eri@n annual report 2012-2014

Energy Research Institute @ NTU

Annual Report 2012-2014

Mission Statement

1


ANNUAL REPORT

2012-2014ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE @ NTU

Corporate Profi le/Mission Statement 2

Directors’ Message 4

Organisational Structure 7

Management Team 9

Programme Management Team 11

Management Board 13

ERI@N Staff Profi le 14

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOCUS AREAS 17

Energy Storage 19

Fuel Cells 29

Sustainable Building Technologies 39

Maritime Energy 57

Solar Energy and Solar Fuels 69

Wind and Marine Renewable Energy 90

Electromobility 103

FLAGSHIP PROJECTS 110

Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator in Singapore (REIDS) 111

EcoCampus Initiative 113

Events & Visits 116

Selected Publications 124

Credits 150

CONTENTS



Mission Statement

2

The Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) was

formed by Nanyang Technological University (NTU) to

spearhead the University’s efforts in the area of sustainable

energy research.

ERI@N was inaugurated on 15th June 2010 as an Institute

jointly funded by Nanyang Technological University (NTU)

and Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB); and

is supported in various forms through programmes of

the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Agency for

Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), the Maritime

and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), Energy Market

Authority (EMA), other agencies and the industry.

CORPORATEPROFILE



Mission Statement

3

VISIONTo be a leading research institute for innovative energy

solutions

MISSIONTo be a centre-of-excellence for advanced research,

development, and demonstration of innovative energy

solutions with global impact by:

• Advanced research enhancing the effi ciency of energy

systems while maximising the synergies of alternative

energy sources

• Enabling knowledge creation and technology transfer by

engaging with government agencies, research institutions

and industries

• Creating a multidisciplinary and collaborative environment

for the delivery of energy solutions and national

sustainability goals

AREAS OF RESEARCHThe Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) will focus

on the areas of sustainable energy, energy effi ciency/

infrastructure and socio-economic aspects of energy

research. Research activities and considerable expertise

in these areas exists within NTU’s research centres and

schools. ERI@N will provide a unique platform, where the

various disciplines such as materials, power electronics

and systems, biological, physical, social sciences, as well

as humanities and business communities can interact to

explore new solutions to a host of issues including energy

generation, harnessing, storage, distribution, effi ciency, as

well as impact on climate change and global warming.

RESEARCH CENTRES/FACILITIESThe Institute has considerable expertise in areas of fuel

cells, wind & tidal energy, energy storage, photovoltaics,

smart energy systems & grids, and provide an integrated

set of expertise from materials design & synthesis, device

fabrication and modelling, and systems integration &

optimization. Major facilities include air-conditioning,

smart grids & lighting, electrical drives and electromobility,

nanomaterials and composite materials, wind / water tunnel

testing and tribology, high performance computing, and

prototyping facilities for solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries.



MESSAGE

4

(L-R) Prof Timothy White, Prof Chan Siew Hwa,

Prof Subodh Mhaisalkar, Prof Choo Fook Hoong,

Prof Hans B (Teddy) Püttgen

DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE



MESSAGE

5

The Energy Research Institute @ NTU opened in June 2010,

with the aim to be a world-leading research institute for

innovative energy solutions. ERI@N’s mission is to grow into

a centre-of-excellence for conducting advanced research,

development, and demonstration of innovative energy

solutions having global impact.

ERI@N is a pan-university research institute that consolidates

energy research and promotes multidisciplinary and

transdisciplinary collaboration across the Colleges of

Engineering, Science, Business, Humanities, Arts and the

Social Sciences.

The Institute distinguishes itself through excellence in

basic research directed towards outcomes of high industry

relevance. Thus, ERI@N is motivated to enable knowledge

creation and technology transfer with research organisations

and industries by creating a collaborative environment

for the delivery of energy solutions aligned with national

sustainability goals.

Research at ERI@N encompasses seven programmes,

namely, fuel cells, energy storage, sustainable buildings

technologies, solar cells & fuels, maritime clean energy,

wind & marine renewables, and electromobility. Two fl agship

projects, EcoCampus and Renewable Energy Integration

Demonstrator Singapore (REIDS) are providing signifi cant

outcomes in energy effi ciency and renewables. The former,

a partnership between NTU, JTC Corporation, and the

Economic Development Board (EDB) will transform the NTU

campus and JTC’s Clean Technology Park into the most

sustainable campus in the world and reduce the energy

utilization on campus by at least 35% over the next decade.

REIDS is tasked to integrate solar, wind, marine, and bio-

energy resources with a broad range of energy storage

technologies to serve the types of loads relevant in a micro-

grid context on Semakau island off the coast of Singapore.

This facility affords an ideal environment to develop and

export micro-grid solutions uniquely suited to tropical

conditions from Africa to Central and South East Asia.

With 191 full-time staff and 176 PhD/Master scholars, ERI@N

maintains key collaborations with the University of California

Berkeley, Technical University of Munich, and University of

Cambridge, as well as 33 Industry partnership projects,

including joint-laboratories with global leaders such as the

BMW Group, Rolls-Royce, Johnson Matthey, and Vestas,

amongst others.

Over the next half-century, the combination of rising

populations and living standards will demand the

development of massively scaled sustainable energy

and low-carbon electricity generation solutions. These

challenges, albeit an unparalleled threat to business-as-

usual, also represent a remarkable opportunity for research,

innovation, and green growth. Singapore has naturally

identifi ed the Clean Energy industry as a strategic growth

area for the economy, with projections of 7,000 green collar

jobs and a S$ 1.7 billion contribution to the gross domestic

product by 2015.

The years ahead present an unparalleled opportunity for

ERI@N to focus on long term competence development that

will broadly address energy effi ciency and renewable energy

integration. This is a daunting and inspiring task that we look

forward to undertaking in partnership with our academic

and industry partners.

Professor Subodh Mhaisalkar

Executive Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU

Professor Chan Siew Hwa

Co-Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU

Professor Timothy White


Professor Choo Fook Hoong


Professor Hans B (Teddy) Püttgen

Senior Director, Energy Research Institute @ NTU



MESSAGE

6



ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

7

MANAGEMENT BOARD

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORTFINANCE & GRADUATE EDUCATION/

ADMIN/HR/CONTRACTS

SCIENTIFIC

ADVISORY BOARD





8

ENERGY

STORAGE

FUEL CELLS

SUSTAINABLE

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGIES

SOLAR ENERGY

& SOLAR FUELS

ELECTROMOBILITY

WIND & MARINE

RENEWABLES

MARITIME

ENERGY



MANAGEMENT TEAM

9

MANAGEMENT TEAM

Professor Subodh MhaisalkarExecutive Director, ERI@NProfessor Mhaisalkar is a faculty member in the

School of Materials Science and Engineering, and

his areas of expertise include nanomaterials, thin

fi lm photovoltaics, and printable electronics and

charge storage.

Professor Chan Siew HwaCo-Director, ERI@NProfessor Chan is a faculty member in the School

of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and his

areas of expertise include fuel cells, fuel reforming

and internal combustion engines.



MANAGEMENT TEAM

10

Professor Timothy WhiteCo-Director, ERI@NProfessor White is a professor in the School

of Materials Science and Engineering, and has

over twenty years of experience in the design

and demonstration of advanced materials for

environmental, superconducting, ionic conductivity,

and hydrogen storage applications.

Professor Choo Fook HoongCo-Director, ERI@NChoo Fook Hoong’s areas of expertise are Energy

Management, Data Analytics and MVAC Systems,

LDAC Air-conditioning System, Power Electronics

and Drives, EVS and Electromobility, Smart Grids

- Hybrid DC/AC Grids and Renewable Energy

Systems (Solar PV and Thermal).

Professor Hans B (Teddy) PüttgenSenior Director, ERI@NProf Püttgen is a professor in the School of Electrical

and Electronics Engineering, and his expertise

includes Energy Systems, Renewables Integration,

and Power Engineering.



MANAGEMENT TEAM

11

(L-R) Nyunt Wai, Marcus Koh Leong Hai, Koh Eng Kiong, Dr Ding Ovi Lian, Dr Narasimalu Srikanth, Nilesh Jadhav,

Dr Anshuman Tripathi, Asst Prof Alessandro Romagnoli, Kei-Leong Ho, Mohan Dass

PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT TEAM



MANAGEMENT TEAM

12

• Koh Eng Kiong Programme Director, Maritime Energy and Special Projects

• Dr Narasimalu Srikanth Programme Director, Wind & Marine Renewables

• Nilesh Jadhav Programme Director, EcoCampus/Sustainable Buildings Technologies

• Professor Rachid Yazami Programme Director, Energy Storage (not in photograph)

• Dr Ding Ovi Lian Programme Manager, Fuel Cells

• Dr Anshuman Tripathi Programme Manager, Electromobility

• Koh Leong Hai, Marcus Programme Manager, Sustainable Building Technologies

• Kei-Leong Ho Programme Manager, Electromobility

• Mohan Dass Programme Manager, Energy Systems

• Professor Alessandro Romagnoli Programme Manager, Energy Systems

• Nyunt Wai Programme Manager, Energy Storage



MANAGEMENT BOARD

13

Professor Bertil Andersson

President

Nanyang Technological University

Lim Kok Kiang

Assistant Managing Director

Economic Development Board

Professor Freddy Boey

Provost/Deputy President


Lam Siew Wah

Deputy Chief Executive Offi cer

Building Construction Authority

Professor Lam Khin Yong

Chief of Staff/Vice-President (Research)


Bernard Nee

Assistant Chief Executive

Energy Market AuthorityMAN

AGEM

ENT

BOAR

D



ERI@N STAFF PROFILE

14

22

24

23

2018

1619

15

10

1314

9 47

5

12

6118

2

31

1721

ERI@N STAFF BY COUNTRY

1. Singapore

2. Indonesia

3. Malaysia

4. Myanmar

5. Philippines

6. Thailand

7. Vietnam

8. China

9. India

10. Sri Lanka

11. Taiwan

12. Australia

13. Iran

14. Israel

15. Morocco

16. France

17. Germany

18. Italy

19. Spain

20. Switzerland

21. United Kingdom

22. Canada

23. Trinidad

24. United States of America



ERI@N STAFF PROFILE

15

EDUCATION

Ba

chel

ors

PH

D

TOTAL NUMBER OF RESEARCHERS 160

Ma

ster

s

49 4962

Below

24 years

Above

45 years

Between

35-44 years

Between

24-34 years

11 1129

109

AGE

STUDENTS NUMBER

PhD 150

Masters 65

Undergraduates (Interns/Final year students) 170

* All fi gures accurate as of 31 March 2014.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

FOCUS AREAS

ENERGY STORAGE

20



ENERGY STORAGE

ENERGY STORAGEERI@N’s Energy Storage program develops advanced

electrochemical charge storage systems (ECSSs) to

meet the current and future demands for a variety of

distinct applications. A wide range of technologies are

supported by the program, including but not limited to;

fl exible integrated batteries for wearable electronics,

fl ow batteries for large scale grid storage systems in

addition to next generation supercapacitors for high

power applications such as electric vehicles. Each of

these fi elds presents a unique set of criteria for which

ECSSs must be tailored. ERI@N works closely with

industrial partners and academic research institutions

(both Singaporean and international) to deliver

improvements to current ECSSs and develop future-

focused solutions to support myriad energy needs and

remain at the vanguard of energy storage technology.

