased, for example, the

number of judges of the Court of Appeal increased from 5 in 1979 to 15 in 2011,

among whom 5 are females. Similarly, the number of High Court judges has increased

from 7 in 1961 to 61 in 2011 among whom 34 are female. Commercial, Land and

Labour divisions of the High Court have been established and more facilities and

resources have been allocated to courts in order to enhance efficiency.

8

H.E. President Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete with judges who were sworn in, most of them being women.

The powers of Parliament and representation have been strengthened in the past fifty

years. The same has been witnessed in local government councils where the number

of councillors has increased and positive results are seen in the increased number of

female representative in Parliament and local government councils. The number of

Members of Parliament has increased from 269 in 1995 to 357 in 2011. At the same

time the number of female Members of Parliament has increased from 45 in 1995 to

126 in 2011.

The defence and security forces have been empowered and equipped and deployed in

peace keeping missions. Over the years reforms aimed at improving efficiency in the

armed and security forces have been initiated and implemented. The reforms have

included the establishment of the National Defence College, increasing people’s

participation and awareness in defence and security, through community policing and

joint defence programmes. The prison services have also been improved qualitatively

and quantitatively.

In the fifty years of independence, some Tanzanians have held high positions in

regional and international organisations like the United Nations, World Bank, African

9

Union and East Africa Community. Among the notable achievements of Tanzania’s

participation in the East African Community has been the increase of exports by

Tanzania to other EAC partner states from USD 96.4 in 2005 to USD 454.29 in 2010

as well as employment opportunities and co-operation in education and health

sectors, defence and security.

Leaders of the East African Community in one of their meetings, April 2011

Tanzania has effectively participated in conflict resolution and reconciliation in

different African countries which were experiencing conflicts and violence such as

Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Madagascar,

Comoro and Cote d’Ivoire. Tanzania has been in the forefront in the establishment of

different institutions of the African Union such as; the African Parliament, African

Court of Justice and Peace and Security Council with the aim of strengthening,

promoting and protecting justice, equality and peace in Africa. Tanzania has ratified

all treaties and protocols of the African Union to demonstrate her commitment to

promote democracy, human rights and good governance.

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In the past fifty years of independence Tanzania has recorded tremendous

achievements in the political, leadership and culture fields. However, there are several

challenges which have emerged that have been and need to be addressed. It is

therefore imperative to adopt sustainable strategies aimed at enhancing the nation’s

fundamental principles and values which include freedom, unity, peace, equality and

the union. Deliberate interventions will be undertaken to strengthen ethical behaviour

in leadership, public service and the society in general. Achievements that have been

attained in expanding democracy and human rights as well as development in other

fields will be enhanced in order to ensure the improvement of the quality of life of

each Tanzanian. There is need for every Tanzanian to wisely and positively utilise

democratic rights available to maintain and safeguard the nation’s fundamental

principles and values.

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CHAPTER THREE

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT  

This section of the report describes the state of the economy of Tanzania Mainland

since attainment of independence in 1961. During the fifty years of independence

fundamental economic reforms and their impact, together with the associated policies,

plans and strategies implemented in the fight against poverty, ignorance and disease

have been elucidated in this report. The economic achievements attained are clearly

evidenced by the 6% average economic growth rate which, according to statistics

published in the 2010 World Economic Outlook, places Tanzania Mainland among the

20 countries of the world whose economies are growing rapidly.

Government revenues have increased from Tshs. 1.4 billion in 1961 to Tshs. 500

billion per month in 2010. The revenue increase has been utilised to expand social

services, especially primary and secondary education, universities and implementation

of major development projects, such as the construction of the Mkapa Bridge, and the

Lake Victoria project that supplies water to Shinyanga and Kahama. The average

GDP per capita increased from US$ 34 in 1961 to US$ 545 per annum in 2010.

Inflation has been controlled to a level of not more than 10 percent over the past 15

years. Foreign exchange reserves increased by more than 1000 percent in the last 15

years.

