ethics

Wednesday, May 22, 2013 Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar 1

Ethics

kamal

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar 2 Wednesday, May 22, 2013

Good n Bad!


Axiology (value theory)

the Greek axia (, value, worth), is the study of PT or Wet-John. It is often thought to include ethics and aestheticsphilosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of valueand sometimes it is held to lay the groundwork for these fields, and thus to be similar to value theory and meta-ethics.


Etymology: Ethics

Middle English ethik, from Old French ethique (from Late Latin thica, from Greek thika, ethics) and from Latin thic (from Greek thik), both from Greek thikos, ethical, from thos, character.];

( ) ( ) , ) Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature

of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be judged right or wrong.

The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles; moral philosophy.


Morality the concept of human ethics which pertains

to matters of good and evil also referred to as "right or wrong

used within three contexts: individual conscience; systems of principles and judgments sometimes called moral values shared within a cultural, religious, secular, Humanist, or philosophical community

codes of behavior or conduct morality


Law & Jurisprudence

The law is considered a living governing system constructed by present and historical debate and moral consensus among juries, and more generally, all citizens under the system.

This system is used to maintain order, righteousness, and justice in everyday life. Individual actions or events can be summoned to court for review, investigation, and prosecution if it is believed that there has been a breach of morality (meaning, a violation of the law) or if a law's moral implication is questioned.

A verdict is a lawful determination of guilt, and a guilty party is one that has committed an immoral act. In most systems, the lack of morality of the individual can also be a sufficient cause for punishment, or can be an element for the grading of the punishment.


Axiology: Value debates Ideas

Practices

Rational Emotional

Ethics Aesthetics

Moral

Law & Regulation Custom


Scope of Ethics

Meta-ethics (the study of the concept of ethics, value); what is the fundamental nature of ethics or morality itself, including whether it has any objective justification

Applied ethics (the study of the use of ethical values); how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation

Moral Psychology (how moral capacity or moral agency develops and its nature)


Meta Ethic Theory: How do we

know what should we behave?

Meta Ethic Theory

Naturalism

vs. Supernaturalism

Relativism

vs. Absolutism

Emotive

vs. Cognitive

Normative

vs. Descriptive


Glossary Naturalism vs. Supernaturalism

the view of the world that takes account only of natural elements and forces, excluding the supernatural or spiritual

doctrine of supernatural or divine agency as manifested in the world, in human events, religious revelation, etc

Relativism vs. absolutism The doctrine that no ideas or beliefs are universally true but that all are,

instead, relative that is, their validity depends on the circumstances in which they are applied

theory holding that values, principles, etc., are absolute and not relative, dependent, or changeable

Cognitive vs. Emotive pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment,

and reasoning

Pertaining to the emotional and volitional processes.

Normative vs. Descriptive propose an Ideal values (what they ought to do)

explain an actual practiced values (what they do)


Normative Ethic Theory: how

should we behave?

Normative Ethic Theory

Macro value (ideal)

How should one live?

Micro value (practical); human action

what is right and wrong?

Intention based Theory

Kantian

(deontology)

Consequence-based Theory

Utilitarianism

(teleology)

Value-based Theory

(Aristotle)

Divine Command Theory

or Duty-based theory

(deontology)


Type of moral theory: value theory

Value-based theory: Macro value (general action), not micro value (particular action), the value that guide the individuals life as a whole, like a question of How should I live? for an answer is to cultivate the virtue or achieving a true happiness Based on Aristotles Nicomachean ethics which leads

to neo-Aristotelianism to grow.

Great virtues are truth, generosity, courage, wisdom

The proper living is only based on moral excellence


Religious Ethic or Divine Command

Theory

The Divine Command Theory is the meta-

ethical theory that moral values are commanded

by a god or gods; top-down moral

Christian believes that right means Gods will, wrong means Gods wrath. Therefore moral is an issue of following absolute commands of God

through the divine Words (revelation) or it is a

religious duty.


Micro Value (practical): What is

right and wrong?

intention action effect

Sense of human duty (Deontology or

act purely with intention of good)

Consequencialism (Teleology or

act with double intention)

Kantian

(universal maxim) Utilitarianism

(hedonism)


Type of moral theory: Deontology Intention-based theories (deontology or obligation): a

value of action is measured according to pure intention (maxims). Kantian ethics

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): just a human sense of duty, not because of self-interest. Meaning the motive (intention) of action was far more important that the action itself and its consequences. For example we help people because the act of helping is good by itself, not because of gaining popularity or achieve self-esteem

There are four vital elements in Kantian values

Maxims as a pure human intention and universal

The moral duty is known as categorical (certain/unconditional) imperative (important) (as end) vs. hypothetical one (as means)


Type of moral theory:

Consequentialism

Consequence-based Theory (effect): an action is right or wrong not on the intentions of the person performing the action, but rather on the consequences of that action Utilitarianism (John Stuart Mill 1806-1873), more

toward hedonism (happiness), i.e. good is whatever brings about the greatest amount of pleasure (happiness) for the greatest number of people or The Greatest total of Happiness Principle or the principle of utility


Reference Warburton, Nigel. 1992. Philosophy: The Basic.

London: Routledge (p. 37-64)

Pojman, Louis P. Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company

Kessler, Gary E. Voices of Wisdom: A Multicultural Philosophy Reader. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company (p. 78-115)

Stewart, David & Blocker, H Gene. 1996. Fundamentals of Philosophy. 4th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

ethics

Documents

morality mostafa kamal

nature mostafa kamal

concept of ethics

scope of ethics metaethics

theory of moral values

moral capacity

moral agency

moral consensus