exam 2 review _comm 265

7/21/2019 Exam 2 Review _comm 265

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Exam 2 ReviewCOMM 265SPRING 2014


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Lecture on Communication and

Culture


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Reasons for Studying Culture &Communication

Advances in communication technologies

Advances in transportation technologies

Changing population

Globalization


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Definition of Culture

A complex system of symbolic resources, worldviews, values, andnorms of appropriate enactment


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From where do we learn culture?

Enculturationthe process of learning ones nativeculture

Culture is historically shared

Some sources of cultural transmission include

Families

Peers

Media

Other societal members

Acculturationthe process of learning a foreign culture


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Mean World Syndrome

A belief that the world is a much meaner place than it actually isbecause of heavy exposure to media

Its about fear


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Inukshuk

Rock piles

Looks like a person

Treated as a key symbol of Inuit identity


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Cross-Cultural Adjustment


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Chapter 9


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Worldview, Values, Norms

Worldview

deeply felt assumption or basic premise about the waythe world is.

Valuesbeliefs about how the world should be.

Norms

a behavior, but not just any behavior. It is a typicalbehavior that conforms to, and therefore reinforces a sense ofappropriateness.


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Worldview Dimensions

Individualism/Collectivism

Am I an individual first, or am I amember of a group first?

Ascription/Achievement Are people given their position in society(ascription), or do people have to work for their position(achievement)?

Mastery/AdaptiveDo people shape their environment to meet

their needs (mastery), or do people adapt to the environment andlive according to its rhythms and patterns (adaptation)?

High Context/Low Context Does meaning come mostly from thecontexts in which people find themselves (high context)? Or ismeaning found primarily in the explicit, verbal message (lowcontext)?


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Worldview Dimensions Continued

Monochronic/Polychronic

Do people see time as progressing in alinear fashion with things happening one after the other(monochromic), or does time flow in a more circular fashion withmultiple things occurring simultaneously (polychromic)?


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Rituals

Ritual

A sequence of events that functions to celebrate animportant cultural value or aspect.

Ex. Drinking after exams (in a structured manner), celebratingChristmas at precisely 7:00 a.m. every year, etc


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Narrative Teaching Functions

Narrative

A retelling of events from a specific point of view.

Vitally important as a means for the transmission of culture:

Provide us information about our place in the world relative to societyand other people.

Tell us about how the world works.

Tell us how to act in the world.

Tell us how to evaluate the world around us in terms of good and bad,right and wrong.


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Lecture on Organizational

Communication


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Components of Identity

Identity- a sense of self or who we are in a specific situation

Identity further defined:

Sets of social expectations

Performed

Function at personal, relational, and communal levels


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Organization

A group of individuals brought together to achievespecific goals

Types of organizations:

For Profit

Non-Profit

Not-for-Profit


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Organizational Communication

The messages sent and received within the organizations formaland informal groups

As an organization becomes more complex, so does thecommunication


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Schein on OrganizationalCommunication

Patterns of Shared Assumptions All members of an organization will share ways of looking at the world

They are invented, discovered, and developed, created, constructed,accomplished.

These patterns are considered the correct way to do things, andtherefore should be taught to others

Organizational culture helps deal with:

Internal integration

External adaptation


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More on Schein

What makes up organizational culture? An onion approach: Level 1: Artifacts and Creations

Physical and social environment that group members create

Thingsfurniture, cubes, dress

Behaviorsfirst names, decision-making styles

Level 2: Values

What people ought to do if they have certain assumptions Organizations dont have values people do

Level 3: Basic Assumptions

The CORE assumptions a group has about the world and how it works

Example: the nature of human relationships (people should be cooperative)

Deal with how people view the world and humanitys relationship to it


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Artifacts, Values, Assumptions

Artifacts

Are the most visible level of an organizations culture.

Include:

Architecture, furniture, technology, dress, written documents, art, formsof address, decision-making style, communication during meetings, annetwork configurations.

ValuesReveals the organizational preference for what ought to

happen and shares those values among all organizationalmembers.

Assumptions Uniformly held and reveal they way we are or theway we do things around here. Six assumptions: reality and truth,time, space, human nature, human activity, and human relations.


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Hofstedes Dimensions

A few of Hofstedes Dimensions: IndividualismCollectivism

Power Distance (highlow)

Uncertainty Avoidance (highlow)

MasculinityFemininity

Short- and Long-Term Orientation


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Chapter 10Organizational

Communication


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Two types of Networks inOrganizations

Formal communication networks

Designed by management todictate who should talk to whom.

Informal communication networks Are based on career interests,friendships, proximity, and shared personal aspirations.


