essence of containerizati on 230508
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Essence of ContainerizationContainerizationContainerContainer SystemOperation SitesMethodologyEquipmentImport / Export CycleTracking and Security Container Management Info. System (CMIS)Future
Containerization
1. Purpose / Philosophy
2. Evolution / History
3. Advantages
Containerization
1. Purpose / Philosophy
2. Evolution / History
3. Advantages
Categories of Sea CargoLiquid Bulk
Dry Bulk
General: CoventionalContainer
Categories of Sea Cargo
Liquid Bulk
Dry Bulk
General: ConventionalContainer
Categories of Sea CargoLiquid Bulk
Dry Bulk
General: ConventionalContainer
Categories of Sea Cargo
Liquid Bulk
Dry Bulk
General:
Conventional/BreakbulkContainer
General Cargo: Break bulkLabour Intensive
Time Consuming
Cost – ineffective
UnitizationPalletization
Jumboization
Ro-Ro
Lash
Containerization
General Cargo: Break bulkLabour Intensive
Time Consuming
Cost – ineffective
UnitizationPalletization
JumboizationJumboization
Ro-Ro
Lash
Containerization
UnitizationPalletization
Jumboization
Ro-Ro
Lash
Containerization
UnitizationPalletization
Jumboization
Ro-Ro
LASH
Containerization
UnitizationPalletization
Jumboization
Ro-Ro
Lash
Containerization
Philosophy of Containerisation
To reduce to absolute minimum the number of times a piece of cargo is handled
Containerization
1. Purpose / Philosophy
2. Evolution / History
3. Advantages
Evolution / History of Containerisation
Rail Container – 1920Sea/ Marine Container – 2nd World WarMalcom Maclean – SealandFirst Sea Container Transportation – 1956Piggy back system on RORODedicted Container Ship----1966
Containerization
1. Purpose / Philosophy
2. Evolution / History
3. Advantages
ADVANTAGES OF CONTAINERIZATION1. Reduced ship time in Port2. Better berth utilization3. Reduced time between producer and
consumer4. Minimum physical handling of cargo – less
damage5. Good security – less pilferage6. Protection against weather and other
harmful atmosphere7. Less labour & staff cost8. Saving in packaging cost
Container
Definition
Physical Characteristics
Types
Container : DefinitionRectangular Box
Weatherproof
Safe and Secure
Standardized features
CONTAINERPhysical Characteristics
1. Types
2. Size – Weight
3. Markings
4. Construction Material
Container Types1. Dry General2. Open Top3. Open Sided4. Open Top-open Sided5. Reefer6. Special
• Tank• Pen• Car
Container SizeLENGTH : 20 FT
40 FT
WIDTH : 8 FT
HEIGHT : 8 FT 6 INCH9 FT9 FT 6 INCH
Container Weight
1. Tare Weight : 1.5 to 2.5 tons
2. Max Gross Weight : 20 to 45 tons
3. Pay Load : 18 to 42 tons
Container Markings
ALPHA NUMERICAL MARK
APLU 204151 2
Agent Code Serial Number Check Digit
On All Sides
Except Bottom
Container MaterialSteel
Aluminum
FRP / Plywood
CONTAINER SYSTEM1. Ship operation
2. Quay operation
3. Yard operation
4. R & D operation
Terminal
Off Terminal
Container Cycle
Ship Operation Quay Operation
Yard Operation
Ship OperationAim : To turnaround the vessel at the
quickest possible time.
Key TasksInterpreting / making Bay PlanNo. of cranes to be mobilized Discharging / Loading sequenceAllocating jobs to Crane
20 feet Bays
40 feet Bays
20 – 40 feet bays
Row Numbering
Tier Numbering
Odd Bay Numbering
Even Bay Numbering
Quay Operation
Aim: To keep pace with Ship Operation
Key Tasks
Determining no. of prime movers
Assigning PM/Straddle Carriers to ind. Cranes.
