ethnobotany. lecture 3 -...
TRANSCRIPT
Ethnobotany. Lecture 3
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
January 14, 2013
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Outline
1 Main food source plants: grainsAncient wheats“Contemporary” wheats
2 Other C3 grainsRyeBarley
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 3 January 14, 2013 2 / 39
Outline
1 Main food source plants: grainsAncient wheats“Contemporary” wheats
2 Other C3 grainsRyeBarley
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 3 January 14, 2013 2 / 39
Main food source plants: grains Ancient wheats
Main food source plants:grains
Ancient wheats
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Main food source plants: grains Ancient wheats
Triticum monococcum
Eincorn, or Triticum monococcum is probably the most ancientcultivated plants ever (cultivated from neolithic age)Do not require irrigation, survive with low precipitation but yield isalso lowIn spikes, spikelets have only one flowerRelatively tall (up to 1 m)Now cultivated rarely, one of the last centers of cultivation is Spain
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Main food source plants: grains Ancient wheats
Eincorn, Triticum monococcum
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Main food source plants: grains Ancient wheats
Triticum dicoccum
Emmer wheat (farro, Triticum dicoccum) has fragile spike andmore than one flower per spikeletSustainable for droughts, bacterial and fungal infections, insects,lower temperatures but has extremely low yieldStill cultivated in some European countries (Italy, Albania); mainfood source in EthiopiaUsed also as a genetic source for hybridization and selection
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Main food source plants: grains Ancient wheats
Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum)
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Main food source plants:grains
“Contemporary” wheats
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Triticum durum, hard wheat
Hard wheat (Triticum durum) is a second most cultivated wheat,probably of Mediterranean originSmall-sized, fast-growingAlmost exclusively self-pollinatedHas high yield and grains of best quality among wheats containingmore proteins
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Hard wheat (Triticum durum)
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Triticum durum 2
Winter races are rareRequires irrigationBetter suited for cultivation in tropicsThe highest diversity is now in Italy (widely used for a pasta!)Now widely cultivated in tropics (India, Africa)
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Triticum aestivum, common wheat
Common (soft) wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a main cultivatedwheatThere are more than 4,000 cultivars of common wheatSmall- and medium-sized but slow-growing when youngOften cross-pollinatedHigh yield, grains are rich of starch
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum)
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Triticum aestivum 2
Has many winter and spring racesTypically, does not require irrigationCultivated mostly in temperate and subtropical regions around theworldMain cultivated wheat in U.S.
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Origin of wheats
Tetraploid and hexaploid wheats are inter-generic hybridsbetween diploid wheats and Aegilops (goatgrass)!Tetraploid wheats have genome AABB (A from diploid wheats, Bfrom Aegilops speltoides)Hexaploid wheats have genome AABBDD (D from Aegilopssquarrosa)
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Aegilops speltoides
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Aegilops squarrosa
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Current trends in wheat selection
Wheats with branched spikes (e.g., tetraploid Triticum turgidum,rivet wheat and hybrids)Dwarf wheats (especially in common wheat) are selected withtransition from sickle to harvesting machinesOctoploid forms (2n = 56) are artificial, typically have biggergrainsHybrids with rye, × Triticosecale (Triticum × Secale)
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
Rivet wheat, Triticum turgidum
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Main food source plants: grains “Contemporary” wheats
× Triticosecale
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Other C3 grains Rye
Other C3 grainsRye
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Other C3 grains Rye
Rye, Secale
Belongs to the same tribe with wheat, TriticeaeMuch “younger” cultivated plantCultivated mostly in temperate regions of Eurasia (Russia,Germany, Sweden) and Canada
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Other C3 grains Rye
Rye features
Hardy plant, likes sandy soils, survives with a frost, has a short lifecycle adapted for long days, however, yield is low, ≈ 1 ton/hectareMany winter cultivarsCross-pollinatedRich of proteins, therefore rye bread is growing hard faster thanpure wheat bread; typically, rye bread contains wheat additives(sometimes up to 70%)Has multiple uses: as a forage plant become available early in thespring, as a source of ethanol, as a source of straw
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Other C3 grains Rye
Rye taxonomy
Several species, only one is cultivated: Secale cerealeHas two subspecies: one is a cultivated rye, Secale cerealesubsp. cereale, second is a weed (occuting mostly in wheatcrops): Secale cereale subsp. segetaleChromosome number is diploid (2n = 14), similar to primitivediploid wheats
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Other C3 grains Rye
Rye origin and history
Weed rye originated from wild species and become annual (otherryes are perennial) in order to correspond with wheat life cycleCultivated rye is a domesticated weed ryeOne theory (N. Vavilov) said that rye outperformed wheat on thenorthern slopes of Caucasus mountains where spring may cometwo months later than on southern slopes; this competitionsometimes resulted in pure rye cropsThan selection started for bigger grains, since rye iscross-pollinated, selection went fasterFirst remains of rye dated 300–400 AD (Black Sea coast)Since rye has open flowers, it sensitive to ergot (Clavicepspurpurea fungus) containing hallucinogenic lysergine acid whichwas the cause of egotism disease in medieval centuries.