The Energy Storage group at ERI@N is comprised

of approximately 30 researchers, students and staff

stationed both on NTU campus at the Research

Techno Plaza and the department of Material Science

and Engineering, off-campus at Clean Tech One, as

well as signifi cant presence at partner laboratories

such as the TUM-CREATE. This provides an excellent

framework for coupling the development of new

technologies, with the in-house facilities to investigate

the scale-up of these technologies to test industrial

viability in the new Prototyping Lab at Clean Tech

Park. The areas of expertise and research activities of

the Energy Storage program are briefl y summarised

below.

FOCUS AREAS

Lithium Ion Batteries

Over the last 20 years, Li-ion batteries have emerged

as the most common energy storage device for

light weight portable applications such as mobile

phones and laptops and, more recently, have been

implemented in electric vehicles. For long-term use in

transportation applications, however, the performance

of current Li-ion technologies requires signifi cant

improvement in terms of increased energy density

and durability.

Recent achievements in the optimisation of next

generation Li-ion materials at ERI@N include i) the

development of high capacity anodes and cathodes

ii) improved cycle stability of electrodes and iii) the

development of electrochemical thermodynamics

method (ETM) for determining state-of-health of a

battery.

The commercial viability of new materials and

processes developed at ERI@N and MSE labs, can

be tested in ERI@N’s Prototyping Laboratory @ Clean

Tech Park, with large throughput coating abilities in a

dry room environment, bridging the gap between lab-

scale and industrial-scale technologies necessary for

technology transfer.

Beyond Lithium-Ion

Several exciting alternatives to Li-ion chemistry are

being investigated at ERI@N to garner step-changes

in either increased energy density or lower cost.

Fluoride-ion batteries can potentially store up to four

times more energy than Li-ion batteries per weight,

due to high fl uorine content possible in both anode

and cathode materials compared to their lithium

counterparts. However, many challenges, such as

fi nding a suitable liquid electrolyte, have impeded the

realisation of F-ion batteries.

21



ENERGY STORAGE

From the point of view of cost reduction, sodium-ion

batteries show particular potential to become a viable

option due to their suitable redox potential and the

high abundance/low cost of sodium. Several novel

Na-ion cathode materials have been prepared with

in conjunction with the TUM-CREATE program. The

materials show excellent cyclability and are being

further developed as an alternative to Li-ion systems.

Li-air systems are also of particular interest because

of their high theoretical energy density (>10 kWh/kg).

A new liquid state anode or lithium solvated electron

solution (LiSES) has been developed at ERI@N for

advancement of Li-air batteries and other systems

that benefi t from this unique high energy density

type of anode. A solid state electrolyte membrane

(glass ceramic lithium aluminum germanium

phosphate, LAGP) is also being developed as part of

this effort.

Redox Flow Batteries

Redox fl ow batteries are an excellent candidate for

large scale electrical energy storage. Among this

class of storage devices, vanadium redox chemistry

is promising because it allows the use of one element

for both the anode and cathode. Furthermore,

vanadium redox presents signifi cantly lower safety

and environmental risks compared to Li-ion systems.

Low self-discharge and long operational life further

promotes interest in this technology for industrial

applications. At ERI@N, the innovations in redox fl ow

batteries span all the key components of the system

(electrodes, electrolytes, and ionic membranes).

Additionally, multiple technology demonstrations

have been executed. The research team developed

a prototype vanadium redox fl ow battery with 2.5 kW

output power, which was subsequently used to power

a forklift. This application is particularly relevant as

electrically powered forklifts are preferred for indoor

applications (e.g. forklifts in closed warehouses)

where exhaust emissions may be hazardous.

Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors (SCs) currently fi ll the gap between

batteries and conventional solid state or electrolytic

capacitors. The power density and cycle life of SCs

are extremely high, however, these devices typically

have lower energy density compared with Li-ion

batteries. By combining faradaic and capacitive

electrodes, substantial increases in energy density

may be achieved while maintaining high power

density. At ERI@N the research efforts focus on i) the

combination of high surface area carbon materials

with nanostructured transition metal oxides to increase

power densities and energy densities respectively and ii)

use of lithium intercalating electrodes (battery-type)

to capitalise on the high energy density of Li-ions in

supercapacitor systems.

1 Wang, Z., Madhavi, S. and David, L. (2012). Assembling carbon-coated -Fe2O3 hollow nanohorns on the CNT backbone for superior lithium storage capability. Energy and Environmental

Science, 5 (1), 5252-5256

2 Nagasubramanian, A., Yu, D., Hoster, H. and Madhavi, S. (2014). Enhanced cycling stability of o-LiMnO2 cathode modifi ed by Lithium Boron Oxide coating for Lithium Ion Batteries.

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, DOI 10.1007/s10008-014-242-3

3Maher, K. and Yazami, R. (2014). A study of lithium ion batteries cycle aging by thermodynamics techniques. Journal of Power Sources, 247(1) 527-533

4Bucher, N. Hartung, S., Gocheva, I., Cheah, Y-L., Madhavi, S. and Hoster, H.E. (2013). Combustion-synthesized sodium manganese (cobalt) oxides as cathodes for sodium ion batteries.

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 17 (7) 1923-1929

5Tan, K-S., Grimsdale, A.C. and Yazami, R. (2012). Synthesis and characterization of biphenyl based Lithium solvated electron solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 116, 9056-60

22



ENERGY STORAGE

A major thrust of the Li-ion group is to produce

nanostructured anode and cathode materials with

unique morphologies (e.g. hollow fi bers, nano-rods)

that maximise capacity and cycle stability. The

fi gure and images illustrates the variety of materials

developed during this project. Associate Professors

Madhavi Srinivasan and Alex Yan Qingyu drive the

development of Li-ion batteries at ERI@N.

LI-ION BATTERIESHIGH CAPACITY, LONG-LIFE AND LOW-COST LITHIUM ION BATTERIES FOR

GREEN ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS

Figure 1. Voltage and capacity of novel nanostructured cathodes

and anodes

Figure 2. SEM images of various electrode materials developed

at ERI@N

One example of materials innovation for battery electrodes is illustrated by modifi cation of Sn-based oxides

(e.g. CaSnO3). These oxides undergo large uneven volume expansion (>300 %) with lithium intercalation

ultimately leading to severe electrode pulverization and poor cyclability. An approach has been developed to

incorporate electrochemically inactive matrices like MOx (e.g. CaO) to accommodate volume change and inhibit

aggregation and degradation of the electrodes with long-term cycling. This results in a higher capacity retention

and coulombic effi ciency with repeated cycling.

Another method employed by the research team to maximise cycling performance is the use of electrolyte

additives. One such additive is lithium (bis)oxalato borate [LiBOB]. Experimental data extrapolated to estimate

performance after 25 years shows a 27 % increase in capacity retention of a Li-ion battery when LiBOB is

added to lithium hexafl uorophosphate (LiPF6), a commonly used battery electrolyte. The electrode couple in

this example is nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and titanium dioxide (TiO2).

6 Linlin, L., Madhavi, S., et al. (2012). Electrospun eggroll-like nanotubes with high lithium ion performance. Nanoscale, 5, 134-138

23



ENERGY STORAGE

Signifi cant effort across the globe is dedicated to

development of the Li-air battery, given its high

theoretic energy density which is comparable to that

of gasoline.

Currently, rechargeable Li-air battery research focuses

mostly on solid-state anode materials. However,

Prof. Rachid Yazami (recipient of the 2014 Charles

Stark Draper Prize for Engineering) and his research

team have chosen a unique route by developing a

new type of liquid anode, which consists of lithium

metal dissolved in a solution of electron receptors

to form a lithium solvated electron solution (LiSES).

Electron receptors used for this project are poly-

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as biphenyl and

naphthalene. This novel LiSES-air cell is particularly

attractive as it can operate at ambient temperature.

Advantages of a liquid anode include i) fast ion

transport capability ii) stable anode/ceramic membrane

electrolyte interface and iii) fast “recharge”. A battery

for electric vehicles (EVs) which utilises both liquid-

state anode and cathode may permit refueling in a

matter of minutes (instead of 3-8 hours recharging)

by replacing the spent products with fresh electrode

solutions. The structure of the proposed Li-SES

system is shown in fi gure 4 (Anolyte: Liquid Anode,

Catholyte: Liquid Cathode).

At the current stage, a new catholyte solution (I2) is

being developed which allows for a full Li-SES cell to

operate in an environment without oxygen. The new

cell has undergone preliminary charge/discharge tests

successfully. Further studies are under-way to use

other kinds of PAH and catholytes in the LiSES cell.

BEYOND LITHIUM-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGYLIQUID-BASED ANODES / LITHIUM

SOLVATED ELECTRON SYSTEMS (LISES)

Figure 3. Graph comparison energy densities of most common

energy storage chemistries

Figure 4. Illustration of cell design for LiSES system with both

liquid anode and cathode

7 Kim Seng, T., Grimsdale, A.C. and Yazami, R. (2012). Synthesis and characterization of biphenyl-based Lithium solvated electron solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry,

116, 9056-9060.

24



ENERGY STORAGE

VANADIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY (VRB)NOVEL HIGH ENERGY DENSITY VRBThe ERI@N VRB research team led by Mr. Nyunt Wai

and Assoc. Prof Alex Yan, have made substantial

contributions to the fi eld with innovations in multiple

key areas such as modifi ed graphite electrodes,

various electrolytes, bromine complexing agents, and

cost saving ion-exchange membranes.

Electrode Materials

Various new electrode materials for Vanadium/

Bromide (V/Br) systems have been developed and

studied for their potential electrochemical properties

which could enhance the electrocatalytic kinetics

of the redox reactions and cell performance. These

materials include:

• Anodically oxidized graphite electrode

• Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube

coated electrode

• Graphene oxide nano-sheets /polymer binders

coated electrode

Figure 5. Illustration of conventional VRB design

It was found that the existence of oxygen containing

functional groups (—COOH, C-OH, C-O, C=O, C-O-C)

on the surface of each developed electrode facilitates

the redox processes and improves cell performance.