Remarkable progress has been made in the communication sector in terms of the

increase in the number telephone network sevice providers. The number of

Customers has increased from 90,198 in 1995 to 20,771,487. These improvements in

the telecommunications sector had a multiplier effect on the contribution of other

sectors into the economy. For example, financial services are now readily available to

the rural areas. The introduction of automatic teller machines (ATM) in the cities of

Tanzania Mainland has enabled banking institutions to establish hour cash deposits

12

and withdraw services as necessary. Mobile phone network providers have made it

possible for their customers to send money to or receive money from people living in

urban and rural areas.

The network of paved roads has expanded to 6,385 kilometres and that of gravel roads

to a total of 84,800 kilometres in 2010. This is an outstanding achievement compared

to the situation in 1961 when the country had only 1,300 kilometres of paved road and

29,500km of gravel roads. In addition, the railway network has increased from 2,300

km at independence to 4,460 kilometres in 2010.

Table No: 6 The Road Network during 1961-2011

No.

Type of Road

1961 1995 2005 2011

Tar

mac

Roa

ds

(km

)

Gra

vel/

Mur

am

Roa

ds (k

m)

Tar

mac

Roa

ds

(km

)

Gra

vel/

Mur

am

Roa

ds (k

m)

Tar

mac

Roa

ds

(km

)

Gra

vel/

Mur

am

Roa

ds (k

m)

Tar

mac

Roa

ds

(km

)

Gra

vel/

Mur

am

Roa

ds (k

m)

1. Main Roads 1,300 1000 2,985 7,315 4,330 5,970 5,036 7,750

2. Regional Roads - 13,500 210 24,490 327 24,373 841 20,444

3. District Roads - 15,000 385 49,615 500 49,500 508 56,606

Total 1,300 29,500 3,580 81,420 5,157 79,843 6,385 84,800

Source: Ministry of Infrastructure

Employment in the industry sector has increased from 20,000 workers to 560,406

workers in small scale industries and to 92,000 in large scale industries. The

contribution of the industrial sector has increased to 9 percent compared to only 2.3

percent in 1961. Implementation of the integrated hides and skins and leather sector

development strategy in the country has been successful, where by the processing of

hides and skins increased from 6,038,000 square feet in 2005 to 37, 305, 215 square

feet in 2009.

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Research in agriculture has enhanced productivity, increased farmer’s income and the

economy as a whole. Research centres have been empowered and equipped to

undertake the role of training in agricultural service. Betwee 1995 and 2010 a total

of 604 youth were trained to certificate and diploma levels. Productivity in irrigated

rice increased on average, from 2 tons to 7.5 tons per hectare; onions from 13 to 26

tons per hectare; tomatoes from 5 to 18 tons per hectare and maize from 1.5 to 4 tons

per hectare. Efficiency of water use in irrigation projects with improved infrastructure

increased by 30 to 45 percent compared to between 10 to 15 percent for projects with

traditional irrigation schemes.

As a result of the policy reforms, investment in the mining sector increased sharply,

especially, after the opening of six large scale gold mines and one of tanzanite.

Expansion of the mining industry has provided opportunities for increased mineral

exploration and mining, construction of roads and improvement of social services in

the area around the large mines. There was an increase in employment and by 2010, a

total of 5,496 Tanzanians were employed in large mines and approximately 1.5

million are small scale miners. Government revenue taxes from large scale mining

companies was Tshs. 840 billion in 2010. This sector plays an important role in

foreign exchange earnings. Besides the role to administer and supervise natural

resources, antiquities and environment, the Government, recognises the potential

increase in the GDP which can be derived through proper management of natural

resources and antiquities. Tourism can greatly contribute to economic growth and

significant achievement has been made. The number of tourists who visited Tanzania

increased considerably from 81,821 in 1985 to 782,699 in 2010. Revenue from

tourism increased from US$ 164.9 million in 1985 to US$ 1159.82 million in 2010. In

recent years, the tourist industry contributed 17 percent of GDP. In establishing the

necessary infrastructure for this sector, 54 airports have been built together with

25,627 kilometers of access road network to facilitate tourists to visit different

national parks. Services have also been improved in the tourist industry in order to

attract more clients.

