eritech - rfe1.pdf

Julien Brousseau Applications Engineer

The ERICO Company

ERICO was established in 1903 as the Electric Railway Improvement Company to supply power bonds, signal bonds and related welding equipment to railroads, mining and street railway industries.

Started in Cleveland, Ohio before expanding on the five continents.

The ERICO Company

ERICO product lines

Railroads and TransitsPanel Boxes for Facilities, OEMsFacility Electrical Protection Systems

Rail Electric Bonds,Grounding, Surge Protection

Current Carrying Conductors, Supports and Other Non-Active Electrical Panel Components

Grounding, Bonding,Lightning Products

ERITECH ERIFLEX ERICO Rail & Industrial

Concrete Reinforcement ApplicationsPlumbing, HVAC, Industrial, Fire Protection and Seismic Support

Electrical and Data Com Applications

Mechanical CouplersMetal Hangers and Support SystemsSpecialty Metal Hangers

CADDY Electrical Fixing & Fastening

CADDY Mechanical Fixing & Fastening

LENTON

ERICO product lines

Presentation Outline

Introduction Risk assessment per EN62305-2 Lightning protection design methods Surge protection Modern lightning protection solutions

INTEGRATED INTEGRATED PROTECTION PROTECTION

SOLUTIONSOLUTION

SIX POINT PROTECTION PLAN

1. Capture the lightning strike to a preferred point

2. Conduct it to ground safely

3. Dissipate energy into the earth

4. Bond to create an equipotential ground plane

5. Protect incoming power circuits

6. Protect incoming telephone/data circuits


Introduction

Nov. 2006, IS EN62305 series adopted EN62305-1: General Principles EN62305-2: Risk Management EN62305-3: Physical Damage to

Structure and Life Hazard EN62305-4: Electrical and Electronic

Systems within Structures

Risk assessment per EN62305-2

4 sources of damages (IEC EN-62305 1):


Each of source of damage can lead to D1: Injury of living beings due to touch

and step voltages D2: Physical damage (fire, explosion,

mechanical destruction, chemical release) D3: Failure of internal electrical/electronic

systems due to lightning electromagnetic impulse


4 type of losses can then be identified L1: Loss of human life L2: Loss of essential service to the public L3: Loss of cultural heritage L4: Economic loss (structure and its

contents, service and loss of activity)


R1= 1E-5 R2= 1E-4 R3= 1E-4

Design methods

4 lightning protection levels (LPL) Used to size components and SPDs Used to define lightning protection zones Maximum lightning strike current

LPL Max Ip (kA)I 200II 150II 100IV 100

4 class of protection (=LPL) Used to define interception efficiency Used to define rolling sphere diameter

LPL Min Ip (kA) % strikes > IpI 3 99II 5 97III 10 91IV 16 84

Design methods

EN 62305-3 Air Terminations

Rolling Sphere Most often used with Franklin rods

LPL Radius (m)I 20II 30III 45IV 60


Mesh Use of horizontal conductors Franklin rods added of protruding objects

LPL Size (m)I 5x5II 10x10III 15x15IV 20x20


Cone of protection (Hbuilding < 60m) Use of Franklin rods


Measures for building over with H>60m 60m>H>120m: protect top 20% with rings H>120m: protect all above 120m with rings

LPL Ring spacing (m)I 10II 10III 15IV 20


Use of natural air terminations possible Check electrical continuity

EN 62305-3 Downconductors

Downconductors carry the current to the ground

Several paths should exist Paths as direct as possible to the ground Equipotential bonding Minimum number of 2


Equal spacing recommended Install test joints on each downconductor Avoid loops


Fixing centre distances for clips Different for round or tape conductors


Natural downconductors can be used Rebars, structural members Achieve electrical continuity

Weld at least 30mm / 20 times rebar diameter

EN 62305-3 Earth Terminations

Earthing system at each downconductor Earth ring preferred Inter connexion with other grounds.


