Slide 1

Evolution of Birds from ReptilesSZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geological history of Earth.

Evolved from reptiles-Few intermediate fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or thin, hollow bones

Thecodontosaurus

3Thecodontosaurus

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Iguanodon5Ingenia

6Incisivosaurus

7Archeopteryx

150 mya

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9Archaeopteryx

Possible link between birds & reptiles (150 mya)

Reptilian char- Large skull, reptile like teeth

Bones solid

Claws on forelimbs

Long tail

Bird Char.-Strong legs & rounded wings for gliding

Feathers

Furculum - fused collarbone or wishbone

10Hesperonis Fossils 75 myaLarge, flightless birdHad teeth like reptiles

11IchthyornisSmaller, tern like birdLived 65-80 myaHad large flight wings

12Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass Aves-birdsTraits:Air sacs/hollow bones make bird lighterfeathers 4 chambered heart endothermicBeaks and feet adapted for food and habitatEvolved from dinosaurs in Mesozoic eraScales on legs- similar to reptiles

General Bird Anatomy

SZ4- Students will assess how animals interact with their environment including key adaptation found within animal taxa.Birds Have the Highest Metabolism

Metabolic AdaptationsBirds have high metabolismEndothermic, 4 chambered heartLungs, air sacs for increased oxygen avail.Crop and gizzard(grinds food) in digestive tractMetanephric kidney excretes uric acid- prevents water lossCounter-current circulation

Respiration

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Counter-Current Circulation

19Excretion Uric AcidUric acid metabolic excretion (Saves water)UreaAmmonia

20Adaptations for Flight

Feathers- modified scales

Pectoral appendages = wings

Lightweight skeleton filled w/ air sacs

High metabolic rate

Endothermic- regulate temp. internally

Types of Feathers

Furculum and Keeled Sternum

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24Wings

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26Flight Forces

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29Avian ReproductionAmniotic eggInternal fertilizationOviparous- eggs laid outside of bodyBoth parents care for eggsPrecocial young- active at hatchingAltricial young- helpless and naked at hatchingmigration

Egg Shapes

31Starling Nests

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Weaver Bird Nest33

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Brood Parasitism

Cardinal or Cowbird eggs?37Migration

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3940Bird Classification28 orders9600 species

SZ1- Students will derive the phylogeny of animal taxa using informative characteristicsSZ3- Students will compare form and function relationships within animal groups and across key taxa.Super Orders of BirdsSuperorder Archaeornithes- ancient birds, extinct ex. Archaeopteryx Superorder Neornithes- new birds- modernPaleognathae- old jawNeognathae- new jaw42Paleognathae- Order StruthioniformesLarge flightless birdTwo toesOld jawEx. ostriches

43Neognathae- Order PelecaniformesPelicans, cormorants, boobies

44Neo- Order CiconiiformesLong legs for wadingLong necks

45Order AnseriformesFlat billWebbed feetSwans, geese, ducks

46Order FalconiformesHooked billTalonsEagleHawkFalcon

47Order PasseriformesPerching footSongbirds5000 speciesMocking birdThrushesSwallowsMagpie CrowStarlingJays

48Order ColumbiformesShort neckShort legsPigeonsDoves

49Order StrigiformesLarge eyesSilent flightNocturnal predatorOwls

50Order ApodiformesSmall birdRapid wingbeatHummingbirds

51Order GalliformesChicken likeStrong beaksHeavy feetChickenTurkeyPheasantsQuail

52Order CharadriiformesShort billStrong fliersShorebirdsGulls

53Order PsittaciformesThick tongueHinged and movable upper beakBright colorsParrotsParakeets

54Order PiciformesTwo toes forward and two toes backwardwoodpeckers

55Order Sphenisciformes

Webbed feetWings as used for swimmingpenquins

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The End56Fig. 27.co