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Similarly, forestation and wildlife conservation has improved, secondary forests have

increased from 14 to 16, while natural forests have increased from 597 to 802. Further

reserved forests increased from 9 to 28. Wetlands forests, which did not exist before,

have now increased to 44 and national parks are 15 in total. The Government has

successfully established 33 wildlife management areas. In addition, 2,328 villages,

equal to 22 percent of all villages in the country, are under the participatory forest

conservation plan and managing 4,122,500 hectares, which is 12 percent of all forests

in the country. A total of 16 new forests have a road network of 2,700 km and 530

buildings. Similarly, the Government has established 1,687 “Malihai” clubs in

primary and secondary schools. The aim of introducing these clubs is to create

awareness on the importance of conservation to the community.

With regard to environment, a legislation was enacted to establish namely the

National Environment Management Council and National Land Use Commission.

These were established in 1983 to advise Government on management and

conservation of environment and land use. These institutions became operational in

1984 under the Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. Currently,

environmental management is under the Office of the Vice President. The National

Environment Policy was developed and adopted in 1977. In order to implement the

policy effectively , environment Act cap 119 was passed by Parliament in 2005. The

act, among others, enforces the preparation of environment management plans and

carrying out of environmental impact assessments. Similarly, various regulations

have been developed to ensure that the environment is appropriately conserved and

managed.

The volume of fishing increased from 278,093.20 metric tons in 1984 to 347, 157.000

metric tons in 2010. The 414,111 tons of fish harvested in 1990 indicates that the

fishing industry can make a much bigger contribution to the economy. In 2010,

Tanzania Mainland had 163,601 fishermen who harvested nearly 90 percent of all the

fish catches in the country. This is more than 400 percent compared to the

performance of 40,000 fishermen who were in the same business in 1970 it is

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estimated that 4.0 million people currently depend on fishing activities in their daily

lives.

The private sector can give an impetus to the country’s economic growth. Investment

will increase the gross domestic product and create employment for many Tanzanians.

In response to this opportunity, the Government has established an enabling

environment for trade and investment to facilitate the private sector to play its

important role in national economic growth. Government has developed and begun

implementing reform programmes to create a conducive Environment for Investment

and Trade. The implementation of the program has resulted in more simplified

procedures for registering business, paying taxes, transfer of title deeds of fixed

property, registration of land title deeds and reduction of roadblocks.

In 1998 the Private Sector Foundation was established to unite the private setor on

issues of common interest such as; developing long-term plans, managing and

promoting a sustainable process of negotiations between the Government and the

private sector and thus encouraging resourceful competition designed to promote

production and business activities and fostering economic growth in general. The

organization comprises of various stakeholders in the private sector from the

association of agricultural traders, the confederation of industrial owners, association

of bank owners, and the association of stakeholders in the fishing industry. By the

year 2010, this institution included 99 association. This Foundation was established

for coordinating issues of the private sector, including commercial disputes, to assist

private sector stakeholders in getting professional, financial and institutional

assistance. The institution supports stakeholders in private industry to have one voice

on key issues concerning their development. The biggest challenges to the economy

include the rising prices of goods and services caused by increase in oil prices in the

world market the depreciation of the Tanzania shilling and unreliable electricity

supply. Other challenges include climate change that has affected weather patterns

causing droughts in many areas and thus jeopardising food security. Similarly, an

economic growth rate which is not commensurate to the increasing population growth

16

rate, expanding employment opportunities for the youth are created and reducing

poverty are major challenges to the economy. Another challenge relates to the

availability for capital in economic activity in various sectors, especially agriculture.

Furthermore, accessibility of collateral for loans to enable enterpreneurs to borrow

money for economic activities is critical to sustaining the achievements made and

accelerating economic development.

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CHAPTER FOUR

SOCIAL SERVICES

Social Services which are a basic necessity for a good and healthy life for every

human being include health, social welfare, community development, education,

water, shelter and housing. Availability of these services is an indicator of human

development and social wellbeing of societies and nations. However, in every society

there are groups of people who due to historical reasons or physical nature cannot

easily access those services without being supported. These groups known as

vulnerable groups, include people with disabilities, the elderly, children and the poor.

Based on the principles of human rights, human dignity and equality, these groups

should be assisted to access these basic human needs.

Before independence, the colonial government provided social services to a few

citizens based on discrimination. These services were offered to colonial rulers,

workers in plantation, public servants and employees of religious faith based

organisations. After gaining independence, the system of social services delivery was

changed to ensure accessibility by the majority of citizens.

