European religions today

Catholic in Southwest/Central Protestant in Northwest

Orthodox in East/Southeast Muslim in part of Southeast

Balkans shatterbelt

Balkans shatterbelt

Ethnic diversity

Meeting of Orthodox,Catholics, Muslims

Competition between Russian, Ottoman, Austrian spheres

“Balkanization”

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Ottoman Empire Losses, 1878

Macedoniaclaimed bySetbia,Bulgaria,Greece

Muslims as Ottoman Legacy

ALBANIANS(Albania, Kosovo,Macedonia)

BOSNIANS (Bosniaks:convertedSerbo-Croats)

SANJAK(Serb.-Mont.)

TURKS(Bulgaria, Romania,Moldova)

Pécs church in Hungary

(former mosque)

Turkey

Types of territoriality

State

Ethnic

Religious

Fears ofBalkanization(splitting state into ethnic or

religious parts)

State territorialityState territoriality(“patriotism”)

Place identity based on political unit(Serbian, Croatian)

“I am an American.” “I am a Nigerian.”(Civil wars)

NATIONNATION

Not a state: A cultural group with a territorial identity; stitching together many local identities

Over 5,000 ethnic “nations” cannot allbecome states, yetmany are large enough to survive(larger than some states).

Theories of nationhood

Primordialism(nation is essential/family, in the “blood”)

Instrumentalism(nation is top-down, self-serving project of elites)

Constructivism(nation is constructed both by elites and masses)

Basques in Spain/France Québecois in Canada

Ethnic territorialityEthnic territoriality(“nationalism”)

Place identity based on ethnicity(Serb, Croat)

Homeland

Territorializationof national identity:

Past “golden age”Present securityFuture prosperity/glory

Battle of Kosovo Polje(Blackbird Field), 1389

Battle of Kosovo Polje(Blackbird Field), 1389

Muslim Turks defeatSerbian (and Albanian)Christians under Prince Lazar.

Knights’ blood “turns into” red poppies.

Sacred site for Serbian nationalism

NATION-STATE

State with one nation(none “pure” but some close)

Nearly all states multiethnic(more than one nation)

Nation-States and Multiethnic States

National Congruence

Desire for stateboundaries to matchethnic boundaries( Greater _________ )

* If majority does not want minority

* If minority wants self-determination

Boundaries of Albaniain different eras

Religious TerritorialityReligious Territoriality

States defined by religion

IranIran

VaticanCity

IsraelIsrael

SaudiSaudiArabiaArabia

VaticanVaticanCityCity

Core group

States are constructed around a dominant ethnic, racial or religious group

English in U.K.Whites in U.S.

Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia

Majority nationalism Equating “patriotism” with “nationalism”

German skinheadsattack TurksKKK rally against immigrants, 1925

Hindu mobs attack IndianMuslim neighborhood

State usually representscore group, but also needs

loyal minorities

English attack immigrants

Minority nationalism

For “self-determination”Not only secession but autonomy

Reaction to majority nationalism?

What if minority becomes majority?

LithuaniaEast Timor

PuertoRico

Secession

Separation from state(independence)

Autonomy (self-rule)not offered, or not enough

Irredentism

Joining ethnic minority with acountry where they are majority,To form Greater________

Germany annexes ethnic German region of Czechoslovakia, 1938

State response to minority: Coercion

Ethnocide(forced assimilation)

Hungarian sign defacedin Romania.

Turks forced toChange names in Bulgaria.

Genocide(extermination)

Holocaust in Europe(Not only Germany)