Electrolytes and Complexing Agents

The fi rst generation VRB employs a Vanadium/Sulfate

(V/SO4) electrolyte system at both electrodes. This

electrolyte limits the energy density of the system

to 15-25 Wh/kg of electrolyte. The team at ERI@N

has been able to increase this value to 44 Wh/kg by

using a V/Br electrolyte system. Furthermore, a new

low cost bromine complexing agent was developed

to reduce the formation of polybromide ions which

interrupt the fl ow cell operation, and to reduce

evolution of Br2 gas which is toxic.8 This innovation is

expected to reduce the overall cost of the V/Br system

and can be applied to other types of batteries that

involve toxic gas evolution. Current work is focused

on further increasing the energy density to 50 Wh/kg.

The electrolyte viscosity required for this performance

is very high and poses a new set of challenges.

Membranes

In-house synthesised membranes [sulfonated poly

(ether ether ketone) [SPEEK], cross-linking SPEEK and

composite SPEEK] have been identifi ed as promising

alternative for ion-exchange membranes in both V/

SO4 and V/Br systems. These newly developed

membranes show energy effi ciency and coulombic

effi ciency comparable to that of the commercially

available standard membrane, Nafi on, at a quarter of

the price. Work is still being carried out to improve the

mechanical properties of the SPEEK membrane.

25



ENERGY STORAGE

Integration of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

with the Cargo Handling Equipment

The fi rst generation V/SO4 system has a lower energy

density than V/Br systems. However, it has still shown

great potential for medium to large-scale energy

storage applications due to its long cycle life and

high energy effi ciency. One such application has been

identifi ed in cargo handling equipment. VRBs can be

used to replace, or work in conjunction with diesel

generators to power cargo forklifts. This is particularly

attractive for indoor uses where CO2 emissions are

undesirable.

The performance testing results of our 2.5 kW

VRB powered cargo lift is promising and confi rms

the stack’s deliverable output power for a long

term usage.

Current

Density /

mAcm-2

Coulombic

Effi ciency %

Voltage

Effi ciency %

Energy

Effi ciency %

40 77.88 90.96 70.85

50 81.35 89.21 72.57

60 84.31 86.90 73.26

70 86.63 84.73 73.41

80 88.93 82.03 72.96

SUPERCAPACITORSHYBRID ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS (HECS)HEC projects focus on asymmetric supercapacitors

which use two different types of electrodes (e.g.

metal oxide cathode and activated carbon anode),

and also battery-type hybrids which couple a

battery electrode with a supercapacitor electrode

(e.g. LiCrTiO4 and activated carbon respectively).

Asymmetric Supercapacitors

Transition metal oxides (TMO) exhibit various

oxidation states, and the charge transfer between

them can be exploited in reversible redox reactions.

This charge storage mechanism provides the

faradaic component of the electrode pair, while

carbonaceous materials allow non-Faradaic charge

storage. We are currently engaged with an industry

partner, to apply newly developed TMO materials to

large scale supercapacitor systems.

Lithium Hybrid Electrochemical Capacitor

(Li-HEC)

This particular type of HEC also uses both Faradaic

and non-Faradaic processes to store charge and

maximise power and energy density of an energy

storage system. High surface area carbonaceous

material is chosen as the non-Faradaic charge

storage material which facilitates long term cycling

whereas a high performance Li-insertion type

electrode material is used to deliver high energy

density by faradaic processes. To date, only few

materials have been explored as insertion type

electrode materials for Li-HEC applications paired

with carbonaceous components. Hence, we have

chosen to explore this under-addressed topic which

can potentially make signifi cant contributions to the

fi eld of energy storage.

8 Wai, N. (2014). Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)-based proton exchange membranes for vanadium redox battery applications. Journal of Membrane Science, 450, 313-22

26



ENERGY STORAGE

FACILITIES AND CAPABILITIESThe wide range of research activities in ERI@N’s research program are supported by excellent facilities both

on and off the NTU campus, with the majority of the work performed in four key locations each; at i) NTU’s

School of Material Science and Engineering, ii) Research Techno Plaza, iii) Clean Tech Park and iv) the

TUM-CREATE labs.

School of Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

Facilities at MSE are equipped with wet labs and fume hoods (~100 sqm), and are geared toward supporting

synthesis strategies and development of high performance electrodes based on multifunctional nanoscale

materials. Fundamental materials characterisation (SEM, TEM, XRD) is also performed on site at the FACTS

lab. Batteries and supercapacitors are made in coin cell (2032) and pouch cell format and electrochemical

characterisation is performed on a Solartron 1260 Analyser.

Research Techno Plaza (RTP)

The RTP labs house both capabilities for development of energy storage devices and solar cells, primarily

catering to the latter. The focus is on electrode slurry preparation, electrode coating (doctor blading/screen

printing), device assembly (Li-ion batteries/supercapacitors), and electrical characterisation.

Clean Tech Park (CTP)

A dedicated Energy Storage Prototyping Lab is being outfi tted at CTP. This lab aims to attract both industry and

academic partners that are interested in developing battery technologies in larger formats such as prismatic

and cylindrical (18650) cells. The prototyping lab has a state-of-the-art 40 m2 dry room facility, (-40°C dew point

with 2 people working and dehumidifying capacity of 209 g/hour), completed in October 2013. Noteworthy

equipment includes high current testing equipment, high throughput roll-to-roll coating ability and electrode

winding equipment.

TUM-CREATE

The facilities at TUM-CREATE labs act as a link between research and development in battery chemistry and the

engineering of battery packs for applications such as electric vehicles. TUM-CREATE laboratories are equipped

with a full set of synthesis lines, advanced characterisation instruments (including in-situ electrochemical XRD)

and battery testers for electrochemical energy research. Key research capabilities also include testing for

safety, battery lifetime, and modelling for material optimisation and failure. Temperature and climate chambers

are available for testing under highly controlled conditions. Battery Safety Chambers are also available to test

the robustness of Li-ion cells under various levels of electrical and physical abuse.

27



ENERGY STORAGE

Lithium-ion Batteries

Clariant

BMW

Johnson Matthey

SGL Group – The Carbon Company – and the ERI@N signed an agreement to develop new carbon and

graphite materials for more effi cient use in stationary redox fl ow batteries. The batteries will be optimised

for use in sub-tropical climates and have high-cycle stability. In this cooperative alliance, the carbon fi bre-

based electrode materials and graphite-based bipolar plates will be further developed and tested in this

system. The application behavior of the components will be further optimised with the aid of modeling.

FACULTY AND RESEARCH TEAM MEMBERSNAME AREA OF RESEARCH EMAIL CONTACT

Assoc. Prof. Alex Yan Qingyu LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Assoc. Prof. Liu Xuewei LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Assoc. Prof. Lou Xiong Wen LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Assoc. Prof. Madhavi Srinivasan LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Assoc. Prof. Shen Zexiang LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Dr. Aravindan Vanchiappan LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Mr. Bassel de Graff LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Dr. Prasad Yadav LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Dr. Wong Chui Ling LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Mr. Sutanto LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Dr. Lai Linfei LIB and Supercapacitors [email protected]

Dr. Joseph Franklin LIB and Supercapacitors

Thin Films

[email protected]

Dr. Cheah Yan Ling Na-ion and F-ion Batteries [email protected]

Dr. Mani Uluganathan Vanadium Redox Batteries [email protected]

Dr. Moe Ohnmar Oo Vanadium Redox Batteries [email protected]

Mr. Nyunt Wai Vanadium Redox Batteries [email protected]

Prof. Rachid Yazami Lithium-Air Batteries

F-ion Batteries

Electrochemical Thermodynamics

Measurement System

[email protected]

Mr Tan Kim Seng Lithium-Air Batteries [email protected]

Dr. Kenza Maher Electrochemical Thermodynamics

Measurement System

[email protected]

Hybrid Electrochemical Capacitors

Amperics

Bosch

Elbit

Vanadium Refl ux Flow Battery

SGL Carbon

Gildermeister

COLLABORATORS

FUEL CELLS

30



FUEL CELLS

FUEL CELLSThe fuel cell research group, which started in 2001,

continues to build and develop core capabilities in

fuel cell technology and provides technical leadership

to industry through collaborative research and

development. The group primarily focuses on proton

exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), solid oxide

fuel cell (SOFC) and hydrogen related technologies,

covering materials, catalysis and electro-chemistry,

thermo-fl uid and design, and product prototyping.

The fuel cell research group is supported by 6 NTU

staff, 2 visiting professors and 16 research staff.

Through the collective efforts of these excellent

individuals, the group has developed and patented a

number of technologies on catalysts for use in fuel

cell, and hydrogen generation and purifi cation. Some

of these developments have attracted the interests of

commercial companies to collaborate with ERI@N to

further develop into a commercial product.

The core competencies of the group lie in a) High

performance, ultra-low precious group metal loading

fuel cell/electrolyser, b) On-demand, high energy

density portable hydrogen generator, and c) Complex

fuel cell-integrated system for distributed generation,

power-to-gas/electrolysis, and micro-grid integration.

1. Reduction of methanol cross-over (DAFC)

2. Self hydrating of MEA with hygroscopic nano-sliica

3. Non-Pt base catalyst for electrodes (HT-PEMFC)

4. Overcome fl ooding of cathode with silicone oil

5. Bipolar plates based on polymer nano-composites

with conductive fi llers.

6. Ultra-low Pt loading for electrodes (Ternary Pt-Ni_Fe)

7. HT-catalyst suport

8. High performance inorganic exchange membranes

9. Multi-Physics modeling

1. Solid oxide electrolyser cell for CO2 capture

& conversion to fuels

2. Suplhur tolerant anode

3. Environmentally friendly aqueous based tape

casting for large cell component fabrication

4. Advanced electrodes for direct HC/alcohol

oxidation, thin-fi lm technology for electrolyte

5. High performance SOFC cell and stack

6. Multi-Physics modeling

SOFC

PEMFC

CAPABILITIES DEVELOPED

31



FUEL CELLS

LOW COST, HIGH PERFORMANCE

CO-BASED CATALYST Principal Investigator: Prof. Chan Siew Hwa

Team Members: Dr. Zhang Lan, Mr. He Hongquan

Industry Partner: Horizon fuel cell technologies

Status: Completed

This project is related to the development of a novel

catalyst system, which is used to speed up the

hydrolysis of chemical hydride solution. The entire

testing was conducted at Horizon Energy Systems

using their fuel cell stack integrated with a Hydrogen-

on-Demand fuel supply system. The catalyst has

surpassed 150 hours under 5 bars atmosphere, which

is far longer than that of the commercial products

registered at around 10 hours. Horizon is a small

company and they would be interested in licensing the

technology from us provided that there are suffi cient

orders from their customers.