In an effort to improve health provision, various health colleges were established to

increase the number of health professionas in the country. The information available

indicates that, until 2010, the nation had 7,343 medical physicians, compared to 610 in

1961. Parallel to the increase of health professionals, the government also constructed

five national referral hospitals, seven zonal referral hospital, 33 referral hospital at

regional level, 92 district hospitals, 687 health centre and 5394 dispensaries.

Similarly, modern diagnostic equipments have been installed in many health facilities

to improve the quality and timeliness of health care delivery. Accessibility of such

modern diagnostic equipments has reduced the costs of referring patients abroad.

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MRI Machine installed at Muhimbili National Hospital CT – Scanner installed at Muhimbili National Hospital

The biggest challenge in the health sector is the availability of adequate health

professionals and infrastructure such as hospital buildings and more modern

diagnostic equipments. Another challenge is the reduction of unplanned pregnancies

through increasing accessibility to family planning services and safe motherhood

education to all citizens in rural and urban area. By improving reproductive health

services, women will be empowered to participate effectively in economic activities.

Similarly, increased accessibility health care services to vulnerable groups such as the

elderly, people with disabilities and children is another major challenge.

Efforts to enable citizens to access clean and safe water have been undertaken by the

government and hence increasing the number of people who have access to clean and

safe water in rural areas from 6 percent to 57.8 percent in 2011 and from 25 percent

in 1961 to 86 percent in urban areas during the same period. Furthermore, the

construction of dams has increased nearly 20 times more, from dams that can store

255.1 million cubic meters before independence to 5.2 billion cubic meters in 2011.

The availability of water for domestic and industrial use and irrigation has increased

productivity dramatically in different sectors.

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The President of the United Republic of Tanzania, His Excellency Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, inspectingthe Water Project from Lake Victoria to Kahama and Shinyanga towns, May 30, 2009

However, despite the achievements made in providing clean and safe water to citizens,

a rapid increase in population growth of 4.5% in urban and 2.3% in rural areas, and

the growth of economic and social activities have increased the consumption of water

in the country. Dar es Salaam which is the hub of industries is experiencing a unique

challenge of rapid population growth of about 8% which is higher than the national

average urban growth of 4.5% per year, and hence creating high demand for water.

More efforts are, therefore, required to ensure that all citizens in rural and urban areas

access clean and safe water.

Conservation of water sources and sustainable use of natural resources will be

strengthened and given high priority to maintain biodiversity of the nation. Similarly,

environment and water resources conservation will be strengthened to ensure that the

country has reliable water sources for both domestic and industrial use, generation of

energy and irrigation. In addition, Local Government will be empowered through

20

decentralization by devolution to effectively implement, supervise and manage water

projects in collaboration with the private sector.

Various initiatives to improve the quality of education have been undertaken to

eradicate ignorance, expanding educational opportunities and training of manpower

in various fields to meet the the country’s increasing human resource demand. Such

initiatives include Adult Education, Universal Primary Education, Primary Education

Development Plan (PEDP) and Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP). The

implementation of these initiatives has increased enrolment in primary from 486,470

students in 1961 to 8,419,305 in 2010 and secondary school from 11,832 in 1961 to

1,638,699 in 2010. The ratio between boys and girls in primary school stood at 1:1

and secondary schools at 1:0.8 in the year 2010. Similarly, teacher to student ratio

has improved to 1:51 for primary school and 1:46 for secondary schools in 2010. The

national objective is to reach the standard ratio of teacher to student ratio of 1:40 for

both levels of education.

The government in collaboration with the private sector and faith based organisations,

has established higher learning institutions aiming at filling the manpower gap in

order to meet the growing demands and challenges of science and technology. As a

result of the expansion, the number of students in higher learning institutions

increased from 14 in 1961 to 110,078 in 2010. These achievements notwithstanding,

more higher learning institutions will be established to increase enrolment and to

ensure that all students with minimum qualifications are admitted. The main objective

is to be self-sufficient in human capital and to meet the growing demand of skills and

expertise in the country.

