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ETHNOMEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICALACTIVITIES OF CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS SCHRAD : AN OVERVIEW
Dheeraj Kumar, Ashmita and Pushpa Dahiya*Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana), India.
AbstractPlants are used in ethnomedicine from prehistoric time due to presence of active biomolecules in them. Man depends uponplants for a variety of purposes viz. medicinal, clothing, food, fodder and fuel. Plants have been used to treat microbialinfections and strengthening the immune system for health management. Plant products are easily accepted by humanpopulation for treatment of various health ailments as they are cost effective and without any side effect. Citrullus colocynthisSchrad (Cucurbitaceae), which is commonly called as Bitter Apple or Desert Gourd play important roles in traditional healthcaresystem. It is known for its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anthelmintic, cathartic and carminative activities; andused for blood purification, breast cancer treatment, urinary infection etc. It is abundant source of secondary metabolites likealkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, unsaturated sterols and terpens. Some other phytocompounds viz.tocopherol, benzofuran, caffeic acid, catechin, cucurbitacin (E, B, L and I), chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, hexanoicacid, isovitexin, phthalic acid and quercetin have also been reported. The phytoconstituents present in Citrullus colocynthispossess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antirheumatic, anticancerous, cytotoxic, antidiarrhial, antiageing andanalegesic properties. This review describes about ethanomedicinal importance, phytoconstituents present and variouspharmacological activities of isolated phytocompounds from Citrullus colocynthis which would be helpful for researchers,scientists and pharmacologist to develop new medicines for health benefits of mankind.Key words : Ethnomedicine, phytoconstituents, pharmacologist, Citrullus colocynthis.
IntroductionPrimitive people chiefly depend upon on the plants
for their food, healthcare and livelihood. Even today, plantproducts are widely accepted for treatment of varioushealth ailments as they are cheap, easily available andwith least side effects. According to WHO (World HealthOrganization), about 80% of the 5.2 billion people dependssolely on conventional uses of plants; nearly 21,000species of plants are used in folk medicine. Out of thetotal plant diversity available on earth, more than 30%have been used to treat various diseases (Khan and Iqbal,2011). Plants are truly the “backbone” of traditionalhealthcare system and in developing countries about 3.3billion people are mainly dependent on plants for theirtraditional uses. Semenya et al. (2018) reported that inSouth Africa about 306 plant species are used to curethe respiratory infection and other respiratory related
problems. In India, there are different system of medicinalusages like Aurveda, Unani, Homeopathy, Sidda, Amachi,Reflexology, Natropathy, Aromatotheraphy etc.(Gahlawat et al., 2014).
The Cucurbitaceae family contains most diverse typeof plant. This family includes mostly vegetables grown insummer. Cucurbits are the most common member of thefamily so that it is popularly known as gourd or cucurbitfamily (Rahman et al., 2018; Kocyan et al., 2007). About130 genera and nearly 800 species are present in thisfamily (Dhiman et al., 2012). The gourd family hotspotsareas included West Africa, Southeast Asia, Mexico andMadagascar (Schaefer and Renner, 2011). The familycontains a number of compounds which are used for theircytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, heptoprotective andcardiovascular effects (Dhiman et al., 2012). Out ofnearly 47,000 plant species present in India, about 7500plant species have been reported for their medicinal
Plant Archives Vol. 20 Supplement 1, 2020 pp. 2389-2399 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210
*Author for correspondence : E-mail: [email protected]
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2390 Dheeraj Kumar et al.
values; approximately 800 plant species are currently usedfor the preparation of modern medicines. So huge numberof plant species are yet to be explored for their medicinalvalues.
