evaluation of nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and zinc in pig ...3 general methodology of calculation...
TRANSCRIPT
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Evaluation of nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and zinc in pig manure at
spreading. Effect of animal feeding, and manure collection and storage chain
Jean-Yves Dourmad1, Pascal Levasseur2
1INRA Agrocampus Ouest, UMR Pegase2IIFIP Institut du porc, Le Rheu
Determination of nutrient output by pig farms
• Corpen (1988)• Corpen (1996)
– Estimation des rejets d’azote et de phosphore des élevages de porcs
• Corpen (2003)– Estimation des rejets d’azote et de phosphore des
élevages de porcs. Influence de l’alimentation et de la gestion des déjections
• RMT Elevage et Environnement (2016, in press)– Évaluation des rejets d’azote, phosphore, potassium,
cuivre et zinc des porcs. Influence de l'alimentation, du mode de logement et de la gestion des effluents
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Evaluation of nutrient output by pig farms
• Corpen– A national committee for environment-friendly agriculture practices
(animal and crop production)– On behalf of Ministry of Environment and Agriculture. Representatives
from farmers, agro-industry and cooperatives, research and technical institutes, environment agencies, NGOs and ministries
– no more active
• RMT Elevage et Environnement (2016)– Technology network « Animal production and Environment »
www.rmtelevagesenvironnement.org
– Technical institutes, Public research, Agriculture «Chambers», Education
Available end of March 2016 : www.rmtelevagesenvironnement.org
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General methodology of calculation
• Tier 2– Use of national specific production data and management
practices (feeding, manure handling, animal performance)• Tier 3
– More precise modelling of production system to better consider the between-farm diversity.
Evaluation of nutrient excretion
• Animal Performance– Technical & economic performance in 2014 (1700 farms for
growth performance, 1900 farms for reproductive performance)
• Nutrient Retention– Literature database (Rigolot et al., 2008)
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Animal performanceAverage performance from 1700 farms (GTE, 2014)
Nutrient retention
Rigolot C., Espagnol S., Pomar C., Dourmad J-Y. 2010a. Modelling of manure production by pigs and NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions. Part I: animal excretion and enteric CH4, effect of feeding and performance. Animal, 4, 1401-1412.
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Hypothesis for feed composition
Defined in collaboration with the feed industry
• “Standard feeding”– no constraint on feed composition
=> rather high nutrient contents
• “Phase-feeding”– at least two different feeds per period
(sows, post weaning, fattening)– maximum constraints on crude protein and total
phosphorus contents
Hypothesis for feed composition
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Determination of amounts of nutrient at spreading
• for N– N at spreading = N excreted (+ N bedding) – N gaseous losses– Gaseous losses = N excreted x emission factor housing +
N stored x emission factor storage• For P, K, Cu, Zn
– amount at spreading = amount excreted (+ amount bedding)
Manure collection and storage chainsgazeous N-emission factors
Housing Storage Composting
(1) Slatted floor with slurry (2) Slatted floor, V-shaped scraper and phase separation
2.a without composting of the solid phase2.b with composting of the solid phase
(3) Straw bedding 3.a without composting3.b with composting
(4) Sawdust bedding 3.a without composting3.b with composting
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Manure collection and storage chainsgazeous N-emission factors
Housing Storage Composting
Determination of references
• “Standard” references– Expressed per year for sows and per produced animal
for post-weaning and fattening pigs– For different strategies
• feeding : (1) “standard” and (2) phase feeding• housing : (1) slatted floor with slurry (2) slatted floor with
V-shaped scrapers (3) litter bedding (saw dust or straw) with or without composting
• Simplified balance “BrsPorc”– Calculation according to farm-specific data of animal
performance, feed intake and feed composition
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... Amount of N at spreading
Biphase : teneurs maximales en protéines des aliments
Truies: Gestation : 14,0% ‐ Lactation : 16,5%
Post‐sevrage : 1er âge : 20,0% ‐ 2ème âge : 18,0%
Engraissement: Croissance : 16,0% ‐ Finition : 15,0% (60% d'aliment de finition) (1) pour les truies non productrices le rejet par an est estimé à 3 fois celui du porc à l'engraissement (2) pour un logement sur paille pendant la gestation et sur caillebotis pendant la lactation
Excrétion Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an 24,6 20,3
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,62 0,55
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 4,49 3,68
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,052 0,042
Lisier conventionnel Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an 17,4 14,3
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,44 0,39
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 3,17 2,60
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,036 0,030
Amount of N at spreading...
Litière de paille Sans compostage Avec compostage
Standard Biphase Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1)(2), kg/an 14,4 12,6 12,1 10,7
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,31 0,29 0,22 0,20
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 2,23 1,88 1,62 1,33
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,026 0,022 0,019 0,015
Litière de sciure Sans compostage Avec compostage
Standard Biphase Standard Biphase
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,18 0,17 0,17 0,15
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 1,35 1,11 1,21 0,99
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,015 0,013 0,014 0,011
Lisier raclage en V Sans compostage Avec compostage
Standard Biphase Standard Biphase
Excrétion, kg/porc 4,25 3,47 4,25 3,47
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 3,38 2,76 2,90 2,37
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,039 0,032 0,033 0,027
dont phase solide 1,92 1,57 1,44 1,18
dont phase liquide 1,46 1,19 1,46 1,19
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Effect of feeding strategy and housing on N in manure from fattening pigs (31-118 kg LW)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Slurry Liq+sol Liq+comp. Manure Compost
N, k
g /p
ig
Standard Two-phase
Scaper phase sep.. Straw bedding
solid
solid
Amount of P and P2O5 at spreading...