Ring at least 1m away from building and buried at 0.5m

Rods buried at 0.5m and spaced to minimize coupling


Natural components can also be used Foundation rebar or structural steel beams Proper connection prevents concrete

splitting

EN 62305-3 Materials & Sizes

Materials & Sizes: Air Term + DC

Materials & Sizes: Earth term

Bonding / Insulation

Use equipotential bonding or insulation to avoid dangerous sparking

Bonding needs to be done between external LPS and:Structural steel, metal enclosures, internal systems, external conductive parts, incoming services


Use bonding cable:14mm2 copper from bonding bar to earth5mm2 copper from internal metal to bonding bar

SPDs Class I or II depending on location


Insulating properties of materials Separation distance, s

lkkksm

ci=

ki, class of LPS

kc, number of DCs

km, material


lkkksm

ci=

ki, class of LPS

kc, number of DCs

km, material

Causes for Surge

LightningMotors / DC drivesCapacitor Bank SwitchingSEMP (switching electromagnetic pulse)ESD (electrostatic discharge)Human errorsPower Grid Switching Improper grounding techniques Component Failures

The cost of zero protection

Insurance Statistics on Causes of Damage on Equipment

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Short Circuit

Negligence

Fire

Break-Ins

Surge voltage/IndirectLightning

Elektra, Branch of Wuba, 1994

Equipment Sensitivity

Risks on semi-conductors

Destructive DamageVery visible damageBurnt boards, traces and components

Disruptive DamageConfused logic, lost files, data streamdisruption and/or corruption, system lock-up

Dissipative DamageLittle or no visible damage, but Components will not function properly

What is a surge protector?

A

B

S2 S3

S1Normal

Common Mode

Answer: Voltage activated switch

Solution 1: Spark gap

Tremendous energy handling capability.

Self-extinguishing Dissipates energy as

plasma discharge instead of heat

Can handle multiple direct strike events without damage

Solution 2: Gas Tube

Ceramic or glass tube with inert gas inside

Slow response High energy handling

capability Unpredictable ignition

voltage

Solution 3: Metal Oxide Varistors

Wide range of voltage protection levels

Most popular device used for TVSS applications

Also called SADs, Silicon Avalanche Diodes, and Transorbs

Very fast response Silicon device that

acts like back to back Zeners

Low Energy Handling

Solution 4: Diodes

Spark GapGas Discharge

Tube (GDT)Metal Oxide

Varistor (MOV)Silicon Avalanche

Diode (SAD)

Fast Response

Discharge capability

Summary of solutions

SPD classes per IEC 61643-1

Class I Lightning induced transient

10/350s wave form

Partial direct strike

Service entrance


Class II Non-lightning induced transient

8/20s wave form

Heavy load switching

Service entrance


Class III Temporary over voltage

1.2/50s wave form

High Impedance circuits


IEC to VDE class comparison

How to select SPDs?

How to select SPDs?

Determine total surge rating

How to select SPDs?

Do not include small telecom lines (high impedance )

How to select SPDs?

Verify surge protection level, Up, of equipement to protect

IEC 60664-1 and IEC 61000-4-5 For a typical 230/415V system, class I SPD

should have a Up of 1.6kV Class II SPDs may appear to have too high

Up because of stringent test requirements.

How to select SPDs?

If no LP system, surge on low voltage services as follow

Surge levels on telecom services even lower

How to select SPDs?

SPD coordination is required if: Distance between panels insufficient (less

than 10m) If different technology between SPDs in

panels If different Up between SPDs in panels

How to select SPDs?

Equivalent to having a long cable with inductance between the SPDs

How to select SPDs?

However SPDs have an effective distance

Oscillations, local faults can be dangerous

How to select SPDs?

How to select SPDs?

TN-C configuration

Total surge rating divided by 4

How to select SPDs?

TN-S configuration


How to select SPDs?

TN-C-S configuration


How to select SPDs?

TT configuration

Total surge rating divided by 4 and added back before SGD

How to select SPDs?

IT configuration

3+0, 4+0, 3+1

How to select SPDs?

LP Zones and SPDs

Point 4: Protecting AC Power Feeders

TD

technology Thermal

protection Over-current

protection Metal NEMA 4

enclosure 200kAIC rating EMI/RFI filtering

TDX SERIES

TD Technology

SPD in Conduction TOV Condition

Nominal AC MainsOperating Voltage

Nominal ClampingVoltage on 50/60 Hz

TD Technology

Low SPDvoltage clamping

TD technology.clamping


TDS SERIES

TD Technology Replaceable Modules DIN Rail Mount Change-over Contacts Single Phase Various Voltage Models


TDS SERIES

TD Technology Replaceable Modules DIN Rail Mount Change-over Contacts Three Phase Various Voltage Models TT or TNC configurations


Spark Gap Diverters Up to 100kA 10/350s

Point 5: Protecting Data Com Signals

Improper Grounding - RFInductive Transients


Hybrid, three stage clamping circuit, Best possible protection to sensitive electronic equipment Minimum of line interference and insertion losses

UTB SERIES


IncomingLine Transient

InductorSecond Stage

GroundingSystem

Suppressor Diode

Metal Oxide

Varistor

GasDischarge

Arrestor

Inductor First Stage


Coaxial Protection Can be used along UTBs to

provide full protection of CCTV circuits


SLP and HSP Protection Krone LSA Termination


RJ-11, RJ45 interfaces RS 232 interfaces

Surge in 62305-4

Office building LP on roof Coordinated SP

Examples - Communication

Examples - Plant

What about modern buildings?