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5 Tips Concerning InformalCommunication Networks

First

Everyone is a potential network connection

SecondTreat everyone with respect

ThirdHelp others

FourthGet a mentor

Fifth Seek out secondary contacts or referrals

More detail offered on pages 177-178


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Techniques for Improving UpwardCommunication

Informal discussions with one or a few employees

Discussions between higher management and first-level supervisors

Attitude surveys

Outside consultants

Suggestion systems/boxes

Internal publications with complaint or question/answer columns


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Techniques for ImprovingDownward Communication

Small group meetings that value the exchange of information

Company publications

Supervisory meetings between managers and direct subordinates

Mass meetings of employees

Bulletin boards or posters

Public address announcements

Audiovisual presentations including webcasts or podcasts


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Media Richness

Media richness

The potential information-carrying capacity ofdata

Four aspects

Feedbackwhich allows for questions

Multiple cuesincludes nonverbal actions sich as facial expressions,proxemics, gestures

Language varietyreferring to the range of meaning that symboliclanguage is able to convey

Personal focusthe inclusion of personal feelings and emotions tocustomize a message


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Lecture on Interpersonal

Communication


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Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT)

Uncertainty Reduction Theory Theory explaining social interactions in the beginning of

a relationship

Any new relationship is full of uncertainty about the other person

We want to reduce uncertainty to increase predictability

This is particularly true when: We anticipate future interaction

The other person has something we want

The other person is weird


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URT Continued

Theory predictions: High uncertainty leads to low liking

Low uncertainty leads to high liking

High uncertainty leads to a greater level of reciprocity in disclosure

As the amount of communication increases, the level of uncertaintydecreases


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Relationship Bank Account

Model of relationship maintenance that compared the interactionin a romantic relationship to a bank account.

Partners do well to keep a positive balance in their relationship banaccount. They do so by making more deposits than withdrawals.

DepositAffection, intimacy, compliments, agreements.

WithdrawalsPut downs, criticism, defensiveness.

Satisfied couples are characterized by at least five times as manypositive behaviors as negative behaviors, even when dealing withconflict.


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Different Couple Types

Volatile

Most emotionally expressive, in displays of both positiveand negative emotion, very passionate, feel it is important to dealwith differences openly and honor individual expression.

ValidatingExhibit moderate levels of emotional expression.Careful approach to conflict, bringing up issues only whennecessary. Value togetherness, companionship, cooperation, andrespect for the partners opinion.

Conflict-avoiding low levels of emotional expression. Avoid orminimize conflict. Accept their partners and compromise. Agreeto disagree.


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Dialectical Tensions

Autonomy/Connectedness

Openness/Protection

Novelty/Predictability


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Lecture on Persuasion


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Attitudes

Attitudeis a learned predisposition to respond in a consistentlyfavorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object

3 Dimensions of Attitudes:

Valence (positive-negative)

Strength (strong-weak)

Awareness (conscious-subconscious)


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Attitudes Continued

5 Characteristics of Attitudes

Attitudes deal primarily with affect (i.e., feelings or emotions),not cognition (i.e., thinking)

Attitudes are tied to an object

Attitudes tend to be consistent

3 kinds of consistency:

Same stimuli, same response over time

Similar stimuli, similar response over time

Different forms of expression, same tone

Attitudes are learned

Attitudes influence behavior

i f


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Beliefs

Beliefslink an object to some attribute Beliefs deal with cognition (i.e., thinking), not affect (i.e., feelings or

emotions)

Core beliefs

Part of ones sense of self

Very hard to change

AKA values

Peripheral Beliefs

Cl i l O t


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Classical & OperantConditioning/Modeling

Classical conditioning Example: Pavlovs dog experiment

Used often in marketing and advertising

Operant conditioning

In its most basic form, it deals with reinforcement and punishment

Modeling

Attention

Retention

Reproduction

Motivation

T f A t


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Types of Argument

One-sided message: only favoring arguments Two-sided message: favoring and opposing arguments

Refutational two-sided messagespresent both sides of an issue and show

how yours is more valid

Non-refutational two-sided messagespresent both sides of an issue and

leave it there

Statistical evidence: information based on a large number of cases

More logical

Communicates credibility

Narrative evidence: case studies, anecdotes, or example

More emotional, understandable, vivid, and memorable

F


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Fear

Fear has 2 components:

1)Threat severity

2)Threat susceptibility

Simply scaring people will not change their behavior

You should enhance audiences perception of efficacy

Efficacy has 2 components:

1)Self efficacyability to perform the recommended behavior

2)Response efficacyability of the recommended behavior to removethreat

H


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Humor

Grabs attention

Enhances source liking, but may undermine credibility

Leads to shallow processing of information (through distraction)

G ilt


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Guilt

Guilt can persuade us into changing a behavior or taking action High guiltfeeling of being mad at the source

Explicit guiltfeeling of being manipulated

Moderate/low and implicit guiltgrabs attention & creates a desire toremove guilt

Door-in-the-face strategy

Going from asking for large donations to small donations

Often employed by non-profits


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Chapter 6Persuasion

Source Effects


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Source Effects

The extent to which a source is generally perceived to bepersuasive is the sources credibility.

Be familiar with these concepts all found on page 96:

Competence

Trustworthiness

Likeability

Ethos

Pathos

Knowledge bias

Reporting Bias

Influence in Groups


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Influence in Groups

Group conformity

Relatively self-explanatory phenomenon, mostparticipants are influenced by the group and conform to themajority opinion.

Contagion Occurs when individuals behave within a group in away that would be unlikely if they were not in the group.


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Best of luckSPRING BREAK RELAXATION JAM :D
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bpPyRPnnRshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bpPyRPnnRs

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