Education infrastructure, teaching aids and equipment will be increased to meet gaps

and to improve efficiency and quality of education in the country. Similarly, curricula

will be reviewed and improved at all levels of education to enable graduands to

acquire self employment skills. Pass rates at all levels will also be improved to ensure

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the nation acquires highly qualified manpower that meets national demand and

modern technologic challenges.

Primary School Students in Class.

In conclusion, demands for social services are increasing rapidly due to the rapid

growth of the population from 9 million people in 1961 to 45 million in 2010.

However, in collaboration with the private sector, the government will strive to

provide quality social services that are commensurate with the rate of population

growth.

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CHAPTER FIVE

CULTURE

Culture is a nation’s identity, a society’s way of life, its attitude towards life and the

way of doing things that distinguishes them from other nations. Important pillars of

culture include customs and traditions, language, art, entertainment and recreation,

sports, and history which form systems of production, administration, ideologies and

beliefs.. In the history of Tanzania Mainland, culture has passed through three broad

periods: pre - colonialism, colonial and post-colonial (independence). Therefore, as

Tanzania Mainland celebrates 50 years of independence, it is important to review now

culture has changed and developed over time.

Prior to colonialism, cultures in societies were based on their economic activities,

social relations, religious beliefs, taboos and interaction with neighboring

communities. Those relations were maintained by customs and traditions. The levels

of economic development of most societies, except for the hunter gatherers,

communities were similar and were based on ownership of land and its utilization.

Land was owned by a clan, and clan members used it according to their ability to

cultivate it. Every clan had a leader, who supervised the distribution of land among

clan members. Within the clan, land was allocated to households and in most

communities it was inherited through a male child. During this period, the first

priority in family life, clan and society was children. The fundamental objective of

child upbringing was to ensure that children grew up within the customs and traditions

of the community. The family and the clan were the first tutors to inculcate values in a

child. The child was taught all the basic skills in material production, ethical values

and good behavior, such as, for example; obedience and respect for elders, especially

old people.

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When Arabs arrived at the East African Coast between 700-800 A.D, for purposes of

ordinary trade and later for slave and ivory trade, they found indigenous people

communicating in a language that is today’s Kiswahili . Many kiswahili words were

borrowed from Arabic and other foreign languages including Portuguese, Hindi,

German and English. For instance, the words “shule” and “meza” for “school” and

“table” are of German and Portuguese origins respectively while “chai” for “tea” is of

Hindi origin.

In Pre – Colonial societies, art was used in ritual performance related to health or

appeasement of ancestors who looked after the welfare of the living. It was also used

in ceremonies marking rites of passage, such as male circumcision, initiation for girls

into adulthood, marriage and finally death. Some ceremonies and traditional dances

were held in great secrecy and those who were not involved were prohibited even to

watch. Each society had its own forms of art works that differed slightly or greatly

from one society to another.

Before the advent of foreigners, work and art were closely linked. While cultivating,

fishing, grinding or pounding cereals, people sang songs which eased their tasks and

relieved them of the drudgery of repetitive movement. Story telling was a means of

recording history and passing it on for prosterity, as well as of teaching children and

youths the customs and traditions of the clan and ethnic group. The Sports were for

entertainment of participants and the community after work; physical body

development and building stamina as a way of keeping fit for individual and

community self defence. In addition, sports displayed potential talents of members

from other and promoted cordial relations between communities. The community also

allocated grounds for different types of sports close to their residences.

During the colonial period, education aimed at destroying or eliminating the desire of

children to identify themselves with their community. Religious instruction for

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children tended to alienate them from their families and their communities, causing

tension and sadness in many families.

With regard to language, the German government opted to use Kiswahili as the

official language of administration. Britain took over the administration of

Tanganyika in 1918 when Germany lost the war and its colonies were put under the

mandate of the League of Nations. Britain continued using Kiswahili for both official

and social communication. However, English was elevated and given more

prominence. Speaking good English was considered a sign of advancement and

civilisation. However, Kiswahili remained a medium of instruction from primary to

middle schools, while English became the media of instruction in advanced classes..

In the colonial era, art was used to, defend the interests of the colonial system.

Traditional art was not valued by colonialists and was regarded as“uncivilised”.