Yard OperationAim: Receiving / Despatching containers
sequentially and quickly
Key TasksPlanning storageYard AddressOrder of stackingDetermining and allocating yard
equipments
Receipt / Delivery Operation
Key Tasks
•Receipt of Loaded Export Containers
•Receipt of loose export cargo and stuffing
•Delivery of import cargo alongwith container
•Delivery of import cargo in loose form after destuffing
CONTAINER SYSTEM FACILITIESA : TERMINAL
Quay or Berth Quay Apron or Wharf Yard Control Centre Gate
Types of Container TerminalFeeder
Mainline
Hub
Feeder Terminal Definition: Where vessels directly calling at
POD/POO cannot be supported and so containers have to be handled through smaller vessels for connecting to mother vessels calling at other
ports/terminalsCharacteristics
Shallow berth – less then 10 m draft Low volume Poor/inadequate
infrastructure/equipment Low productivity
Mainline Terminal Definition: Where vessels calling directly at
POD/POO can be serviced Characteristics
Modestly high draft – 12 m Quay length – upto 300 m Good productivity – 50-70 moves/vessel
hour Sufficient exchange per call
HUB TerminalDefinition: Where mega ships (more than
6000 tues) with container for several ports can be serviced
Characteristics Draft more than 14.5 m Quay length in excess of 330 m Equipped with many high capability quay cranes Large backup area (yard) – more than 10000 tue
cap. Good hinterland connectivity Productivity in excess of 120 moves/hour
Receipt / Delivery Operation Sites
Container Freight Station
Inland Container Depot
Container Freight Station (CFS)To provide place for storing import/export
FCL containers
To provide facilities for completing customs/documentation formalities before delivery/shipment
To destuff LCL import containers and to provide space for their storage before delivery
To receive and consolidate individual export consignments and stuff them as LCL cargo
Definition of FCL/LCL
FCL : Full Container Load
LCL : Less than Container Load
Container Freight StationFeatures
YardShed : Ramp / PlinthReefer pointsDocumentation centreGate
Loose gen cargo.jpg
Inland Container Depot (ICD)Similar to CFS but at upcountry / hinterlandAlso called Dry portFirst in Bangalore in 1981Today 55 ICDsAnother 25 expectedShare of ICD Containers is 30%Expected to increase to 40%Development of Delhi Freight Corridor
(DFC)
Delhi Fright CorridorDelhi – HowrahDelhi – Mumbai (JNPT)
Via Ahemadabad – PallanpurVia Kota – Ratlam
Estimated Cost : Rs. 12000 croreDouble lineDouble stack with welled wagons
CONTAINER METHODOLOGYSystems for terminal operation
1. Chassis Stand Alone
2. Straddle Carrier Stand Alone
3. Straddle Carrier – Tractor / Trailer
4. Transtainer – Tractor / Trailer
5. Front Loader
Handling Systems ComparisonParameter Chassis Straddle Carrier Transtainer
Space Requirement Very Large Medium Small
Cost High Moderate Medium
Manning Level More men / low skill
Less men / High skill More men / Medium skill
Selectivity Very good Medium Low
Quay crane efficiency
Low Very good Bad
Container damage Very Low High Medium
Maintenance Very low Very high Low
Computerisations Limited Medium High
Container EquipmentRail mounted Quay Gantry Crane
Straddle Carrier
Transtainer : RTG / RMGC
Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT
Spreader
Container EquipmentRail mounted Quay Gantry Crane
Straddle Carrier
Transtainer : RTG / RMGC
Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT
Spreader
Container EquipmentRail mounted Quay Gantry Crane
Straddle Carrier
Transtainer : RTG / RMGC
Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT
Spreader
Container EquipmentRail mounted Quay Gantry Crane
Straddle Carrier
Transtainer : RTG / RMGC
Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT
Spreader
CONTAINER EQUIPMENT
SPREADER
1. Manual
2. Semi – automatic
3. Automatic
Documents required - Application with vessel details
Registration of Vessel at PortAgencies involved - Shipping Agent, PortDocuments required - Application for registration, Ship Registry, P & I Cover, Safety Mngt. Certificate,
Documents generated - Berthing slip.
CONTAINER OPERATION - EXPORT CYCLE
Request for berthing of vesselAgencies involved - Shipping Agent, PortDocuments required - Berthing application, PDRs for berth hire and stevedoring, certified hazardous cargo list.
Documents required - Check list, Invoice/Purhcase order, Agencies involved - Shipping Agent, Custom, PortFilling of Shipping Bill at Custom and Carting of Cargo/Container
Application for Rotation No.Agencies involved - Shipping Agent, Customs
Movement of container to Terminal
Agencies involved - Concor, Port, Shipping Agent, CustomDocuments required - Train Summery, Shipping Bill
Receipt of containers at CFS/RCD
Documents required - Application for port clearance to customs,application to Sr. Dock Master for unberthing.