Citrulus colocynthis Schrad commonly known as“Bitter apple” in English and “indrayan or ghorumba” inhindi is very important annual or perennial wild plant. Itis found mainly in arid zones and has a great survivalrate and can bear extremely harsh conditions (Lioyal andJohn, 1898).Scope of review
This present review describes about activephytoconstituents present in Citrulus colocynthis withtheir pharmacological activities along with its uses intraditional system of medicine. All the information havebeen collected from different search engines viz. sciencedirect, google scholar, web of science, Scopus, pub med,Wiley online library, springer; online/offline thesis, journals,books, proceedings etc. All the collected information’shave been compiled at one place that would be helpfulfor researchers, pharmacologists, scientists, chemists andtoxicologists for future research and development.Origin and distribution
Citrullus colocynthis is a desert vine that grows insandy and arid soils. It is native to dry area of NorthAfrica or Mediterranean region and Asia. It is generallydistributed in Kuwait, Iran, Arab, Pakistan, Lebanon,Afghanistan, India, and North Africa, Turkey, Jordan toEgypt, Europe, Australia and Sahel.Classification
Kingdom : PlantaeSub-kingdom : Tracheobionta
Division : MagnoliophytaClass : MangnoliopsidaOrder : CucurbitalesFamily : CucurbitaceaeGenus : CitrullusSpecies : Colocynthis
Variety/synonymsCitrullus psudocolocynthis, Citrullus valgaris
Schard and Citrullus officinalis Schard.Vernacular name
African : EgusiGerman : KoloquintheFrench : ColoquinteEnglish : BitterAppleArabic : HindalUrdu : Tumba, HanjalSanskrit : IntravaruniHindi : Indrayan, GhorumbaTamil : KumattiTalgu : ChittipaparaBangali : MakhalGujrarati : IndrayanPunjabi : Ghurumba
Botanical charactersCitrullus colocynthis is xerophytic annual or
perennial creeper vine commonly known as desert gourd.Roots are large perpetual, bifurcated, long and rocky.
Fig. 1 : Citrullus colocynthis (A-ripe fruit, B-dry fruit with seeds).
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Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of C. colocynthis Schrad 2391
Stem is globular, tough, slender, angular and have roughhair and branched tendril which helps in climbing. Leavesare palmate, regular and divided into 2-7 lobes. They arearranged alternately on petioles with length 5-10 cm andwidth 1.5-2 cm, respectively. Flower is monoecious,yellow in color, pedunculated, small, single, solitary in leafaxil. Flowering period is November to June and fruitingoccurs in July to December. Fruits are globular, indehisent,orange, yellow or green in color with surface marks, bitterin taste because of the presence of colocynth, pepo. Theyare usually 15-20 in number and round in shape with 7-10 cm diameter. Generally average mass of Citrulluscolocynthis fruit is 506g and pulp mass is 50% of fruit
mass (Aviara et al ., 2007). Seed are numerous,compressed oblong shaped, parietal placenta, white andbrown in color, hard coriaceous rind and embedded inwhite spongy pulp. Seed number per fruit varies from200-300.Ethnomedicinal uses
Citrullus colocynthis Schrad (Cucurbitaceae) is animportant plant species having potential ethnomedicinaluses. Different plant parts viz. leaves, fruits, roots, flowersand seeds are used for the treatment of various humandiseases. The ethnomedicinal uses are given in table 1.Phytochemistry
Citrullus colocynthis is a rich source of secondarymetabolites such as alkaloids, sterols, saponins, steroids,terpenes and flavonoids prepared in different solventshas been reported by various workers (Sultan et al., 2010)as shown in table 2.Biological activities
Citrullus colocynthis is useful medicinal plant dueto presence of important phytoconstituents and used forthe treatment of different diseases. Different phyto-constituents isolated from different parts of Citrulluscolocynthis along with their biological activities are givenin table 3.
Table 1 : Ethnomedicinal profile of Citrullus colocynthis.
S. Plant part Ethnomedicinal uses Referenceno.
1. Leaves Used in diabetes and asthma treatment Abo et al. (2008), Shrivastava and Roy (2013),Gurudeeban et al. (2010)
2. Fruit Used in diabetes treatment, blood Herbalpathy, Goldfain et al. (1989)purification, relieve constipation
3. Unripe green fruit Used in tumour, leucoderma, ulcers, Hutt and Houghton (1998), Nandagopalan et al.asthma, bronchitis, jaundice, elephantiasis, (2011)splenomegaly and tubercular glands(neck) treatment
4. Root Used for breast cancer, urinary infection Shrivastava and Roy (2013), Yadav et al. (2006),and cough treatment Marzouk et al. (2010)
5. Root and fruit Used to treat irritation of palm of hand or Shrivastava and Roy (2013), Razi et al. (2000)combination sole of foot and scorpion stings bite
6. Leaf, root and Used for jaundice, cancer, rheumatoid Nandagopalan et al. (2011)flower combination arthritis and constipation treatment;as an
abortifacient
7. Seed Used for diabetes treatment Herbalpathy
8. Whole plant Has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, Torkey et al. (2009), Mehrzadi et al. (2016),antipyretic, anthelmintic, carminative and Roy et al. (2007)cathartic activities
Table 2 :Phytochemical analysis of different parts of Citrulluscolocynthis.