Instead, Western forms of art, particularly music, film and English literature were

introduced to Africans as the ultimate in civilisation. Foreign sports and games such

as football, hockey, netball, and boxing were also brought in by colonialists. Athletics

were common in many societies before the coming of foreigners, but it was

reintroduced in the western way and standardised. Again the meaning of entertainment

changed completely and people began to regard entertainment as a luxury, which was

not associated with other activities in the society as it was in the past.

After independence, the upringing of children was influenced by the formal education

system and the social economic position of respective families. Children from high

economic status families imitated, as much far as possible, the lifestyles of European

and Arabic cultures, or a combination of both. For all groups of Tanzanians,

globalisation has brought misconceptions amongst some of the people, especially the

educated and those benefiting from the system, who believe that, African customs

and traditions are a constraints to their development. Their driving force is acquisition

of material wealth, and a luxurious life associated with technological conveniences

especially television, video, internet and social networking contacts (facebook and

25

twitter) films and the like. This is a challenge that needs to be addressed in the next 50

years to come.

Kiswahili has continued to grow despite several challenges. Efforts to promote

Kiswahili aimed at, not only, uniting the people, but building a society based on

fundamentals of Tanzanians cultural values, in order to restore honour, dignity and

respect, values that were compromised by colonialism. Kiswahili was first used

officially in the first Parliament after independence, and eventually became the

medium of instruction for all subjects in primary schools. It was declared that all

public organizations and government ministries use Kiswahili as the official language

of communication. Kiswahili has been used to promote economic development, art,

campaigns against HIV/AIDS and for mobilising support for African liberation

movements and other countries where people were fighting for their freedom.

Taking into account the importance of Kiswahili and a population of more than 150

million users around the world, it has been accepted as one of the official languages of

the African Union and the United Nations. In Tanzania, unlike in the past, musicians

nowadays find no reason to use foreign languages in their songs because most of their

fans prefer Kiswahili to English or other languages. Through Kiswahili they are able

to communicate effectvely with their audience and the community at large.

In the past 50 years of independence, great successes have been achieved in promoting

and developing Tanzania arts and culture. One of the most important art works are the

Makonde carvings and Tingatinga paintings which have become very popular and

have made Tanzania famous worldwide.

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A Tingatinga style painting.

Art has been an important source of income for the artists, their families and art

dealers. Although it is difficult to quantify, business from Makonde art has

contributed significantly to the national economy. In sports, immediately after

independence, the government of Tanzania Mainland declared the intention to revive,

reinforce and develop sports. By 2011, there are over 30 games and sports being

played at national level compared to only 10 at independence. These sports have given

opportunities to Tanzanians interested in sports to show their ability and talents.

Tanzanian culture faces many challenges as the tide of globalisation and liberalisation

encroaches more and more on all aspects of culture. Traditions, especially those

concerning child upbringing and youth who are the cornerstone for developing a

27

strong and proud nation are being challenged and even discarded. The biggest

challenge of all is how to inculcate the spirit of patriotism among all citizens,

especially among the youth, so that they feel proud and value their own customs and

traditions.

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CHAPTER SIX

ACHIEVEMENTS, CHALLENGES AND THE WAY FORWARD

Achievements

During fifty years of independence, Tanzania has recorded significant achievements

as explained in detail in chapters one to five of this report. The most important

achievement is the people’s ability to free themselves from German and British

colonial rule and to successfully safeguard their freedom. Priority has been directed

towards building a united nation guided by the fundamental principles of dignity,

freedom, progress, equality, justice, independence, unity, patriotism and nationalism,

peace and integrity.

Great efforts were directed at promoting democracy and laying the foundations for

good governance, the rule of law and protecting the rights of all citizens. In terms of

the economy, emphasis has been placed on eradicating poverty and improving the

living standard of every Tanzanian.

Efforts to build a stable and sustainable economy have focused on the development of

all sectors of the economy covering agriculture, manufacturing, mining, livestock,

fisheries, infrastructure, energy, tourism as well as enhancing the skills and knowledge

of human capital. As outlined in chapter three, most economic indicators show

considerable success in improving the lives of Tanzanians. Tanzania Mainland has, at

different times, dared to adopt new economic models in an attempt to combat

emerging development challenges.