We have also been working with a foreign entity on

performance evaluation of the catalyst technology

developed in this POC project since Oct 2012, with

the objective of licensing such technology to this

entity for special purpose application. This company

has an invention on hydrogen-on-demand system

requiring no moving parts in the cartridge. The

cartridge serves as the fuel supply system for a fuel

cell stack (25W) to be used by soldiers. They have

been in discussion with a French company making

hydrogen-on-demand cartridge for them, with an

intention to supply complete fuel cell power packs

to defence industries. The requirements are very

stringent, not only to meet the target performance

(such as to achieve a hydrogen generation rate of 100

sccm within 30 seconds), but also the catalyst must

work in adverse environmental conditions (15oC or

lower) and safe in operation. Preliminary evaluation

results by the entity in Sep 2013 showed that we

were unable to meet the “instant” hydrogen supply

fl ow rate requirement, which prompted us to tweak

the formulation for fast chemical kinetics. We are now

into the second phase of the evaluation and the new

batch of catalyst has been sent to them for further

evaluation in mid-December 2013.

32



FUEL CELLS

ACHIEVEMENTS1. The cobalt oxide-based beads have been

successfully fabricated by improved gel-casting

technique. The diameter of self-supported cobalt

oxide-based catalysts beads can be controlled by

changing the dimensions of the syringe tips.

2. Arising from optimizing the formula of raw materials,

MnCO3 was found to be the best sintering additive

and pore former for cobalt oxide-based catalyst

beads.

3. After optimizing the content of raw materials

used, the best formula was found to be Co3O4

90wt.% + MnCO3 3.33wt.% + NiO 6.67wt.%,

and the catalyst beads fabricated from this

formula shows that the maximum compressive

load is ~81N and the hydrogen generation rate

from 1wt.%NaOH+25wt.%NaBH4 solution in the

presence of cobalt oxide-based catalyst beads at

80oC is ~9000 ml min-1 g-1.

Figure 1. Schematic of hydrogen generation system and fuel cell stack

4. The commercial 200W PEMFC stack was

successfully operated on hydrogen from hydrolysis

of NaBH4 in the presence of cobalt oxide-

based beads catalyst (Co3O4 85wt.% + MnCO3

3.33wt.% + NiO 6.67wt.%, and sintered at 1300oC

for 2 h in air) for over 77 h.

5. The commercial hydrogen generator was

successfully operated on hydrogen from hydrolysis

of NaBH4 with cobalt oxide-based beads catalyst

(Co3O4 90wt.% + MnCO3 3.33wt.% + NiO

6.67wt.%, and sintered at 1300oC for 2 h in air) for

more than 150 h.

6. The volume of H2 released from

0.5wt.%NaOH+15wt.%NaBH4 solution after

removing the immersed cobalt oxide-based

beads (Co3O4 90wt.% + MnCO3 3.33wt.% + NiO

6.67wt.%, and sintered at 1300oC for 2 h in air)

is ~4 ml in 20 min, i.e., ~12ml/h, which is lower

than 30ml/h required for smart portable chemical

energy cartridge.

33



FUEL CELLS

FUEL CELL AS A GREEN POWER SOURCE

FOR SHIP AND PORT APPLICATIONS Principal Investigator: Prof. Chan Siew Hwa

Team Members: Ding Ovi Lian, Zhou Weijiang, Li Miao, Jing Benqin

Industry Partner: Gashub, Temasek polytechnic

Status: Completed

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)

technology is touted to be one of the promising

candidates for portable, mobile and stationary

applications (0-200 kW). They are highly effi cient (40

to 65%), reliable and environmentally friendly. They

operate at a low temperature (< 100 °C), and have

high power density.

In this project, we proposed to develop a 3 to 5 kW

fuel cell stack, incorporating the invention and know-

how we have developed earlier. The stack with this

power capacity is ideal for lab development before

it can be used on board a ship. The success of

demonstrating this 3 to 5 kW fuel cell stack, in terms

of enhanced performance and stability, would allow us

to build a much larger power capacity stack to meet a

particular need on board of a ship, such as, auxiliary

power system.

We are pleased to report that we have achieved

the goal of developing a 3 to 5 kW fuel cell system

complete with balance-of-plant. We had also

conducted studies and analysis on the different fl ow

fi eld and catalyst coated membrane. In addition to

these, the balance-of-plant was developed to control

and monitor the status of the fuel cell power system.

Our tests have shown that the fuel cell power system

is capable of producing more than 3 kW and has good

stability during operation.

Figure 1. Development process of the fuel cell system

34



FUEL CELLS

Figure 2. Development of the balance-of-plant for the fuel cell system

35



FUEL CELLS

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the hybrid diesel-fuel cell system for electric boat

FUEL CELL AS RANGE EXTENDER

FOR ELECTRIC BOAT Principal Investigator: Prof. Chan Siew Hwa

Team Members: Ding Ovi Lian, Jing Benqin, Zhang Caizhi

Industry Partner: Horizon fuel cell technologies, Aspin Kemp & Associates

Status: In-progress

The need for green energy sources and to improve

the effi cient usage of fossil fuels in the marine fi eld,

makes it important to replace or improve current

fossil-fuelengines. Very low emissions and relatively

high effi ciencies have been observed in marine power

plants using fuel cells. The emission levels from the

fuel cell are accepted by the required international

marine regulations addressed by the International

Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International

Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.

In addition, fuel cells have a high electrical effi ciency

ranging between 40% and 60%. However, the

system effi ciency (including reformers and auxiliary

equipment) is lower.

The operation of pure hydrogen and air PEM fuel cells

is, however, likely to be restricted to ships carrying

hydrogen as a cargo. This is because the low

volumetric energy density requires very sizeable fuel

tanks and because additional safety precautions are

also necessary.

This proposal aims to develop an integrated reformed

light hydrocarbon-fed fuel cell power system, to

demonstrate the advantage of partially replacing the

battery bank in the hybrid electric boat. With this

installation, the boat shall increase its energy effi ciency

and prolonged operation range, while reducing the

environmental impact from particulate matters, toxic

and greenhouse gases.

36



FUEL CELLS

FACILITIES AND CAPABILITIES

The fuel cell research group has two laboratories

situated in NTU campus and CleanTech One,

respectively. The laboratory in NTU is focused on

the fundamental studies whereas the works in the

laboratory in CleanTech One is geared towards

translational research and prototyping.

FUEL CELL RESEARCH TEAM

KEY MEMBERS

Chan Siew Hwa

Professor

Ding Ovi Lian

Program Manager

Wang Xin

Assoc Professor

Su Pei-Chen

Asst Professor

Li Hua

Asst Professor

Shen Zexiang

Professor

Nigel Brandon

Visiting Professor

37



FUEL CELLS

GROUP ORGANISATIONAL CHART

Program Manager

(Industry)

Dr. Ding Ovi Lian6 Full Time

Faculty

2 Visiting & Adjunct

Professors

1 Technician

13 Res Staff

14 PhD

Research Group

(7 RF, 3 PO, 14 Phd)

PEMFC

2 Research Fellow

1 Project offi cer,

2 PhD

IC: Zhou Weijiang

Dr. Xue YH,

Zhang CZ,

Raj,

Li Miao

He HQ,

Bai L,

Berthold Reeb

Key activities

• Design/Fabricate of circuit board

• System integration

• System Prototype

Dr. Huang HC

Dr. Wang Jingbo

Dr. Zhou J

Dorna,

StemplenJ,

Wang Jianfeng,

Baek Jong Dae,

Li Yong,

Tu Chen-Chiang,

Ng Chee Seng,

Xie Hanlin,

Liu Kang-Yu,

Kevin Lim,

Pan ZH

Solid Oxide Cell

4 Research Fellow

11 PhD

IC: Liu Qinglin

H2 & Other

Technologies

1 Research Fellow,

2 Project offi cer,

1 PhD

IC: Zhang Lan

IC: Sender

Yi J

Provide engineering

support to

Research Group

Engineering

Support Unit

(1 RF, 1 REng)

Program Leader

(Academic)

Prof. Chan Siew Hwa

Prof. Su Pei-Chen

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES

40




SUSTAINABLE

BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES The buildings sector consumes nearly one-third of energy use globally. Energy consumption in

the building sector is trending upwards due to increasing population and higher economic activity

in most parts of the world. In Singapore, non-residential and residential buildings combined

consume about 50% of the country’s electricity. It is hence essential to focus on energy reduction

in this sector via technologies that can signifi cantly improve the energy effi ciency of buildings,

while ensuring their liveability and long term sustainability. The Sustainable Building Technologies

(SBT) Programme at ERI@N focuses on research, development and demonstration of innovative

technologies for providing effi cient and cost-effective solutions for green and smart buildings of

the future.

The key technology thrusts in the SBT Programme at ERI@N can be summarised as follows:

1) Building Modelling/Simulation and Scientifi c Design Support

The modelling and simulation of building performance via use of computational techniques

and tools ensures a more scientifi c way of making optimum technological choices for

building design elements and deriving maximum benefi ts from their synergies in a cost-

effective way. The team focuses on integrated design, modelling and optimisation of the

building envelope and active building technologies via the use of energy modelling tools

and computational fl uid dynamic simulations to accurately predict and also control the

performance of buildings.

2) Innovative Cooling Technologies for tropics

Effi cient and cost-effective cooling is one of the biggest challenges for buildings vis-à-vis

thermal comfort of its occupants. Apart from control strategies for cooling and mechanical

ventilation, the team investigates novel cooling approaches such as desiccant based

dehumidifi cation, thermal chillers, active chilled beams, radiant cooling, solar cooling and

effi cient ventilation techniques for laboratories.

3) Smart Building systems and micro grids

With the advent of Smart Grid technologies such as advanced metering and automation

systems, buildings are becoming smarter and highly interactive with their occupants

as well as the surrounding environments. Along with advanced sensor networks and

communication technologies, the team also researches on information and home/building

automation and management systems and opportunities with DC grids with increasing

adoption and integration of renewable generation technologies within the building.

41




42




The 6-month research project led by researchers

from the Sustainable Buildings Team at ERI@N, in

collaboration with SGL Group and BARCOL Air,

investigated the performance of the radiant chilled

ceiling system – SGL Group’s ECOPHIT technology

at ERI@N’s CleanTech One offi ce. The project was

completed in early August 2013.

The main aim of this project was to fi nd out if radiant

cooling, specifi cally ECOPHIT chilled ceilings, could

provide the same benefi ts under conditions in

Singapore as it did in Europe.