S. Phytochemical Constituents Fruit Root Leavesno.
1 Alkaloidc + + -2 Flavonoids + + -3 Saponins + + -4 Sterols and steroids + + +5 Tannins + + -6 Unsaturated sterols and terpens + + +
Where, + indicates presence of phytochemical and – indicatesabsence of phytochemical.
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2392 Dheeraj Kumar et al.
Tabl
e 3:
Bio
logi
cal a
ctiv
ities
of p
hyto
-con
stitu
ents
of C
itrul
lus
colo
cynt
his
:
S. n
o.C
ompo
und
iden
tified
Che
mic
al S
truc
ture
Bio
logi
cal a
ctiv
ities
Ref
eren
ces
1.1,2
-A
nti-
hype
rtens
ionR
educ
e ch
oles
tero
lId
an et
al.
(201
5)B
enze
nedi
carb
oxyl
ic a
cid
2.B
enzo
fura
nA
nalg
esic
and
ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory
Idan
et a
l. (2
015)
3.α-tocopherol
Ant
ioxi
dant
, ant
i-rhe
umat
icD
uke (
1992
)
β-tocopherol
γ-carotene
4.C
affe
ic a
cid
Ant
ioxi
dant
, ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory,
antic
ance
rous
,D
uke (
1992
)an
tiage
ing,
ana
lege
sic
5.C
atec
hin
Ant
ioxi
dant
, ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory
Duk
e (19
92)
-
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of C. colocynthis Schrad 2393
Tabl
e 3
cont
inue
d...
6.C
hlor
ogen
ic a
cid
Ant
ioxi
dant
Hua
ng an
d Fe
rrar
o (1
992)
7.C
ucur
bita
cin
EA
nti-m
icro
bial
, ant
i-can
cero
us, c
ytot
oxic
,A
bdul
lah
et a
l. (2
014)
anti-
alle
rgic
8.C
ucur
bita
cin
BC
ytot
oxic
, ant
i-can
cero
usA
bdul
lah
et a
l. (2
014)
9.C
ucur
bita
cin
IIC
ytot
oxic
Abd
ulla
h et
al.
(201
4)
10.
Cuc
urbi
taci
n L
Ant
imic
robi
al, c
ytot
oxic
Abd
ulla
h et
al.
(201
4)
11.
1,1–
Imm
unos
uppr
essa
n an
d an
ti-tu
mor
Idan
et a
l. (2
015)
Cyc
lopr
opan
edim
etha
nol
-
2394 Dheeraj Kumar et al.
Tabl
e 3
cont
inue
d...
12.
D-G
luco
pyra
nosi
deA
nti-m
icro
bial
and
ant
i-spa
smod
icId
an et
al.
(201
5)
D g
luco
pyra
nosy
l
13.
Ethy
l iso
-allo
chol
ate
Ant
i-mic
robi
al a
gent
s an
d an
ti-in
flam
mat
ory
Idan
et a
l. (2
015)
activ
ity
14.
Feru
lic a
cid
Ant
ioxi
dant
, ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory,
antia
llerg
icH
ussa
in et
al.
(201
3),
Leun
g an
d Fo
ster
(199
5)
15.
Gal
lic ac
idA
ntic
ance
rous
,ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory,
anal
eges
ic,
Kro
es (1
991)
,flo
ral i
nhib
itor
Jeffe
ry et
al.
(198
3)
16.
Hex
anoi
c ac
idA
ntifu
ngal
act
ivity
Idan
et a
l. (2
015)
17.
Isoo
rient
in3-
o-m
ethy
lA
ntio
xida
ntD
uke (
1992
)et
her
-
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of C. colocynthis Schrad 2395
Tabl
e 3
cont
inue
d...
18.
Isov
itexi
nA
ntio
xida
ntN
igg
and
Seig
ler (
1992
)
19.
Kae
mpf
erol
Ant
ioxi
dant
, ant
ican
cero
us, a
nti-i
nfla
mm
ator
y,D
uke (
1992
)an
tialle
rgic
20.