The 1967 Arusha Declaration put Tanzania on the world map for daring to adopt a

new ideological and economic model, different from those of the great and powerful

29

nations in order to liberate her people from exploitative and oppressive systems. The

country did not hesitate to revise economic models in response to challenges arising

from internal and external forces, as was the case when Tanzania changed her policy

to facilitate private sector investment.

Social services have expanded considerably since independence. As described in

chapter four of this report, primary education enrolment reached 95.4 percent by 2010,

a success for which Tanzania received special recognition by the United Nations for

advancing the Millennium Development Goals in education. Similarly, access to

secondary school education has expanded significantly. Health services, in terms of

prevention and treatment of diseases currently reach the majority of the people in the

country.

Tanzania Mainland has fought hard to effectively combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic

and managed to reduce the infection rate from 13 percent in 1990 to 5.7 percent in

2008. A big national campaign is underway to eradicate malaria. Substantive water

supply and infrastructure improvement projects have facilitated the distribution of

clean and safe water to many people in urban and rural areas.

Tanzanians are proud of a culture they have developed that makes them consider all

Tanzanians as brothers and sisters, regardless of ethnic origin, religion, race or gender.

Human dignity and equality take priority in social relations. Kiswahili language has

greatly helped in bringing about national unity, making Tanzania unique in the world

for managing to develop a single indigenous national language, despite the existence

of more than 120 ethnic languages.

The arts, such as the Makonde carvings and Tingatinga paintings have also placed

Tanzania Mainland on the world map. The media have been in the forefront in

promoting nationalism and democracy. In general, Kiswahili languge, the media, arts

and sports have been important tools in raising awareness and educating the society,

30

as well as portraying a national image of unity, patriotism and solidarity.

Challenges  

As described in chapters one to five, the country has experienced various challenges in

every sector of development. One big challenge relates to how Tanzania will ensure

the sustainability of national unity is protected in the face of formidable economic,

political and social forces from within and outside the country. In combating such

forces, however, Tanzania is determined to stand firm to ensure the fundamental

principles of dignity, freedom, progress, equality, justice, independence, unity,

patriotism and nationalism, peace and integrity are adhered to. This will be possible

through strengthening democracy and good governance, ensuring justice for all

citizens and putting emphasis on the ethical conduct of leaders and citizens in general.

Other challenges include the need to ensure the economy continues to grow and is

sustained through increased productivity in all sectors, as well as to expand

employment opportunities and availability of capital and securities to the public.

Economic instability caused by changes in the world market, declining exchange rate

and high inflation are issues which will be assessed carefully in policy, planning and

development strategies.

Although social services have expanded significantly over the past fifty years of

independence, some Tanzanians still do not have access to such services. As such,

efforts will be made to ensure education, water, housing, and health care are available

and affordable to all Tanzanians.

Globalization and imperialism pose a serious threat to Tanzanian culture. Patriotism

built over the years through customs, socialization, Kiswahili language, arts, media

and sport, is now grappling with the influence of the cultures of powerful nations and

the impact of globalization. Tanzanians will be vigilant to ensure that while they

31

emulate what is beneficial from globalization, the cultural fundamental principles of

Tanzania shall be protected and enhanced.

Way Forward  

Tanzanians will continue to protect and maintain their freedom and the fundamental

national principles, which are dignity, equality, justice, progress, patriotism, unity,

peace, ethical integrity and independence. Efforts will be directed towards

strengthening the nation and improving systems, structures and instruments of

leadership and governance guided by the obligation to meet the basic needs of

citizens. The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania will continue to be

protected and national security, cooperation and solidarity strengthened. Tanzania also

will continue to forge and maintain cooperation with other nations, based on the

concept of Pan Africanism as well as respect and comply with ratified protocols of the

United Nations.

In the economic sphere, conducive policies and strategies towards improving the

livelihood of farmers and workers, will be put in place with a view to developing a

people owned and competitive economy which will enable the country to be

sustainably self- sufficient. An enabling environment, policies and strategies to

transform the country into a middle income economy will drive economic

development plans.