The main objectives of the project were to:

• Model and simulate building space and chilled

ceiling-VAV system accurately

• Validate the modelling results using data from a

Building Management System

• Compare the energy consumption and cost

effectiveness of the system with a conventional

VAV system

• Measure the thermal comfort and overall

occupant satisfaction

RADIANT CHILLED CEILING

TEST-BEDDING AT CLEANTECH ONEProject Manager: Majid Haji Sapar

Team Members: Bharath Seshadri, Aaron Patrick Boranian, Zhou Jian

Industry Partner: SGL Carbon

KEY OUTCOME/DELIVERABLES

From the test-bedding, the team delivered the

following key fi ndings:

• There is no signifi cant operational problem; no

condensation was observed in more than one year

of operation.

• Energy savings of 26% overall in air conditioning

energy consumption. The amount of cooling energy

required by the ECOPHIT chilled ceiling installation

was reduced by 24% and the electricity required

for the AHU fan was reduced by 39%.

• Occupant’s thermal comfort was enhanced with

better indoor environment (lower draft of cold air,

lower containment level).

43




The Singapore Building and Construction Authority

(BCA) led a multi-agency effort to develop a technology

roadmap for research and development (R&D) in the

energy effi ciency of buildings in Singapore until 2030

and beyond. Termed as the Building Energy Effi ciency

Technology Roadmap, the roadmap aims to update

the research and innovation priorities to align with

Singapore’s long term objectives for a sustainable

built environment, comprising of high energy effi cient

high-rise buildings and townships. Funded by the

Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF)

with support from the National Climate Change

Secretariat (NCCS), ERI@N was awarded the roadmap

consultancy contract amid keen competition.

Throughout the duration of the project, both local

and international thought leaders across academia,

industry and policy were brought together to

workshops, interviews and specifi c focus group

discussion sessions. Through this exercise the team

managed to defi ne the scope and boundaries of the

roadmap, in terms of main technology focus areas

and building types covered.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

ROADMAP FOR R&D IN BUILDING

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SINGAPORE Project Manager: Nilesh Y. Jadhav

Team members: Aaron Patrick Boranian, Jatin Narotam Sarvaiya, Priya Pawar, Zhang Zhe

The team gathered primary and secondary data to

come up with targets for building energy effi ciency

improvement in different scenarios at various

timelines. Specifi cally, a 40%-60% improvement in

energy effi ciency for current best-in-class buildings

was projected to be realisable by 2030 with validation

through energy modelling and simulation.

Out of the four main technology focus areas, 52

technologies were identifi ed. Using Analytic Hierarchy

Process, R&D priorities were ranked and prioritised

with timelines for development and resource

requirements.

The roadmapping effort also identifi ed non-technical

challenges that were key R&D gaps, namely: the lack of

(1) readily accessible test-bedding facilities; (2) readily

accessible data on performance of technologies and

their measurement and verifi cation; (3) in-depth, up-

to-date knowledge and capabilities in industry on

technical aspects, integrated design and life-cycle

costs of technologies; (4) information and skills on

comprehensive building audit and recommissioning

and (5) know-how to retrofi t existing buildings for

energy effi ciency in a cost effective way with minimal

disruption.

44




A group of researchers from the Sustainable Building

Technologies team at ERI@N started this project, with

the primary objective of measuring, analysing and

processing real-time building and energy data for all

end-uses in a selected laboratory space located on

the NTU campus. The system not only considers the

total energy consumption of a whole building but also

the disaggregated energy consumption allocated to

lighting, equipment, air conditioning and mechanical

ventilation.

The facility chosen for the study is the chemistry

block at the School of Physical Mathematical Science

(SPMS), which is the highest energy consuming facility

block on the NTU campus, A lab space of 880m2 was

outfi tted with 38 new power meters and one BTU

(British Thermal Units) meter to comprehensively

quantify all energy end-uses required for operation.

The indoor and outdoor air conditions are also

monitored, including the AC supply air temperature

and relative humidity, ventilation fl ow rates, and a

weather station data for outdoor conditions. The

data collected is used to quantify disaggregated

energy consumption for representative lab spaces for

benchmarking purpose and also to identify areas of

greatest energy savings potential.

INTELLIGENT LABORATORY ENERGY

SUB-METERING SYSTEM AT NTUProject Manager: Danielle Marie Griego

PI: Associate Professor Wang Peng

Team members: Wang Xiaochen, Vincent Sutedy, Wang Hongying

In addition to measuring and analysing data, the team

designed an intelligent database through MySQL for

data storage. Furthermore, a convenient monitoring

and analytic system is developed and linked with the

database with a dashboard which is used to query

the required data. The overall system enables the user

to query details on the data collected and make data

analysis with the built-in functions.

The unique data from this study has attracted

the research community in the buildings space

to demonstrate various technologies and

methodologies for energy savings for laboratories in

the tropics. Therefore this project has also become

a research enabler for several up-coming research

collaboration projects.

45




The main aim of this project was to develop the

hardware and control algorithm for the bidirectional

AC/DC converter in the hybrid grid. The function of

the bidirectional converter was to control power

transfer between the AC and DC microgrids. The main

objectives of the project were to:

• Select proper power electronics interface for

interlinking AC and DC microgrids.

• Develop control algorithm for bidirectional AC/

DC converter.

• Build up the hardware of the bidirectional converter

with proper control algorithm.

• Verify the effectiveness of the control algorithm

and ensure stable performance of the bidirectional

AC/DC converter.

BIDIRECTIONAL AC/DC CONVERTER

IN HYBRID AC/DC MICROGRIDS Principal Investigator: Associate Professor Wang Peng

Team Members: Choo Fook Hoong, Liu Xiong, Jin Chi

Industry Partner: US Army

KEY OUTCOME/DELIVERABLES

• A general board (the green board as shown in

Fig. 1) including power switch modules, voltage/

current sensors and gate drivers was developed.

• The PCB control board design for the DSP 28335

was developed as shown in the lower left corner of

Fig. 1.

• The commercial auxiliary power supplies were

employed to power control card, sensors and gate

drivers as shown in the upper left corner of Fig. 1.

• Firmware embedded coding for the DSP was

fi nished to implement the control algorithm.

• The hardware debug was fi nished on the entire

prototype of DSP controlled bidirectional AC/DC

converter as shown in Fig. 1.

• A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed

by C# to control and monitor the bidirectional

converter as shown in Fig. 2.

• The DSP controlled bidirectional AC/DC converter

was eventually tested with desired performance.

Figure 1. Hardware implementation

Figure 2. GUI for monitor and control

46




LIST OF KEY PROJECTS

Project Title Principal Investigator Agency/Company Status

Development of Green Data

Center Rating System

PI: Toh Kok Chuan

Co-PI: Wong Yew WahIDA Completed

Intelligent Energy Systems

Pilot ProjectPI: Tseng King Jet EMA Completed

Bidirectional AC/DC Converter

in Hybrid AC/DC MicrogridsPI: Wang Peng US Army Completed

Study of Cool Roof Materials

for HDB BuildingsPI: Wan Man Pun HDB, Akzo Nobel Completed

Scientifi c Planning and

Support for high performance

buildings: CleanTech Two

PI: Li Hua

PM: Nilesh Jadhav

Collaborator: LBNL, AIT

JTC Completed

Membrane-based Absorption

Air Conditioning and De-

humidifi cation System using

Renewable Energy or Waste

Heat

PI: Choo Fook HoongA*Star, MND

MemsysOn-going

Development of Tropical

Energy Effi cient HVAC Systems

with Active Chilled Beam

Terminal Units

PI: Wenjian Cai

A*Star, MND

Parsons

Brinckerhoff

On-going

High-performance cool roof

coating for green buildingsPI: Wan Man Pun

A*Star, MND

SkycoolOn-going

Reducing Urban Heat with

JTC Estates by Installing

Subsurface Water Cooling

Systems

PI: Qin Xiaosheng

Co-PI: Chiew Yee MengJTC Completed

Outside Air Cooling and

Energy-Effi cient ICT

Operations for Modular Data

Centre in Singapore

PI: Wong Yew Wah

Co-PI: Toh Kok Chuan

Collaborator: School of

Computer Engineering

(NTU)

IDA, Toshiba Completed

Radiant Chilled Ceiling Test-

bedding at CleanTech OnePI: Majid Sapar SGL Carbon Completed

Development of Technology

Roadmap for R&D in Building

Energy Effi ciency in Singapore

PM: Nilesh Jadhav

Collaborator: NexightBCA, NRF, NCCS On-going

47




Development of an Integrated

Decision Support System for

Eco City DHCS

PI: Wong Yew Wah

Co-PI: Toh Kok Chuan

Qin Xiaosheng

Wen Yonggang

Collaborator: Keppel DHCS

MND, BCA On-going

Multifunctional Cool Paint

Incorporating TiO2-based

Nano-capsules of PCM for

Tropical Buildings

PI: Yang En HuaA*Star, MND, BCA,

NipponPaintOn-going

Scientifi c Planning and

Support for high performance

buildings: North Spine

Academic Building at NTU

Campus

PM: Majid Sapar

BCA, NTU Offi ce

of Development

and Facilities

Management

On-going

Carbon Footprint Baseline for

NTU CampusPI: Justin Dauwels

NTU Sustainable

Earth Offi ceOn-going

Energy Modeling and

Simulation of NTU Campus

Buildings for Future

Renovations in Singapore

PI: Wan Man PunNTU Sustainable

Earth Offi ceOn-going

Intelligent Campus Energy

Sub-metering SystemsPI: Wang Peng

NTU Sustainable

Earth Offi ceCompleted

Clean Tech One Building-Wide

Monitoring (BWM)PI: Tan Yen Kheng NXP On-going

DC Renewable Connected

Building Grid for Wireless

Intelligent LED Lighting System

(WiLLs)

NTU PI: Tan Yen Kheng

JTC Co-PIs: Jason Foo and

Rao Yimin

JTC/EDB/Philips On-going

Novel Thermal Comfort

Control for Enhancing Energy

Effi ciency of Air-Conditioning

Systems in Hot Humid Climate

PI: Chien Szu-Cheng

Co-PI: Yu Hao

JTC Co-PI: Loh Wai Soong

JTC Co-PI: Ng Kian Wee

Collaborator: Toshiba

NTU-JTC

Industrial

Infrastructure

Innovation Centre

(I3C)

On-going

Smart Building Management

System with Dynamic Indoor

Occupant Positioning System

(DIOPS)

PI: Yu Hao

Co-PI: Chien Szu-Cheng

JTC Co-PI: Loh Wai Soong

JTC Co-PI: Ng Kian Wee

NTU-JTC

Industrial

Infrastructure

Innovation Centre

(I3C)

On-going

Physical simulation and

development of control

strategies for thermal chiller

for tropical climates

PI: Choo Fook Hoong SOLID On-going

48




LABORATORY FACILITIES LIQUID DESICCANT AIR-CONDITIONING (LDAC) LAB

The LDAC lab is an industrial collaboration with Memsys Clearwater Pte Ltd, supported by A*Star, MND and

BCA. And is part of a three year research and development Programme to develop a disruptive technology for

the air-conditioning market that will not only help to reduce energy consumption but also to mitigate carbon

emission. The technology uses liquid desiccant and an all plastic solution for an absorption process to generate

cool dry air or chilled water. This lab is located at Level 5 of CleanTech One.

