Essential Question:–What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812?

Reading Quiz Chapter 11

The War of 1812

History Channel Video: MadisonHistory Channel Video: Madison

Renewed Conflict with England & France

Renewed Conflict OverseasIn 1803, England & France

resumed their war & violated US neutrality rights:– both England & France

blockaded Europe to all trade by neutral countries & seized ships

– British impressed ~9,000 sailorsAfter a failed diplomatic mission,

Jefferson refused to declare war on either England or France

A war would be too expensive & destroy his plans for a small gov’t

Embargo Divides the NationIn 1807, Jefferson approved an

embargo that prohibited US merchants from trading with England or France

The embargo was unsuccessful:–It was widely unpopular &

damaged the NE economy– Did not hurt England or France– Required huge gov’t oversight &

an army to suppress smuggling

James Madison & the War of 1812

The War of 1812In 1808, James Madison was

elected PresidentMadison’s 1st foreign policy

decision was to repeal the ineffective embargo in favor of the Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act– The US will resume trade with

England & France if each promises to stop seizing US ships & respect US neutrality

Madison eagerly reopened English trade

…but England continued to seize US ships

Congress replaced this act with Macon’s Bill #2Macon’s Bill #2 & offered exclusive trade to whichever nation respected US neutrality 1st

…but this did not work either

The War of 1812By 1810, “War Hawks” in

Congress demanded a declaration of war with England…Madison gave in on June 1, 1812

The US goal for the War of 1812War of 1812: –US is too weak to beat England–So attack British Canada & force

England to respect US rights

War of 1812Americans were unprepared for a

war with England:– Congress refused to raise

wartime taxes– The US army was small & state

militias were inadequate – The small US gov’t was

incapable of waging & directing a full-scale war

War of 1812: The Early CourseUS army did not fare well against

the better-trained British troopsDid slightly better at sea (bulk of

British navy still fighting Napoleon)In 1814, the British took the

offensive in a 3-pronged attack:–Canada (not successful)–Chesapeake (successful)–New Orleans (irrelevant)

The War of 1812

The War of 1812: War’s EndCanadaCanada—British turned back at

Plattsburg on Lake Champlain; gave up on Canadian offensive

ChesapeakeChesapeake—undefended; British burned Washington, DC & lay siege to Baltimore

New OrleansNew Orleans—British & Americans engaged after a treaty was drawn up; attack thwarted by Andrew Jackson (a national hero)

Battle of New OrleansJohnny Horton

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VL7XS_8qgXM

Hartford ConventionFederalists convened in Dec 1814

to propose changes to the US Constitution:–No more 3/5 compromise–Limit president to one term–2/3 majority vote needed to

declare war, pass commercial laws, & admit new states

End of War of 1812 made Hartford Convention appear disloyal

The War of 1812 is still going on!!

The Federalists never recovered

Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarDemands at the Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent:

–British shared rights to the Mississippi River & a buffer state for Indians in the NW

–US wanted impressment to end & a formal respect of trade rights

These problems were not addressed, yet the Senate unanimously ratified the treaty

The US claimed success in a “2nd war of independence”

Politics After the War of 1812

Video: Era of Good Feelings

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz3OTh0ncjU

Politics After the War of 1812After 1812, the Republicans

dominated politics & begin adopting “Federalist” legislation:–Henry Clay proposed “American American

SystemSystem” of high protective tariffs for industry & agriculture

–Congress approved a protective tariffs to limit the importing of British manufactured goods

–Congress approved a 2nd Bank of the US to regulate money

Who else are you going to vote for?

The Republicans were had no accountability to the people

Monroe as PresidentJames Monroe was elected

president in 1816 & 1820–Sought to promote an “Era of Era of

Good FeelingsGood Feelings”–Wanted to promote America’s

power in the world1st challenge was Depression of

1819; Monroe left this challenge to Congress because that leadership was not expected of him

Sought national harmony & avoided controversy

Missouri CompromiseIn 1817, Missouri applied for

statehood as a slave state & revealed US sectional rivalries:–North resented Southern control

of presidency & its 3/5-inflated representation in House of Reps

–South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all slavery

–Equality had been maintained by alternating admission of “free” & “slave” states added to the US

Population was growing more rapidly in North, so House of

Reps favored Northerners

NY rep Tallmadge wanted Missouri only if its state constitution provided for

the gradual elimination of slavery

Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820):

–Missouri admitted as slave state–Maine (which broke from Mass)

admitted as free state–Slavery was banned elsewhere

in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36°30'

Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North & South

Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821

John Marshall & the Supreme Court

John Marshall (Chief Justice, 1801-1835) used the position to strengthen the national gov’t: –Believed the Constitution exists

to protect individuals from gov’t interference

–Marshall used Supreme Court decisions to limit the powers of the states

John Marshall & the Supreme Court–Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819):Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819):

gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties

–McCullough v. Maryland (1819):McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states

–Gibbons v. Odgen (1824):Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t

The Monroe DoctrineHow was the US to respond when

Latin America broke from Spain?–US supported the new republics–European powers disliked these

liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & US will not interfere in Europe

The US will protect Latin American independence

The US will act independently & will protect its sphere of influence