Agencies involved - Port's transporter, Port, Shipping Agent, Customs.Documents required - Load list.Documents generated - Tally sheet, Bay plan, Stowage plan.
Unberthing and sailing of vessel.
Movement from Terminal to Shipside
Agencies involved - Port, Shipping Agent, Custom
Documents required - Load list, Shipping Bill
Agencies involved - Port, Shipping Agent, Customs.
Agencies involved - Port Transporters, Shipping Agent.Documents required - Load list.Documents generated - Gate pass.
Shipment of containers on vessel
Agencies involved - Shipping Agent, Port, Port's transporter, Customs.Documents required - Advance list, IGM, Stowage plan, Bay plan.Documents generated - Discharge Tally Sheet / Yard Tally Sheet.
Discharging of import container and storage at CY.
Documents required - Advance list, IGM, Port payment receipts for containers.Documents generated - Vessel working permission.
Agencies involved - Ship Agent, Custom, PortDocuments required - Hard and soft copy of IGM.
Submission of Advance List, IGM and advance payment of container charges Agencies involved - Shipping Agent, Port
Registration of Vessel at PortAgencies involved - Ship Agent, PortDocuments required - Application for registration, Ship Registry, P & I Cover, Safety Mngt. Certificate,
Filing of Import General Manifest (IGM) at Port.
CONTAINER OPERATION - IMPORT CYCLE
Application for Rotation No.Agencies involved - Ship Agent, CustomsDocuments required - Application with vessel details
Agencies involved - Shipping Agent, Port.
Agencies involved - Shipping Agent, Port, Port's transporter, Customs.Documents required - Advance list, IGM, Stowage plan, Bay plan.Documents generated - Discharge Tally Sheet / Yard Tally Sheet.
Berthing of Vessel
Documents required - ISPS declaration, copy of P & I cover, application to Sr. Dock Master.
Discharging of import container and storage at Pre-stack / CY.
Movement from CFS/RCD
Despatch of ICD containers by Rail Delivery of container/cargo from CFS
Movement to CFS/RCDAgencies involved : Port, Shipping Agents, Customs
Documents required : Advance list, Customs permission, Documents generated - Yard Tally sheet, Gate Pass
Agencies involved : Port, Shipping Agents,Customs, Concor
Documents required : SMTP, Railway indent
Documents generated : Wagon loading sheet
Agencies involved : Port, Shipping Agents,Customs, Importer
Documents required : Bill of Lading, Bill of Entry
Documents generated : Gate Pass
Container Management Information System (CMIS)Necessary for :PlanningOperationsMonitoringTrackingBillingQuery
Container Management Information System (CMIS)Kinds of information:Vessels relatedContainer relatedCargo relatedEquipment related
Tracking
T CardBatch ModeReal Time / OnlineBar CodeRFIDGPS
Security & SurveillanceSeal :
StripBottleE: RFIDAccess Control : Biometrics:fingerprint/
handgeometry/CC TV Eye:retinal/irisProtocol :
I S P S
C S I
Scanner:X-ray/gamma
Containerisation : FutureContainer Volume:
Year Global Indian
1980 20 0.1
2000 230 2.0
2005 330 5.5
2010 420 10.0
2020 700 20.0
CAGR 6% 15%
(in M tues)
Containerisation : FutureContainer ship size
Year Generation Type of ship Cap. In tues
1980 1st Semi contr, roro, Cellular
upto 750
1985 2nd Dedicated cellular 750 - 1500
1990 3rd Sub panamax 1500-3000
1995 4th Panamax 3000-5000
2000 5th Post panamax 5000-6000
2005 6th Super post panamax 6000-7500
2010 Above 6th ULCS / Mega Above 7500
Container: Future
Container productivity
Year Crane/hour Vessel/hour
1998 18 30
2000 20 40
2002 22 60
2004 28 80
2006 32 100
2010 40 150
(No.of moves)
Container: FutureContainer crane outreach
Year Across
1980 9
1990 13
1995 15
2000 19
2005 22
2010 25
Potential Indian Container PortsWest CoastJNPTMundraEast CoastVizag South CoastChennaiVallarpadam