Key facilities and equipment:

• Membrane based dehumidifi er unit

• Waste heat recovery system using Heat Pump

• Regenerator unit for re-concentrating Lithium-

Chloride solution and desalination

• Solar hot water

Layout plan

Regenerator unit

Thermal Collectors

• Fan coil unit

• Air-tight storage tanks

• Control and monitoring using SCADA

• Design and simulation tool COMSOL

49




ACTIVE CHILLED BEAM LAB (ACB)

The ACB lab is being developed with an industrial collaborator, Parsons Brinckerhoff, and is supported by

A*Star, MND and BCA. It is part of a three year research and development Programme to develop energy

effi cient HVAC system using ACB terminal units and equipped with advanced automation system for all possible

working conditions under the local climate. Lab facilities will allow testing of different designs and sizes of ACB

units with and without integrated with building HVAC system.


• Testing facility for different sizes of ACB units

• Integrated testing of building HVAC and ACB units

• Dehumidifi cation unit

• Condensation water handling and dynamically adjust outdoor air

• CFD simulation tool and air fl ow optimization

• Energy management, control and optimization of system (EMCOS)

Primary air system Chilled water systemChill d t tChill d

50




SOLAR THERMAL AND COOLING LAB

The solar thermal and cooling lab is a joint lab with an industry collaborator, SOLID Austria, for research and

development in solar thermal and cooling systems for tropics. The main research areas are large scale Solar

Thermal Installation design and controls, performance improvement of different types of collectors system,

optimisation of collector array layout and heating system, integration of adsorption/absorption chiller for

analysis of solar cooling potential, variable speed and hybrid thermal chillers, and development of advanced

control and simulation software.


• Test-bedding facility of medium to high temperature

collectors

• Co-generation of cooling and hot water

• Solar hot water for dehumidifi cation labs

• Absorption/adsorption chiller

• Hybrid vapour compression-thermal chiller

• High performance coatings for thermal collectors

• IP-Solar simulation tool

• Simulation, data logging, and analysis

51




HYBRID AC/DC GRIDS FOR FUTURE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

With the advent of renewable energy sources (producing mostly DC power), a favourable solution is to build

a hybrid AC and DC grid at distribution levels, to couple DC sources with DC loads and AC sources with AC

loads. Multiple conversions can be reduced to a minimum due to both DC and AC links in the hybrid structure.

Elimination of unnecessary multi conversion processes reduces the total conversion loss, and elimination of

embedded rectifi ers for DC loads in current AC grid results in the simplifi cation of equipment and cost reduction

of electronic products.

Major facilities available in the laboratory

• RT-Lab Real-Time OPAL Simulator

• Solar Photovoltaic Systems of different

technologies

• Date Acquisition and Controllers

• Pyranometers

• Irradiance Metermetron

• Sun Tracking System SOLYS 2 c/w Pyreheliometer

A hybrid AC/DC grid was developed at the Water and Energy Research Laboratory (WERL) with support

from Schneider Electric Singapore and Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. The hybrid grid

consists of a 400V three-phase AC grid with 8 nodes and a 380V DC grid with 8 nodes. Both AC and DC grids

can be connected into radial or ring confi gurations. Two bidirectional converters tie AC and DC grids together.

An 18 kW AC source, 7.5 kW wind turbine generator simulator, 4.5 kW Programmemable load and 3.3 kW

resistive load are connected to the AC grid. The AC grid can also be connected to the utility grid and to the AC

micro grid in the Laboratory for Clean Energy Research (LaCER). A 20 kW DC Programmemable source, 14.5

kW Programmemable load, a 3.3 kW resistive load, 1.45kW solar simulator and 28.8 kWh battery storage are

connected to the DC grid. A 5 kW PV system can be connected to the AC grid by a DC/AC grid tied inverter

and can also be switched to the DC grid through a DC/DC booster converter. A 1.2 kW fuel cell generator with

5kWh Hydrogen tank as energy storage is connected to the AC grid and can also be switched to the DC grid.

• Membrane Distillation & Bioreactor Measurement

System

• Solar Thermal System with storage capacity

• Weather Transmitter

• Programmemable AC/DC Power Supplies and

Electronic Loads

Snapshot of Water and Energy Research Lab in NTU

52




LABORATORY FOR CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH (LaCER)

This laboratory is dedicated to support research projects in the grid integration of clean energy systems from

renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and marine. It has solar photovoltaic and wind turbine systems on

the rooftop of Block S2 of the EEE complex, which are directly fed into power distribution panels in the laboratory.

There are also hardware simulators of solar, wind and marine energy systems, micro-grids and building-to-grid

systems. The major research activities in the lab are: Microgrid Energy Management System, Power Converter

& Grid Architectural Design for Future Intelligent Energy Distribution Networks, Open Architecture for Intelligent

Power Quality Monitoring & Evaluation System, Design of a Voltage Collapse Monitoring Instrument using Local

Information, Intelligent Trading/Metering/Billing System for Future Smart Distribution System.

Major facilities available in the laboratory

• Solar photovoltaic system

• Wind turbine system

• Fuel cell system

• Wind turbine simulator

• Tidal turbine simulator

• Ultra-capacitor bank

• Battery storage bank

• Smart electronic energy meters

• Spectrophotometer

• Solar cell responsivity and source spectral

irradiance spectroradiometer

• Low voltage electrical distribution simulator

10K-kW Solar PV Panels (S2 Block, EEE)

Automatic generation control

Wind turbine at S2 rooftop

Low voltage system

53




KEY COLLABORATORS

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Berkeley Lab is a member of the national laboratory system supported by the U.S.

Department of Energy through its Offi ce of Science. It is managed by the University

of California (UC) and is charged with conducting unclassifi ed research across

a wide range of scientifi c disciplines. In the areas of Building Technology and

Urban Systems, researchers conduct R&D and develop physical and information

technologies to make buildings and urban areas more energy and resource effi cient.

The group covers: information technologies for the real-time monitoring and control

of buildings and facilities for improved energy effi ciency and quality of life; advanced

lighting, and windows and daylighting systems; software for energy-effi cient building

modelling, design and operation; technologies and design practice for effi cient high-

technology buildings; commercial and residential building technologies; technical

assistance to federal, state, and local governments in effi cient buildings.

Austrian Institute of Technology

The AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria’s largest non-university research

institute is among the European research institutes a specialist in the key infrastructure

issues of the future. The Sustainable Building Technologies division develops effi cient,

cost-effective and sustainable solutions for the buildings and cities of tomorrow. The

research and development activities are based on a comprehensive understanding

of the physical and functional relationships within and between buildings.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is the U.S. Department of Energy’s

primary national laboratory for renewable energy and energy effi ciency research

and development. NREL’s buildings research teams lead efforts in developing

cutting-edge technical solutions to improve the energy effi ciency of both residential

and commercial buildings, and to accelerate the integration of renewable energy

technologies with buildings.

Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a global research university with more than 12,000

students, 95,000 alumni, and 5,000 faculty and staff. CMU has been a birthplace of

innovation throughout its 113-year history. The Center for Building Performance and

Diagnostics (CBPD) at Carnegie Mellon University conducts research, development,

and demonstrations in advanced building technologies and systems integration for

high performance buildings, improved approaches to the building delivery process,

and in workplace productivity in partnership with the Advanced Building Systems

Integration Consortium (ABSIC).

54




KEY COLLABORATORS

Pennsylvania State University

Penn State received DOE Energy Innovation HUB funding to create quality jobs,

save energy, and reduce carbon emissions by developing technologies and policies

to stimulate private investment in the energy effi cient retrofi t of existing average size

commercial and multi-family residential buildings in the Greater Philadelphia region

and beyond. Energy is an area of particular education and research strength at Penn

State. The Department of Architectural Engineering has championed the cause of

energy effi ciency in buildings through its unique integrated curriculum and research

facilities that span across all building engineering disciplines.

University of California Advanced Solar Technologies Institute (UC Solar)

The University of California Advanced Solar Technologies Institute (UC Solar) is a

multi-campus research institute made up of faculty from the University of California’s

Merced, Berkeley, Santa Barbara, Davis, San Diego, Riverside, Santa Cruz, Irvine

and Los Angeles campuses. UC Solar was established by a grant from the University

Of California Offi ce Of Research and offi cially launched in 2010. Headquartered at

UC Merced, UC Solar creates technologies that make solar energy systems more

effi cient, more affordable, and the best choice for the people of California and the

world. In addition, UC solar educates and develops tomorrow’s solar energy leaders

and entrepreneurs.

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (HUJI)

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem is Israel’s premier university as well as its leading

research institution. The Hebrew University is ranked internationally among the

100 leading universities in the world and fi rst among Israeli universities. The Casali

Institute within the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University conducts research

and development in a wide range of topics of concern to chemical, biotechnology

and related industries.

55




SBT RESEARCH TEAM

NAME DESIGNATION

Nilesh Y. Jadhav Program Director

Koh Leong Hai Program Manager

Choo Fook Hoong Co- Director

Toh Kok Chuan Principal Research Scientist

Wong Yew Wah Senior Research Fellow

Majid Sapar Senior Scientist

Tan Yen Kheng Research Scientist

Dominic Frank Maurath Research Fellow

Kumarasamy Karthikeyan Research Fellow

Lu Shaofeng Research Fellow

M Kum Ja Research Fellow

Swapnil Dubey Research Fellow

Yan Jia Research Fellow

Aaron Patrick Boranian Research Associate

An Jinliang Research Associate

Cheah Peng Huat Research Associate

Danielle Marie Griego Research Associate

Giridharan Karunagaran Research Associate

Jatin Narotam Sarvaiya Research Associate

Jin Chi Research Associate

Lan Lan Research Associate

Nirnaya Sarangan Research Associate

Praveen Kumar Research Associate

Saranraj Karuppuswami Research Associate

Wang Xiaochen Research Associate

Wu Xiangyu Research Associate

Zhou Jian Research Associate

Chin Futt Chan Senior Research Engineer

Aaron H Pereira Research Engineer

Hu Shen Research Engineer

Koh Wee Kwan Research Engineer

Li Bing Research Engineer

Poh Zihan Research Engineer

Robin Tanzania Research Engineer

Bharath Seshadri Project Offi cer

Ho Weng Chye, Jeffrey Project Offi cer

Priya Pawar Project Offi cer

Vincent Sutedy Project Offi cer

Wu Xiaoying Project Offi cer

Zhang Zhe Project Offi cer

MARITIMEENERGY

58



MARITIME ENERGY

MARITIME CLEAN ENERGY

RESEARCH PROGRAMME Maritime and Port Authority (MPA) & ERI@N jointly launched the Maritime Clean Energy Research Programme

(MCERP) in 2010 to focus on research platforms that promote green energy management solutions for

Singapore’s Maritime Industry. MCERP taps on the ecosystem of maritime related-research led by the Maritime

Institute @ NTU (MI@NTU) set up in partnership with Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI). MCERP also leverages

on the know-how on energy effi ciency and low-carbon energy generation across the various research programs

in ERI@N.