In the next fifty years, social services will be expanded through the provision of

adequate professionals and infrastructure in health, education, water and shelter from

village to nation level. Tanzanian culture, based on the nation’s fundamental

principles, will continue to be fostered and promoted in all fields including customs,

traditions, arts, language, sports and the media. Kiswahili language will be further

developed and spread inside and outside the country to facilitate improved

communication, increased employment opportunities and the stimulation of

development. Arts and sports will be developed to enhance their contribution towards

32

marketing and developing the nation. The media profession will be enhanced, with a

focus on the principles of professionalism, ethics and adherence to the rule of law to

enable all citizens, in urban and rural areas, to use the media for their education,

information dissemination, entertainment and to improve the quality of their lives.

Conclusion  

The Report has described the socio-political situation in 1961 when Tanzania became

independent and has discussed cross-cutting issues, major developments in each sector

highlighting the significant achievements, challenges and initiatives taken to address

them. The report has elaborated on achievements realised in politics, administration

and justice, economy, provision of social services, development and protection of

culture. Major succeses have been attained in strengthening national unity based on

national fundamentals and principles of respect to humanity, dignity, unity, equality,

peace, solidarity and stance position in International Affairs. Tanzania Mainland is

renowned for her unwavering respect of human rights, a front liner in national

liberation struggles in Africa, a safe home for refugees and an active member for

peace nagotiations. Tanzania is an island of peace and a united country based on

democratic principles.

During the next fifty years Tanzania will continue to implement the National Vision

2025 to enable her become a middle income economy. Future plans will be based on

the following objectives; increased productivity and production in agriculture,

livestock and fisheries to ensure national food security and surplus for export;

improved production of cash crops to raise the incomes of the farmers and peasants; to

ensure self sufficieny in professional and skilled human resources to meet the

requirements of all sectors and to improve social service delivery. Major economic

infrastructure and utilities will be further developed including alternative sources of

energy to meet the local demand and surplus for export; improvement of road

network, railway, ports, air and water transportation. The industrial sector will be

grow at a much higher rate in order to promote value addition and productivity;

33

expansion and development of the toursim industry in order to attract more tourists

and the development of science and technology especially the application of ICT, in

socio-economic development.

The First Five Year Development Plan (2011/12 - 2015/16), aims at achieving the

following macro-economic targets: the national economy is projected to grow at an

average annual rate of 8 – 10 percent, inflation rate will be controlled so as not exceed

five percent; value of exports will increase by 23 percent of Gross Domestic Product,

foreign reserves will be able to sustain more than six months of import requirements;

collection of internal government revenue will be 19 percent of GDP; per capita

income will increase to an average of USD 650 per annum and the budgetary

dependence on development partners will decline from 25% to less than 10 percent.

These expectations can be achieved through close collaboration between the

Government and the people of Tanzania, the private sector and civil societies in the

implementation of the plans. This should be done in tandem with continued efforts to

build a strong foundation of patriotism, unity, peace and stability, prudent use of

natural resources, appropriate policies and leadership based on legal and democratic

principles and human rights.

Tanzanians, as a people, know where they came from, where they are and the way

forward.

“We Dared, We Succeeded, We are Forging Ahead”

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NATION ANTHEM

Mungu Ibariki Afrika, Wabariki Viongozi wake,

Hekima, Umoja na Amani, Hizi ni Ngao zetu,

Afrika na Watu wake, Ibariki Afrika, Ibariki Afrika,

Tubariki Watoto wa Afrika.

Mungu ibariki Tanzania, Mungu ibariki Tanzania,

Dumisha Uhuru na Umoja, Wake kwa Waume na Watoto,

Mungu ibariki Tanzania, Tanzania na Watu wake,

Ibariki Tanzania, Ibariki Tanzania,

Tubariki Watoto wa Tanzania.

God Bless Africa, Bless its Leaders,

Wisdom, Unity and Peace, These are our Shields, Africa and her People,

Bless Africa, Bless Africa,

Bless us, Children of Africa.

God Bless Tanzania, God Bless Tanzania,

Sustain Independence and Unity, Women, Men and Children,

God Bless Tanzania, Tanzania and her People,

Bless Tanzania, Bless Tanzania,

Bless us, Children of Tanzania.

35

The President’s Office,

P.O. Box 9120,

DAR ES SALAAM.

Website: www.ikulu.go.tz

Email: ikulu@ikulu.go.tz