EXAMINATION OF SKELETAL

REMAINS-SKULL

By Dr Rakesh Kumar G Naik

EXAMINATION REPORT Requisition

Received one bone from Dept. of FM

Date, Time & Place of exam

Bone is dry, devoid of soft tissues & non-

foulsmelling

Belongs to human being

Belongs to one individual/ more than one

Sex

Age

Secondary ossification centers- A & F

Sl.

NO

Name of

ossificati

on Centre

Age of

Appearan

ce

Age of

Fusion

Finding

in the

given

bone

Inference

Race - Cephalic index- B/L x100

Stature -by skull

Injury

Time since death

Cause of death

Opinion

After examination of the given bone I am of the opinion that the given bone is a human male/female bone(Humerus) of right/left sided of aged >…….yrs & <……..yrs. Date:

Place: Signature

3

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE

SKULL

Sl no Features Male Female

General

1 Size Larger Smaller

2 Weight Heavier Lighter

3 Muscular markings More prominent Less prominent

4 Cranial capacity More Less prominent

5 Frontonasal junction Distinct

angulation,prominen

t

Not so

6 Frontal sinus Well developed Less developed

Sl no Features Male Female

Anterior surface

1 Frontal surface

Glabella

Irregular and

rough

Smooth,high

and vertical

2 Supra orbital ridge

Zygoma

Prominent and

very marked

Less prominent

and less marked

3 Supra orbital margin Rounded Sharp

4 Orbits Rectangular and

small

Round and large

5 Nasal aperture High and

narrow

Low and broad

Sl no Features Male Female

Superior surface

1 Frontal eminence Less prominent More prominent

2 Parietal eminence Less prominent More prominent

Inferior surface

1 Palate Large, broad and

U-shaped

Short and parabola

2 Articular facets Long and slender Short and broader

3 Mastoid process Larger Smaller

4 Foramen magnum Larger Smaller

5 Occipital protruberance More prominent

Larger

Less prominent

smooth

Male

Female

Sex Estimation –

Skull - Vault

AGE OF CLOSURE OF SKULL SUTURE

Sl no Suture Closing age

1 Basiocciput-Basisphenoid 22-23 years

2 Posterior 1/3rd sagittal 30-40 years

3 Anterior 1/3rd sagittal and

Lower ½ coronal

40-50 years

4 Middle 1/3rd sagittal and

Upper ½ coronal

50-60 years

5 Temporal suture 80 years

The suture closure on inner aspect takes place 10 years earlier to the

closure of the outer aspect.

CONTD..

X 100 C I

=

Maximum breadth of

skull

Maximum length (Anterior - Posterior) of skull

Cephalic Index(CI)

breadth length

A

P

RACE

Determined from : Morphological features

Skeletal examination (Skull)

Three primary races : 1) Caucasoids

2) Mongoloids

3) Negroids

Racial mixing- Interbreeding between races

Indian Skull : Caucasoid + Few

Negroid Characteristics.

VALUES

70-74.9 – Dolicho-cephalic (Long Headed)

Pure Aryans, Dravidians and Negroes

75-79.9 – Mesaticephalic (Medium Headed)

Europeans and Chinese

80- 85– Brachycephalic (Short Headed)

Mongoloids

RACIAL DIFFERENCES

TRAIT CAUCASOID NEGROID MONGOLOID

1.Skull Rounded Narrow,

elongated

Square

2.Orbit Triangular Square Rounded

3.Nasal

aperture

Elongated Broad Rounded

4.Palate Triangular Rectangular Rounded

5.Limbs Normal in

proportion

to the body

Longer Smaller

ESTIMATION OF STATURE BY SKULL

Mento-vertex length is 1/7th of

stature of the person.

Antero-posterior length is 1/8th of

stature of the person.

EXAMINATION OF THE MANDIBLE

Age by changes in the mandible

Features Infancy Adult age Old age

Size Smallest Largest Reduced

Ramus Short Stout Reduced

Angle of ramus

with the body

Obtuse Right angle Obutuse

Body width Thinnest Stout Reduced

Body height Less Maximum Reduced

Age by changes in the mandible

Condyloid

process

In the line of the

body

Elongated and

projected above

the coronoid

process

In the line of the

body

Coronoid process Project above

condylar process

-------------------- Project above

condylar process

Body and mental

foramen

At lower border Midway between

upper and lower

border

At the upper

border

Sex Estimation – Skull - Mandible

Chin more square n males, rounded Modified from

in females; teeth larger in males

i

QUESTIONS?