Under MCERP, the main research thrusts include Green Shipping and Green Ports; with Green Shipping

including Alternate Energies & Clean Fuel, Carbon Capture & Emission Management, Electric Propulsion and

Energy Management Systems. The Green Ports initiative encompasses Energy Effi ciency & Electrifi cation,

Green Technologies, Cold Ironing and Port Energy Management.

HoldingTank

Oil/WaterSeparationWastewaterTreatment

BW Exchange

OilyWater

Sewage

Water TreatmentRecycle Waste

Monitoring / Hyd Effectiveness

BALLAST WATER

ENGINE

SHIP

STRUCTURE

On-Board UnitPort-Side Unit

Fuel Efficiency

LNG Bio-FuelHydrogen

AdditivesNew Design

BW Treatment

Solid Waste Waste Heat Greenhouse Gases

CompactionRecycle Reuse

AuxiliaryPower APM SOx NOx

Scrubber

Double Ship hull Design

Alternative Materials

CompositesShip Hull

Coatings

Ship Breakage

Paints

TBT-freePaints

Tin-free

Biofouling Agents

Toxic Free Materials

ConversionRecycle Reuse

Ship Hull

SHIP WASTEEMISSION

59



MARITIME ENERGY

FOCUS AREAS

Exhaust Emission Control

Emission control/monitoring and regulatory

compliance (SOX, NOX, Particulate Matters, etc) for

marine vessels and small scale power plant using

novel exhaust gas cleaning systems

On-going research efforts include studying

simultaneous removal of SOx and NOx by wet

scrubbing, novel desulphurization process and real

time exhaust gas monitoring.

Smart Power Management for

Hybrid & Full Electric Systems

Intelligent power management and hardware for both

hybrid and full electric power generators in both

marine vessels and port infrastructures

MCERP’s research in the area notably includes power

management for electric tugboats, novel energy

system, such as power inverter and magnetocaloric

thermal management solutions for ships.

Technologies for Energy Effi ciency for

Marine Vessels

Technologies that can improve the energy effi ciency of

marine vessels to comply with new regulations, such

as the Energy Effi ciency Design Index (EEDI) for new

ships, and the Ship Energy Effi ciency Management

Pan (SEEMP) for all ships

Examples of MCERP’s on-going research are the

synthesis and formulation of novel marine anti-

fouling coatings, waste heat recovery by integration

of thermoelectric modules and evaporator-adsorption

technologies.

Renewable and Clean Energy Generation

Renewable energy & clean energy generation to

comply with upcoming and future regulations, public

expectations and energy effi cient use of heavy fuel

On-going research efforts include the study of

modular-based wind turbine, tidal-in-stream and

wave energy in ferry terminal, and hybrid micro-grid

applications for port operations.

Green Technologies for Ports

Development and integration of environmental friendly

technologies to reduce the carbon footprint

Main research focus is on land-based energy

management including shore power supply and

renewable energy capabilities, improving energy

effi ciency of port transport machines using energy

storage technologies which would include Li ion

batteries, redox batteries, supercapacitors, and

fl ywheels.

60



MARITIME ENERGY

OTHERS

The research under Maritime Clean Energy Group also taps on the facilities of NTU, such as Laboratory for

Clean Energy Research (LaCER), Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science in NTU campus, also Hybrid Power

Lab, Electro Chemistry Lab and Electrical Drives Lab in CleanTech One.

MARITIME ENERGY TEST BED

ERI@N together with Maritime Institute @ NTU (MI@NTU), with support from Singapore Maritime

Institute (SMI) is setting up a Maritime Energy Test Bed (METB) to support R&D activities for Singapore

Maritime industry over the next ten years. The METB consists of a marine engine (1.25 MWe),

a resistive load (1.25 MW) and facility for testing of exhaust gas cleaning system (500 Nm3/hour). The test

bed will be suitable for R&D projects relating to energy and emissions and these include alternative fuels, fuel

additives, exhaust gas cleaning & emissions monitoring, waste heat recovery and energy storage. The test bed

will be a signifi cant component for scientists and researchers to translate their innovative technologies from lab

to fi eld applications.

FACILITIES

Power 1.25 MWe

Clean Energy Test Bed

Potential Development

Current Phase

Marine Engine & Alternator

Resistive Load

NTU Substation

NTU Buildings Energy Storage

Farm

Flue gas10,000 Nm3/h

Exhaust GasTreatment

61



MARITIME ENERGY

PROJECT SHOWCASE EXHAUST EMISSION CONTROL

ZEDSMART – ZERO-EMISSION DESULPHURIZATION PROCESS

FOR MARITIME APPLICATIONS: NOVEL PROCESS AND PILOT

SCALE DEMONSTRATION

BACKGROUND

Shipping accounts for about 9% of the global sulphur emissions and it is estimated that large vessels can

potentially contribute to about 5,000 tonnes of SOx annually. Due to the projected expansion of maritime industry

and the detestable evidence on public health, regulations have been set up to aim for a signifi cant reduction

in SOx in the coming years. This requires the large-scale deployment of scrubbing technologies to remove

SOx from fl ue gas. Most existing technologies employ seawater as a scrubbing agent. While this technique

has obvious advantages such as the use of low cost scrubbing agent, it has several shortcomings. Firstly, the

scrubbed sulphur compounds, usually present as sulphates, are disposed into the sea. These emissions may

have long-term ecological consequences and may be regulated in the future. Secondly, the process requires

enormous amounts of seawater, the pumping of which can be expensive and might result in large equipment

that will reduce the cargo capacity of the vessel.

SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE

ZEDSMart uses a proprietary non-fl ammable, non-toxic, liquid solvent that is capable of effi cient removal of

SOx in the fl ue gas. The key novelty of the process is that the SOx removed is concentrated and stored on-

board for further conversion to valuable products. The solvent used in the process has a higher SOx capacity

thereby allowing the realization of smaller equipment and lower pumping costs. Since the process involves a

regeneration step, solvent losses are expected to be minimal. It is estimated that the parasitic space to install

the equipment to enable desulphurization may be comparable to that of the seawater scrubbing. Further, it

offers the possibility to profi t from the concentrated SOx product.

Figure. Process fl ow diagram of the ZEDSMart process

62



MARITIME ENERGY

SMART POWER MANAGEMENT FOR HYBRID & FULL ELECTRIC SYSTEM:

OPTIMAL POWER MANAGEMENT FOR A FULLY ELECTRIC TUG

BACKGROUND

A tugboat is used to maneuver vessels by pushing or towing them. Typically, a harbor/terminal tug requires full

bollard pull (and power) around 7% of the time. For more than 50% of the time, both main engines are at idling

speed. On one hand, the engines are sized for full bollard pull. On the other hand, it is hardly used at this rating.

Diesel engines running below its maximum continuous rating (MCR) of 85% are penalized with high specifi c fuel

consumption. In addition, carbon deposits in the combustion chamber are highest at these low power loads. This

contributes to lower thermal effi ciency and higher maintenance costs and increased emissions of greenhouse

gases like NOx, SOx and particulate matter. This makes harbor/terminal tugs an excellent candidate to achieve

signifi cant reductions in costs, pollutants and fuel by using hybrid or diesel electric propulsion systems.


It was reported that for the fi rst hybrid tug, Carolyn Dorothy, a reduction of fuel consumption of 40% was

achieved, which consequently reduced the emissions, maintenance costs and noise as well without sacrifi cing

any operational readiness at all. In response, the development of the very fi rst fully electric tug is underway in the

industry. This project aims to model and simulate the power management system for this fully electric tug. The

optimal power management scheme will be developed for minimal operating costs minimal fuel consumption

and minimal polluting footprints.

Fig. XX Research Methodology

Figure. XX Electric Tugboat model for programming in SIMULINK

63



MARITIME ENERGY

RENEWABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY GENERATION:

LAND-BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LEMS) INCORPORATING

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND SHORE POWER APPLICATIONS

BACKGROUND

Ships pollute the environment when they burn heavy fuel oil (HFO) or bunker oil to run the generators on board

ships. One container ship pollutes as much as 50 million cars annually. Studies indicate that shipping-related

remissions lead to approximately 60,000 cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths annually. The use of shore

power derived from cleaner fuel helps to eliminate air emissions associated with on-board generators powered

by bunker fuel. Shore power represents a cheaper and cleaner alternative to power ships while they dock

at berth.


The proposed LEMS would manage energy storage, electrical energy generation, load and electric energy sale/

purchase with land-based upstream networks. The prototype not only synchronizes both the shore and vessel

grids automatically before closing the circuit breaker between them but also provides an application that is

capable of metering and charging the kWh amount of shore-to-ship energy. LEMS will incorporate renewable

energy derived from renewable sources such as PV panels and also traditional energy. The operation will be

optimized to enhance the overall effi ciency. The proposed prototype helps to switch from the ship’s heavy fuel

oil (HFO) to cleaner land-based fuels (primary gas) and hence cuts down unnecessary CO2 emissions. It opens

up new business opportunities for shipyards or ports by providing electric energy to ships.

Figure. Laboratory Set-up of Land-based Energy Management System

64



MARITIME ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR MARINE VESSELS:

BIOMIMETIC-BASED ANTIFOULING COATINGS AS A ROUTE TO IMPROVE

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF SHIPS AND PORT STRUCTURES

BACKGROUND

Fouling marine organisms that attach to underwater structures are causing major economic costs to the

shipping industry and are increasing its environmental impact. By settling on ships, organisms such as

barnacles and mussels increase hydrodynamic drag, lower the maneuverability, and in turn increase the fuel

consumption by as much as 40% with additional greenhouse gas production estimated to be 20 million tonnes

per annum. Effi cient strategies to reduce biofouling are hence critical to increase the energy effi ciency of ships.

