Chapter 35 Reptiles and BirdsHigh School Biology Class

To recap thus farKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata (all have a notochord)Subphylum: Vertebrata (all have a backbone)

Reptile Characteristics:Have strong, bony skeletons & toes with claws.

Ectothermic metabolism - absorb heat from their surroundings.

Reptile Characteristics:Also have very dry, scaly skin, appears almost watertight.

Perform respiration through well-defined and developed lungs.

Reptile Characteristics:The heart is partially divided into upper and lower ventricles (as well as left and right atriums).

Reptile Characteristics:Undergo internal fertilization:

Oviparous - young hatch from eggs.

Ovoviviparous - female retains the eggs within the body until right before hatching or the eggs hatch within her body.

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)Traits of the Squamata:The lower jaw is only loosely connected to the skull.This allows the mouth to open very wide (anacondas can prey upon jaguars.)

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)1. Lizards - some can break off their tail to trick predators and then regenerate it.Most are carnivores, few are herbivores.Range in size from 30 cm to 3 m.Examples: komodo dragon, iguana, gecko, chameleon, anole, horned lizard

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)2. Snakes all of them lack moveable eyelids and external ears. Share a common ancestor with legless lizards.Molt (shed outer layer of skin) periodically.Very flexible jaw with five points of movement.

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)Constrictor examples:(suffocate their prey and swallow it whole) anaconda, boa, python

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)Venomous examples: (inject poison through hollowed out teeth)cobra, krait, coral, sea snakes, adder, viper, rattlesnake, water moccasin, copperhead

Order Chelonia: (Turtle & Tortoise)Traits of the Chelonia:Carapace - dorsal (top) of shell.

Plastron - ventral (bottom) of shell.

Order Chelonia: (Turtle & Tortoise)1. Turtles generally live in water.Have a streamlined shell (a shape that is useful for swimming).Most herbivores except the snapping turtle.Examples: sea turtle, box turtle, painted turtle, loggerhead, leatherback

Order Chelonia: (Turtle & Tortoise)2. Tortoises generally live on land.Have a dome shaped shell.Lack teeth (like turtles) but have sharp jaws.Examples: desert tortoise, giant tortoise, gopher tortoise, western swamp tortoise

Order Crocodilia: (Caiman, Crocodile, & Alligator)Traits of the Crocodilia:Strong necks and enormous mouths.Most closely related to the dinosaurs.Care for young after the egg hatches.

Order Crocodilia: (Caiman, Crocodile, & Alligator)1. Crocodiles have a narrow V-shaped snout, and their upper and lower jaws are evenly matched together.

Order Crocodilia: (Caiman, Crocodile, & Alligator)2. Alligators have a broad U-shaped snout, and their upper jaw overlaps the lower jaw.

Order Rhynchocephalia: (Tuatara)Traits of the Rhynchocephalia:Called living fossils because they have survived unchanged for 150 million years.There are two species that are found only in the New Zealand.Active at low temperatures and eat insects.

To recap thus farKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata (all have a notochord)Subphylum: Vertebrata (all have a backbone)

Bird (Aves) Characteristics:Their forelimbs are modified into wings.

Have bodies covered with feathers.

Possess lightweight bones.

Bird (Aves) Characteristics:Endothermic metabolism - internal heating system.

Super-efficient respiratory system.

Heart completely divided (left & right) atria as well as (upper & lower) ventricles.

Bird (Aves) Characteristics:Many different adaptations appear in birds such as changes to their beaks and feet.

Bird (Aves) Characteristics:Many different adaptations appear in birds such as changes to their beaks and feet.

Types of Birds (Aves):Examples:a) Songbirds

b) Hummingbird

c) Woodpecker

d) Birds of prey (hawk, eagle)

e) Duck

Chapter 36 - MammalsHigh School Biology Class

To recap thus farKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata (all have a notochord)Subphylum: Vertebrata (all have a backbone)

Mammalian Characteristics:Hair for insulation, camouflage, defense or sensory functions.

Diverse and specialized teeth such as the: incisors, canines, premolars & molars.

