protestant reformation 1500’s ad a.k.a. the protestant revolt

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PROTESTANT REFORMATION 1500’S AD a.k.a. The Protestant Revolt

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PROTESTANT REFORMATION1500’S AD

a.k.a. The Protestant Revolt

REMEMBER THE MIDDLE AGES

Struggling with obedience to the Church Balancing the power between Church &

state

REMEMBER THE MIDDLE AGES

Lay Investiture, simony Clergy: celibacy, un-educated clergy Matters related to the Papacy

Avignon Papacy & Western Schism; Renaissance Papacy

Indulgences, relics CONCLUSION: We don’t need the Church or the

Sacraments or the Papacy; we only need the Word Return to (what we think is) the ancient Church Protestant response: get rid of the clergy b/c they

only cause problems in the world & in the Church!

Precursors & troublemakers:John Wycliffe

Sacraments celebrated by sinful clergy are invalid, and if it is the pope, he ceases to be the pope – SOUND FAMILIAR?

Religious orders are inevitable hindrances to salvation

Rejected the Real Presence of the Eucharist Sola scriptura - “Bible only”

Holy Mass is NOT Scriptural A minor problem with sequence of REVELATION

Fatalism – things happen because they must happen Throws out free will

Precursors & troublemakers: John Hus

Influenced by Wycliffe Excommunicated twice King of Bohemia supported Hus

who exiled Hus’ Catholic opponents Eventually arrested and burned at

the stake – BAD! Factions within the followers of Hus

developed Descendants of John Hus exist today Some here in Nebraska

Precursors & troublemakers: William of Ockham

William of Ockham – Franciscan (late 13th and early 14th century) Nominalistc theory:

“Ideas cannot correspond to anything in reality.” (philosophy is not consistent with faith)

Whole of our knowledge could be an illusion.

Remember St. Thomas Aquinas The faith is reasonable No conflict between faith and reason

From Ockham to Luther is indeed a long road, ... but it is a road whose trace is unmistakable. – Philip Hughes

The “Reformers”

Martin Luther John Calvin Ulrich Zwingli King Henry VIII

Lutheran Revolt:The Indulgence Scandal

Albert von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, to become a cardinal, borrowed a large sum of money from a wealthy banker. Priest @ 22, Bishop @ 24,

Cardinal @ 27 To repay the loan, Pope Leo X

allowed the Archbishop to collect money in exchange for a certificate of Indulgence.

The bishop had priests preach the indulgence to raise money.

Lutheran Revolt: The Indulgence Scandal

What of the money collected? ½ to the bishop ½ to the construction of

St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome)

Lutheran Revolt: What is an Indulgence?

The remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sin already forgiven.

(You can be forgiven for breaking a window but “sorry” doesn’t fix the broken window)

Lutheran Revolt: Fr. Johann Tetzel

A Dominican priest who “sold” indulgences on behalf of the Archbishop of Mainz (and others) for the right amount of $$$

Problem: no discussion of Confession or conversion

Indulgence sold by Johann Tetzel - 1517

“By the authority of all the saints, and in mercy towards you, I absolve you from all sins and misdeeds and remit all punishments for ten days.”

Lutheran Revolt: Fr. Martin Luther

German Augustinian Friar

Professor, Monk & Priest

Often constipated(was inspired about “faith alone” while on the toilet”)

Very Scrupulous – imagining sin when none exists or grave sin when the matter is not serious.

Lutheran Revolt: KEY DATE IN HISTORY: 10.31.1517

Martin Luther writes the Archbishop a letter including the 95 Theses (complaints)

Wanted the issues discussed & debated The longer his points remained unresolved

the more justified he felt in his position The more radical his ideas become

Lutheran Revolt: Fr. Martin Luther

Luther’s posting of the 95 theses was NOT MEANT to be a separation from the Church

The PRINTING PRESS allowed mass circulation of Luther’s ideas and criticism of Rome

Lutheran Revolt: The Debate Finally Occurs in 1519

Archbishop sends Fr. Johannes Eck to debate Luther Eck was right, but because Luther was unstable he

became radical very quickly By the end Luther will have dismissed

Papal Authority Authority of Church Councils Epistle of St. James

Luther commits himself to: Justification by Faith alone Limitation of free will

By the end his views are HERETICAL

Lutheran Revolt: In the end… Luther settles on 3 basic principles

Sola Fidei: Faith Alone Sola Scriptura: Scripture Alone Sola Gratia: Grace Alone

Lutheran Revolt: Faith Alone

“Faith alone” rejects value of the corporal and spiritual works of mercy as essential to growth in holiness

Catholic response: “Faith by itself, if it has no works, is DEAD”

– James2:17 FAITH REQUIRES WE PUT IT INTO ACTION

“Just as a body without a head is dead so faith without works is dead”

“faith working through love” (Gal5:6)

Lutheran Revolt:Scripture Alone

Sacred Scripture is the sole authority on Faith and Doctrine

BUT… How do you explain who put the Bible

together? What if there is a question of something not

in Scripture?

Lutheran Revolt:Grace Alone

Every good action is a direct result of God’s saving grace It’s beyond human ability to

do good He rejects one’s ability to

freely choose to do good (free will)

Man is a PILE OF DUNG covered by God’s GRACE On the outside it looks pretty

but in the center it’s still full of crap

Lutheran Revolt:The Break with Catholicism

Pope Leo X wrote the letter Exsurge Domine, condemning Martin Luther’s erroneous teachings

Gives Luther two months to recant opinions or face excommunication

LUTHER’S RESPONSE…

He Burnt the Pope’s letter

Lutheran Revolt:Break with Catholicism

Luther encourages outright rebellion against the Church

Luther’s ideas would spread But they would also go to extremes in

ways that Luther would never agree with

One help to Luther: the princes of Germany (who don’t like the Pope because of the continuing power struggle) supported Luther

Lutheran Revolt:Legislation

1st Diet of Speyer – 1526 Religion of the prince is religion of the

people "every State shall so live, rule, and believe as it

may hope and trust to answer before God and his imperial Majesty."