Met
hyl
6-ox
ohep
tano
ate
Ant
i-can
cer
activ
ityId
an et
al.
(201
5)
21.
Myr
icet
inA
ntio
xida
ntD
uke (
1992
)
22.
Nor
met
hado
lA
ntio
xida
nt a
ctiv
ityId
an et
al.
(201
5)
23.
Prop
anes
ulfo
nate
Ant
i-sca
ling
agen
tsId
an et
al.
(201
5)
24.
Oct
adec
anoi
c ac
idA
ntim
icro
bial
and
anti-
infla
mm
ator
yId
an et
al.
(201
5)
25.
9,12
,15
-Oct
adec
atrie
noic
Ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory
and
anti-
athe
roge
nic
Idan
et a
l. (2
015)
acid
prop
ertie
s
-
2396 Dheeraj Kumar et al.
Tabl
e 3
cont
inue
d...
26.
9,12
,15-
Oct
adec
atrie
noic
Ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory
and
CN
S de
pres
sant
act
ivity
Idan
et a
l. (2
015)
acid
, 2,3
,-d
ihyd
roxy
prop
yl e
ster
27.
9 -O
ctad
ecen
amid
e,(z
)-A
nti-i
nfla
mm
ator
y ac
tivity
, ant
ibac
teria
l act
ivity
Idan
et a
l (20
15)
28.
Palm
itic a
cid
Larv
icid
al a
ctiv
ityId
an et
al (
2015
)
Stea
ric a
cid
Lino
leic
aci
d
Ole
ic ac
id
29.
Phth
alic
aci
dA
nti-h
yper
cho
lest
erol
, Bio
logi
cal a
ctiv
ities
Idan
et a
l (20
15)
like
antim
icro
bial
, ant
ifung
al a
nd a
ntio
xida
ntac
tivity
30.
p-C
oum
eric
acid
Ant
ioxi
dant
Duk
e (19
92)
31.
Que
rcet
inA
ntio
xida
nt, a
ntid
iaba
tic, a
nti-i
nfla
mm
ator
yD
uke (
1992
)an
tiage
ing,
anal
eges
ic
-
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of C. colocynthis Schrad 2397
Tabl
e 3
cont
inue
d...
32.
Sina
pic
acid
Ant
ioxi
dant
Duk
e (19
92)
33.
Tria
zido
-(1,2
,3,4
,-
Ant
i-inf
lam
mat
ory
Idan
et a
l (20
15)
5-pe
ntam
ethy
lcyc
lope
nt
34.
Vani
llic a
cid
Ant
ioxi
dant
Duk
e (19
92)
35.
Vita
min
EA
ntio
xida
nt a
ctiv
ityId
an et
al (
2015
)
36.
y-to
coph
erol
Ant
ioxi
dant
act
ivity
Idan
et a
l (20
15)
-
ConclusionAfter analysis of the available literature; it is
concluded that root and fruits of Citrullus colocynthisare the most widely used in ethnomedicine viz. diabetes,tumour, leucoderma, ulcers, asthma, bronchitis, jaundice,elephantiasis, splenomegaly, breast cancer, urinaryinfection and cough treatment. They are used to treatirritation in palm of hand or sole of foot, blood purificationand scorpion stings bite. Alkaloids, sterols, saponins,steroids, flavonoids, terpenes and simple phenolics arethe dominant phytoconstituents of this plant. Additionallypure compounds such as isovitexin, kaempferol, phthalicacid, quercetin, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, vitamin E, vanillicacid, benzofuran, caffeic acid, catechin, gallic acid, ferulicacid, palmitic acid, myricetin, normethadolm etc. wereidentified as biologically active compounds. As this plantratify many traditional uses further research, clinical andin vivo trials should be taken along in future directions.However seasonal and geographical variation could playan important role for the authentication of thephytoconstituents that are responsible for biologicalactivities. Further research and trails should be undertaken for the better therapeutic and economic utilizationof Citrullus colocynthis.Authors contribution
DG collected information from different online aswell offline sources, designed, prepared, and interpretatedthe available literature, Ashmita collected data onethnomedicinal uses and contributed in editing ofmanuscript, PD drafted the manuscript and give the finalapproval to manuscript to be published.
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