System 3000

Utilizes the Collection Volume Method (CVM)

Developed in the 1980s by Dr. Ericksson

Verified and improved in the 1990s by ERICO (Dr. Franco dAlessandro)

System 3000 RSM Limits

Assumes Striking Distance is the same for all points (strikes closest point)

Not consistent with field observations: > 90% of strikes are to corners or

other pointed features overwhelming evidence that strikes

are to points of highest electric field intensification

System 3000 - CVM

Shape and height of the building intensifies the ambient electric field

System 3000 - CVM

The corners of the building are the most prone to launching an upward leader

System 3000 - CVM

System 3000 - CVM

Each point of the building can launch an upward leader

System 3000 - CVM

System 3000 - Dynasphere

In the ERICO S3000, we apply the Collection Volume Method with the

DYNASPHERE Air Terminal


The Dynasphere is an improved Franklin rod with a spherical dome with capacitive coupling to the ambient electrical field


Static phase of the storm

High-impedance coupling between the dome and the ground


Dynamic phase of the storm

The dome is loaded thru capacitive coupling

When the dome is charged a spark is created over the air gap


Lightning capture phase

The arc created results in the launch of an upward leader

System 3000 Dynasphere

Need to ensure that streamers are not launched until the electric field conditions are an optimum for conversion to a stable, propagating upward leader

The terminal trigger time is determined by the Spark Gap size, the Capacitance of dome, and the Resistance


Static conditions Dynamic conditions


Example: building


Example: Communication tower

System 3000 - Validation

Field study in Hong-Kong in the 1990s Field study in Malaysia in the 1990s

Aim: to assess Erikssons attractive radius model

Analysis of lightning strike data for a sample of 161 structures in Hong Kong over a period of 8 years

Result: excellent agreement between the observed strike data and the predictions of Erikssons attractive radius model

System 3000 Validation HK

System 3000 Validation KL

Aim: to assess interception efficiency Analysis of lightning strike data for a

sample of 86 structures in Malaysia over a period of 13 years (592 years exposure time)

384 flashes observed (LEC + by-passes). Result: interception efficiency levels in

accordance with IEC 62305-1 levels.

System 3000 Validation KL


Field experimentation

HV Lab RussiaNew Mexico Testing(photo from Moore et Al, 2002)


System 3000 in action

Sky Tower

New Zealand

16 strikes in 30 minutes in 1999

System 3000 - ERICORE

The System 3000 is an isolated system using the ERICORE downconductor

Low impedance

Low inductance

Minimized internal stress

Can be installed behind cladding


Stage 1Z dominant

Stage 3R dominant

V

Stage 2L dominant

20 350 ms


ERICORE: Zo 5 and L 25 nH/m

Conventional conductor*: Zo > 200 and L 1 H/m

*For 100 mm separation from adjacent conductor such as concrete reinforcing..


50 m cable

300kV air breakdown voltage of air at 0.5m

PPaar raammeetteerr VVoollttaaggee ddeevveellooppeedd ((kkVV))I ((kkAA)) ddII//ddtt

((GGAA//ss))OOnnee ssttdd..

ccoonndduuccttoorrTTeenn ssttdd..

ccoonndduuccttoorrssEERRIICCOORREE

ccaabbllee3322 99 23355 3322 22773322 2244 661100 7700 55553322 6655 11663355 117722 1133331133 1100 225544 2299 22331133 4400 1000044 110044 88001133 116600 4000044 440044 118855**


NOT with the ERICORE !

Copyright Ed Bondarenko & Asso.


Bonding to the structure is critical


Testing at TYCO labs, NC, USA

Passed 100kA surge test (worse lightning)

Breakdown of upper termination at 263kV

System 3000 Design Process

Design done in-house with the use of the LPSD software upon reception of all the parameters

System 3000

System 3000 - Installation

Conclusion

Lightning and surge protection is an element is required per the code.

ERICO offers different types of solutions that cover all situations all over the world

The selection of the right solution is a process that requires dialog between the contractors, distributors, architects, installers and ERICO.

THANKSQuestions?

eritech - rfe1.pdf

Documents

class of protection

en62305 series

risk management en62305

life hazard en62305

general principles en62305

structuresrisk assessment

air terminations measures

loss of essential service