2nd Diet of Speyer – 1529 Lutherans protested thus receiving the

name “Protestants”

Lutheran Revolt:Term: Reformation

The movement which resulted in the division of Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant faiths

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Sola Scriptura Rejected the Mass and

the Real Presence of the Eucharist, & all Sacraments

Advocated very simple church services

Believed in Predestination God has destined some for

heaven and others for hell regardless of what actions they’ve done good or bad

Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531)

Catholic priest – failed to live celibacy Studied humanism… Left the Faith and became a

political leader Founder of the Reformation in

Switzerland Denied the importance/necessity

of the Holy Mass & Real Presence of the Most Holy Eucharist

Melted down chalices and monstrances to make coins

Reformation in England

Henry VIII Married to his

brother’s widow

Honored by the Pope as a “defender of the faith” for his book of defense against the Protestants

Reformation in England:King Henry VIII & Anglican Church

1527: Henry wants his marriage

ANNULLED so he could have a wife that would give him a son. All children w/Catherine’s die in infancy He doesn’t want his daughter (who’s

married to King of France) to become queen (b/c then he becomes King of England)

Pope’s representative said NO!

Reformation in England:King Henry VIII & Anglican Church

English Parliament declares that Henry is not responsible to any foreign powers

This makes Henry the head of the Church in England.

This is also a break with the Catholic Church

Reformation in England:Act of Supremacy

All would have to swear an oath affirming their recognition of Henry VIII as head of the Church in England Those that refused were thrown in prison… Those that spoke against it is were

punished by death…

Reformation in England:Act of Supremacy

Bishop John Fisher Bishop of Rochester

The only bishop NOT to take the oath

Beheaded June 22, 1535

Reformation in England:Act of Supremacy

St. Thomas More Chancellor of England Lifelong Friend of King

Henry VIII

Beheaded two weeks after Bishop Fisher on July 6, 1535

“I die the King’s good servant – but God’s first”

Reformation in England:The many wives of Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon: divorced Anne Boleyn: beheaded Jane Seymour: died Anne of Cleves: divorced Kathryn Howard : beheaded Katherine Parr: outlives Henry…

Reformation in England:Wives and Offspring of Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon, mother of Mary Tudor (Catholic)

Anne Boleyn, mother of Elizabeth (Protestant)

Jane Seymour, mother of Edward VI (dies at 15)

Succession to the Throne

Edward VI (1547-1553) Extends work of his father Brings in Reform preachers from continental

Europe Mary I (1553-1558)

Tries to restore Catholicism to England Marries Spanish prince For martyring 3 heretical archbishops in Oxford,

she is named “Bloody Mary” Less violent than her father, but not popular

among middle class

Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1503) Last among step-siblings to rule (and longest to rule)

Always the religion of the reigning monarch Bides her time until she takes the throne

Thousands imprisoned for their refusal to give up the faith Has Catholics deemed traitors 189 Catholic priests executed At times, she bargains with Catholics, but in the end

Catholicism is banned from England and her colonies (including the U.S.)

Venerable English College – Rome 44 of her students would be martyred for the faith in England 130 of her students would be imprisoned or exiled 41 of these students have since been canonized or beatified

by the Church.

English Priestly Martyrs

St Ralph Sherwin, 1581 St Luke Kirby, 1582 Bl. John Shert, 1582 St Polydore Plasden, 1591 St Eustace White, 1591 St Robert Southwell S.J., 1595 St Henry Walpole S.J., 1595 St John Almond, 1612 St Henry Morse S.J., 1645 St David Lewis S.J., 1679 St John Wall O.F.M., 1679 Bl. Joseph Lambton, 1592 Bl. William Lacey, 1582 Bl. Thomas Pormort, 1592 Bl. Thomas Cottam, 1582 Bl. John Cornelius S.J., 1594 Bl. William Hart, 1583 Bl. John Ingram, 1594 Bl. George Haydock, 1584 Bl. Edward Thwing, 1594

Bl. Robert Middleton, 1601 Bl. John Munden, 1584 Bl. Robert Watkinson, 1602 Bl. John Lowe, 1586  Bl. Edward Oldcorne, 1606 Bl. Robert Morton, 1588 Bl. Richard Smith, 1612 Bl. Richard Leigh, 1588 Bl. John Thules, 1616 Bl. Edward James, 1588 Bl. John Lockwood, 1642 Bl. Christopher Buxton, 1588 Bl. John Woodcock O.F.M., 1646 Bl. Christopher Bales, 1590  Bl. Anthony Turner S.J., 1679 Bl. Edmund Duke, 1590 Ven. Thomas Tichborne, 1602 Ven. Brian Tansfield S.J., 1643 Ven. Edward Morgan, 1642 Ven. Edward Mico S.J., 1678

Branches of Protestants:

Luther Lutheranism ECLA, Missouri Zwingli Anabaptists Amish, Mennonites Calvin Presbyterianism Anglican Methodists, Episcopalians

IN CONCLUSION

It’s the perfect storm that causes the Reformation throughout Europe Persons on both sides are to blame for what

took place In the end, many people begin to think of

the Church as unimportant, unnecessary, dispensable

Christianity becomes a matter of opinion rather than a matter of truth – this will be disastrous in the centuries that follow…