Excrétion Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an 6,17 4,80
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,13 0,10
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 0,93 0,63
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,011 0,007
Lisier conventionnel P P2O5
Standard Biphase Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an 6,17 4,80 14,1 11,0
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,13 0,10 0,31 0,23
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 0,93 0,63 2,12 1,45
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,011 0,007 0,024 0,017
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Amount of P and P2O5 at spreading...Excrétion Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an 6,17 4,80
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,13 0,10
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 0,93 0,63
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,011 0,007
Lisier conventionnel P P2O5
Standard Biphase Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an 6,17 4,80 14,1 11,0
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,13 0,10 0,31 0,23
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 0,93 0,63 2,12 1,45
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,011 0,007 0,024 0,017
Litière de paille P P2O5
Standard Biphase Standard Biphase
Truie reproductrice(1)(2), kg/an 6,52 5,15 14,9 11,8
Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet 0,14 0,11 0,32 0,24
Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc 0,97 0,68 2,23 1,56
par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,011 0,008 0,026 0,018
Effect of feeding strategy and housing on P2O5in manure from fattening pigs (31-118 kg LW)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Slurry Liq+sol Manure
P2O
5, k
g /p
ig
Standard Two-phase
phase separation. straw bedding
solid
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Determination of references
• “Standard” references– Expressed per year for sows and per produced animal
for post-weaning and fattening pigs– For different strategies
• feeding : (1) standard” and (2) phase feeding• housing : (1) slatted floor with slurry (2) slatted floor with
V-shaped scrapers (3) litter bedding (saw dust or straw) with or without composting
• Simplified balance “BrsPorc”– Calculation according to farm-specific data of animal
performance, feed intake and feed composition
Simplified Balance
• Inputs Outputs- animals - animals
- feed - gaseous losses
- bedding material
• Amount at spreading = input/output balance
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Variability of N in slurry of fattening pig according to feed efficiency and farm size
Effect of performance and feeding strategy on N and P2O5 in fattening pig farm with a
production of 1000 pigs per year
Standardav. FCR
Two-phaseav. FCR
Two-phase1/3 best FCR
Two-phase10% best FCR
Reduced CP & P1/3 best FCR
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Evolution of average N excretion per kg pig produced in France
- 34 %
Evolution of average P excretion per kg pig produced in france
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Année
P e
xcr
été
g/k
g p
orc
pro
du
it
Corpen1996
Corpen2003
- 57 %
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Description of the farm
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Description of the feeds
Nitrogen balance
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“Official” report
Implementation of the nitrate directive and the regulation
on phosphorus in Brittany
Jean-Yves Dourmad1, 1INRA Agrocampus Ouest, UMR Pegase
Adapted from a presentationby Chambre d’Agriculture de Bretagne
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Brittany – a region of livestock farming
• Percentage of France production– 6% of Agricultural land– 22% milk production (750000 cows)– 59% pork production (13.8 millions pigs/year)– 44% of egg production (20 millions hens)– 35% of poultry meat
• Use of land– 35% cereals and cash crops– 19% maize silage– 43% grass (cultivated and permanent)– 3% vegetable (1st region in France)
Vulnerable area and area with reinfoced actions as regard to the nitrate directive
Vulnerable areas Areas with reinforced actions
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Water quality in progess...but improvement still to be achieved
5th nitrate directive program (2014...)
In all areas manure spreading calendar => more restrictive
• increase in storage capacity (ruminants) winter catch crops-no bare soils in autumn+winter ceiling for total organic nitrogen
<170 kg/ha agricultural land increase of excretion references of dairy cows
compulsory fertilization plans + annual reporting of farm N flow• balanced provisional N fertilization
In area with reinforced actions • control of manure and N spreading• resorption of animal N surplus (farm with > 20000 kg N)
treatment or export to other farms• N farm gate balance (N input-N output) < 50 kg/ha
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Constraints on phosphorus(régional constraints)
Large-size farms (>25 000 kg N/year)• equilibrated input/output balance
about 60 to 70 kg P2O5 / ha
Other farms ceiling of phosphorus fertilization :
85 kg P2O5 / ha - 5 kg in sensitive areas
Measures to reduce risk of surface transfer• winter catch crops-no bare soils in autumn+winter• grass strips along waterways
Exemple of a fertilisation plan
• crop rotationwheat (40%), Maize (20%), Barley (10%), rapeseed (10%)
Yield Average High
N P2O5 N P2O5
pig slurry 119 70 133 78
mineral 17 0 31 0
total 136 70 164 78
P balance (63) (72)
=> N from slurry << 170 kg /ha /yearConstraint on P is more severe than constraint on N