Mammalian Characteristics:Have endothermic metabolism (like in birds) to keep heated.

Mammary glands - milk for young.(until they are weaned off.)

Unborn young are usually nourished by a placenta.

Todays MammalsMammals have the most diverse body forms, shapes, traits, and characteristics of all the vertebrate animals.

One way to separate mammals into groups is to compare how they reproduce.

Mammal Reproduction1) Order Monotremata: (Monotremes)Most primitive of all the mammals.Reproduce by laying eggs.All live in Australia or New Guinea.Do not have true teeth.Examples:Duckbill platypusEchidna (spiny anteater)

Mammal Reproduction2) Order Marsupialia: (Marsupials)Young are born only partially developed.Continue development in pouches.All are found around Australia.Examples:Kangaroo, Wombat, Wallaroo, Koala, Opossum

Mammal Reproduction3) Placental Mammals (19 Orders)Young are more completely developed.

Nourishment for embryo is provided by a placenta.

Gestation period the period of time between fertilization and birth.

Most domestic animals are placental mammals that have been kept and bred by people for special purposes.

1) Order RodentiaTraits:Specialized teeth for gnawing.Smart, herbivore, small size, fast reproduction.Examples: mouse, beaver, rat

2) Order ChiropteraTraits:Only mammals capable of flight.Night-active, carnivore, use echolocation, caves.Example: bat

3) Order InsectivoraTraits:Eat mainly insects (some fruits, birds, reptiles).Have enormous appetite (eat twice their weight).Example: shrew

4) Order CarnivoraTraits:Usually divided into cat family or dog family.Smart, carnivore, good senses & great hunters.Examples: tiger, lion, wolf, fox, raccoon, bear, panda

5) Order PinnipediaTraits:All four limbs modified as flippers for swimming.Marine habitat, carnivore, mate on land, blubber.Example: walrus

6) Order PrimateTraits:Flexible, grasping hands and depth perception.Curious, intelligent, many with tails for balance.Examples: apes, monkeys, lemurs, humans

7) Order ArtiodactylaTraits:Called ungulates because they have hoofs.Even number of toes, herbivore, chew cud.Examples: pig, hippopotamus, camel, deer, goat

8) Order PerissodactylaTraits:Called ungulates because they have hoofs.Odd number of toes, herbivore, no cud.Examples: horse, zebra, tapir, rhinoceros

9) Order CetaceaTraits:Divided into predators and filter-feeders.Smart, streamlined body, no hind limb, broad tail.Examples: whale, dolphin, porpoise

10) Order LagomorphaTraits:Have long continuously growing teeth.Long hind leg for hopping, herbivore, nests vary.Examples: rabbit, hare

11) Order SireniaTraits:Similar to whale with flippers and no hind limbs.Flattened tail, herbivore, live in tropical habitat.Examples: dugong, manatee sea cow

12) Order ProboscideaTraits:Largest land animals alive today.Trunk, elongated nose, herbivore, live in a herd. Examples: African elephant, Indian elephant

13) Order EdentataTraits:Toothless or poorly developed teeth.Found only in the western hemisphere.Examples: anteater, armadillo

14) Order MacroscelideaTraits:Ground-dwelling insect eaters. Flexible snout, and hop about like kangaroos.Example: elephant shrew

15) Order ScandentiaTraits:Live in ground despite their name.Small, omnivore, long snout, sharp teeth.Example: tree shrew

16) Order PholidotaTraits:Body covered with overlapping scales.No teeth, but a very long tongue. Example: spiny anteaters

17) Order HyracoideaTraits:Rabbit-like body, short ears, 3-4 numbered hoof.Example: hyrax

18) Order DermopteraTraits:Squirrel-like body, can glide by stretching skin.Example: flying lemur

19) Order TubulidentataTraits:Pig-like body, big ears, long snout for feeding. Example: aardvark

Any Questions?

The power that makes grass grow, fruit ripen, and guides the bird in flight is in us all.--Anzia Yezierska

I hate quotations. Tell me what you know.--Ralph Waldo Emerson