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Other C3 grains Rye
Cultivated rye, Secale cereale subsp. cereale
[Note the ergot (Claviceps purpurea) fruiting bodies]Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 3 January 14, 2013 26 / 39
Other C3 grains Rye
Weed rye, Secale cereale subsp. segetale
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Other C3 grains Barley
Other C3 grainsBarley
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Other C3 grains Barley
Barley, Hordeum
Belongs to the same tribe TriticeaePlant of multiple use: as bread (rarely), as a cereal, for makingbeer, as a forage plantOld West Asian culture, now cultivated mostly in temperateregions of North Hemisphere
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Other C3 grains Barley
Barley features
Grains are not fully appropriate for bread, they have too lowamount of proteins (≈ 7%), resulted bread is crumbling too muchHardy plant, survives easily in winter (there are many wintercultivars), has extremely fast life cycle and therefore cultivated onhigh altitudes in mountain areas (as Tibet)
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Other C3 grains Barley
Barley taxonomy
Almost 40 species, only two are widely cultivatedHordeum distichon, two-rowed barley, is cultivated mostly for beerproduction; spike has two rows of spikeletsHordeum vulgare, six-rowed barley, cultivated for multiplepurposes; six rows of spikelets
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Other C3 grains Barley
Hordeum distichon, two-rowed barley
Old culture (7,000 BC) from West Asia and Egypt, originated fromwild Hordeum spontaneumAnnual, with flat spikesOnly spring formsNow cultivated mostly in West and Middle Asia and Europe
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Other C3 grains Barley
Hordeum vulgare, six-rowed barley
Newer culture, 4–5,000 BC, originated from East AsiaChina and Japan are still centers of diversity (and probably,centers of origin)Goes very high on mountains, up to 6,000 m above sea levelUnfortunately, sensitive to drowning and to fungal diseases,especially to powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.)
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Other C3 grains Barley
Role in brewing
For brewing, barley grains are malted: germinated by soaking inwater and then sharply drying by hot airConsequently, enzymes started to modify starch into mono- anddisaccharides, such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltoseThere saccharides are using for making wort (mixture of maltedbarley with water); wort is then fermented with brewer yeasts(Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungus)
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Other C3 grains Barley
Two-rowed barley, Hordeum distichon
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Other C3 grains Barley
Six-rowed barley, Hordeum vulgaris
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Other C3 grains Barley
Ancestor of barley, Hordeum spontaneum
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Other C3 grains Barley
Summary
Tetraploid and hexaploid wheats are intergeneric hybridsBarley is an ancient culture well adapted to agriculture inmountain regionsRye and common oat were originated from weeds
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Other C3 grains Barley
For Further Reading
P. Stamp.Virtual cereal cultivar garden [Electronic resource].2008.Mode of access:http://www.sortengarten.ethz.ch/?content=start
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
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