In Singapore, the major fouling organism is the green mussel Perna Viridis, an invasive species which sticks to

virtually all underwater structures in very high density. In order to reduce this detrimental effect, development of

anti-fouling coatings is key. Consequently, strategies for coating development must target the specifi c physico-

chemical mechanisms of adhesion, with a clear understanding of the underlying biofouling mechanisms. For

macrofouling, the key characteristic lies in the adhesive proteins used by organisms to stick to underwater

surfaces.


The savings to the shipping industry through the use of antifouling coatings is estimated to be 40 billion SGD

per year. Clearly there is an urgent need to develop effi cient antifouling coatings. This proposal seeks to tackle

biofouling –initially of mussels and later of other fouling organisms– onto immersed structures, and to lower their

detrimental effect, using the following 3 step methodology: (1) Reveal the adhesion mechanisms of adhesive

proteins at the nano-scale. (2) Isolate and sequence unknown adhesive proteins that play a critical role in fouling,

and compare their adhesion energy with that of known proteins. (3) We then aim to precisely tailor recently-

developed coatings from our industrial partner that will be designed to minimize adhesion. Laboratory fouling

assays on coated surfaces and nano-scale adhesion force measurements will be employed to optimize novel

antifouling coatings. The project will be geared toward the translation of new coatings and design principles to

the maritime industry.

Figure. Fouling Species in Singapore Figure. Laboratory artifi cial seawater with live mussels

65



MARITIME ENERGY

GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR PORTS:

REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION USING FLYWHEEL BATTERY TECHNOLOGY

FOR RUBBER TYRED GANTRY CRANES IN CONTAINER TERMINALS

BACKGROUND

With advances in materials, bearings technology, power electronics, and design of high speed rotating systems,

fl ywheel battery technology is rapidly gaining ground as a viable clean and environmentally friendly energy

storage solution. A fl ywheel stores energy by way of kinetic motion of the spinning rotor. The kinetic energy

stored is determined by the equation Ek = ½ Iω2, where Ek is kinetic energy, / is moment of inertia and ω is the

angular velocity of the fl ywheel. The most effi cient way to increase the stored energy is to increase the spinning

speed of the fl ywheel. A doubling in speed results in a quadruple rise in the stored energy. The maximum speed

limit is dependent on the tensile strength of the rotor material and the mechanical stresses developed due to

inertial loads. This means that composite materials with low density and high tensile strength are excellent for

storing rotational kinetic energy. Commercial fl ywheel energy storage systems (FESS) are being deployed or

tested in a wide range of industrial applications, including those in the maritime industry for ships, quay cranes,

forklift trucks, prime movers, etc. Meanwhile, much research is also being undertaken internationally to further

increase the performance of FESS and to lower costs.


This project aims to investigate the optimal design of a fl ywheel energy storage system for reducing fuel

consumption and CO2 emission in rubber tyred gantry (RTG) cranes in container terminals. The FESS is used

as an energy regeneration system to help with reducing peak power requirements on RTG cranes that are used

to load or unload container ships. It can also be used for power grid stabilization in more-electric ships.

66



MARITIME ENERGY

Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA)

With a contribution up to 8 million for a fi ve-year period, MPA jointly launched the Maritime Clean Energy

Research Programmeme (MCERP) with ERI@N on 18 Feb 2010. MCERP continues to support the development

and piloting of innovative technologies, approaches and ideas which are capable of providing a clean energy

solution to the maritime industry. MPA supports MCERP through its Maritime Innovation and Technology Funds.

In conjunction with the launch of the (MCERP) on the 18th Feb 2010, ERI@N signed a Memorandum of

Understanding (MOU) with 5 industrial partners; ABS, APL, DNV, Keppel Offshore and Marine Technology

Centre, Sembcorp Marine, as well as a letter of intent with Rolls-Royce Singapore. The parties involved intend

to support and pursue research, development and test-bedding of clean energy technologies and applications

in the maritime industry.

With the focus of maritime clean energy and support from more than 15 industry partners, 22 projects have

been awarded for the past 4 years. There are 3 projects completed successfully and 19 projects on-going.

Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI) and Maritime Institute @ NTU (MI@NTU)

ERI@N has been working closely with MI@NTU to leverage on the maritime strengths within NTU. In 2012, MI@

NTU, ERI@N and its industry partners have participated in the “Next Generation Container Port Challenge”

organized by MPA and SMI. The team proposed concept has emerged as one of the top 7 proposals out of the

56 submissions and has successfully received the commendation award. In 2013, the joint proposal by MI@

NTU and ERI@N on the establishment of an advanced maritime energy R&D test facility for the academia and

industry has received support from SMI with a contribution S$4.7 million.

Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK)

ClassNK is one of the major maritime classifi cation societies in the world. ERI@N entered into a MOU with

ClassNK on 1st Feb 2011 to explore R&D collaboration in clean energy technologies and application in the

maritime industry. The primary focus of collaboration is on practical R&D work with industrial application in

Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction.

Maersk Maritime Technology (MMT)

MMT is part of the A.P. Moller-Maersk group of companies and supports the shipping related business units

within the group in all kinds of technology issues. MMT’s focus is on optimizing existing technologies and

developing novel concepts. ERI@N has been working with MMT on sustainable technologies in the fi eld of

green shipping.

Under the existing MCERP projects, ERI@N also collaborates with other maritime industry companies around

the world in line with industry needs and trends. Some collaborators are ABB Pte Ltd, AET Shipmanagement

(Singapore) Pte Ltd, Aspin Kemp & Associates, PSA, International Paint, etc.

COLLABORATORS

67



MARITIME ENERGY

RESEARCH TEAM MEMBERS Asst Prof Jaspreet Singh Dhupia

Asst Prof Ali Gilles Tchenguise Miserez

Assoc Prof Andrew Clive Grimsdale

Prof Bo Liedberg

Assoc Prof Alex Yan Qingyu

Prof Wang Youyi

Assoc Prof Raju V. Ramanujan

Asst Prof Gilbert Foo

Assoc Prof Gooi Hoay Beng

Assoc Prof So Ping Lam

Assoc Prof Low Kay Soon

Assoc Prof Yap Fook Fah

Asst Prof Jorg Uwe Schluter

Assoc Prof Hng Huey Hoon

Asst Prof Zhang Qichun

Assoc Prof Ali Iftekhar Maswood

Assoc Prof Li Hua

Asst Prof Tang Hui

Assoc Prof Darren Sun

Asst Prof Anutosh Chakraborty

Assoc Prof Leong Kah Fai

Prof Rachid Yazami

Asst Prof Yoon Yong Jin

Asst Prof Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo

Dr Prapisala Thepsithar

Dr Paul Andre Guerette

Dr Vu Thanh Long

Dr Mani Ulaganathan

Dr Somaye Saadat

Chin Futt Chan

Ravindran Pallaniappan

Zhu Xiaowei

Bai Hongwei

Kuniadi Wandy

Tomi Wijaya

Cheah Peng Huat

Lim Tuti Mariana

Goh Kek Boon

Ayu Aaron Alexander

Vitul Raj Govindaraju

Ly Duy Khiem

SOLAR ENERGY AND SOLAR FUELS

70




SOLAR ENERGYERIAN’s contributions to solar energy research are focused on non-silicon based photovoltaics for electricity

generation and solar fuels of the so-called third generation.

I. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLSThe vast majority of photovoltaic cells in use worldwide are based on crystalline silicon. They achieve effi ciencies

of up to 15-20% in commercial production. However many other technologies and materials have been under

study over the last decades as possible alternatives for higher effi ciencies and lower fabrication’s cost. At ERI@N

we focus our efforts on: cells based organometal halide perovskites, thin fi lm cells based on copper-indium-

diselenide or copper-tin-sulfi de and variations on this theme. In the following we review advancements achieved

so far and our perspectives for each of these domains.

I.1 PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Materials, Synthesis, & Fundamental Studies

Solid-state, solution processed solar-cells based on organic−inorganic methyl ammonium lead halide absorbers

(CH3NH3PbI3)[1] have achieved effi ciencies in excess of 15%, which has superseded liquid dye sensitized cells,

as well as various thin fi lm-based photovoltaics[2], even with new attractive device architectures [3]. However, all

the perovskite absorbers up to date have been based on the methylammonium cation (CH3NH3+). We developed

a new metal-halide perovskite, based on the formamidinium cation (HC(NH2)2+), that displays a favourable band

gap (1.47 eV) and represents a broader absorption compared to previously reported absorbers (Figure 1a) that

contained the methylammonium cation. The high open-circuit voltage (Voc = 0.97 V) and promising fi ll-factor

(FF= 68.7%) yielded an effi ciency of 4.3%, which made this material an excellent candidate for this new class

of perovskite solar cells. Further development of these solar cells will entail the stabilization of the black trigonal

(P3m1) perovskite polymorph over the yellow hexagonal non perovskite (P63mc) polymorph (Figure 1b). This

work was published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry C [4] and was subsequently highlighted by the editor in

an ACS select collection focussing on organometal halide perovskites.

Figure 1. (a) Current−voltage curve for the

FAPbI3 device under AM1.5G illumination and

dark conditions. (b) polymorphs of FAPbI3. The

blue polyhedra represent the PbI6 octahedra

with the Pb and I atoms shown as yellow and

range spheres respectively. Both structures

are shown viewed along the crystallographic

c (left) and a (right) axes, respectively. In the

black polymorph the inorganic component

consists of a three-dimensional network of

corner linked PbI6 octahedra with the yellow

polymorph containing linear chains of face-

sharing octahedra. The N and C ions of the

formamidimium cations are shown as blue

and green spheres, respectively.

71




Additionally, the variation of the halide component

of the perovskite harvester was also explored: a

band-gap tuning of the mixed lead iodide-bromide

perovskites (MAPb(I1−x Brx)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was achieved

by means of a sequential deposition process. The

optical properties of these hybrids were modifi ed

by changing the relative concentration of halogen

precursors. The concentrations of precursor solution

as well as the conversion time played an important

role in determining the band-gap. A systematic shift

of the absorption band edge to shorter wavelengths

was observed with increasing the Br content, which

resulted in the decrement of the photocurrent.

Remarkably, both the PbI2 fi lm dipping time in halide

precursors and the concentration of halide precursors

were noted to play a crucial role in determining the

composition and thus the band-gap of the mixed halide

perovskites. The incident photon to current effi ciency

(IPCE) clearly showed the systematic shifts towards

lower wavelengths with increasing Br content in the

perovskite fi lms (Figure 2), in agreement with optical

absorption measurements. This work was published in

the Journal of Materials Chemistry A [5].

Figure 2. The normalised IPCE spectra of the mixed lead halide

perovskite devices. The number 1 to 7 represents the composition

of the mixed halide as MAPb(I1−xBrx)3 from x=0 to x=1.

New materials were also studied in order to synthesise hole transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar

cells. A novel electron-rich molecule based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (H101) was reported in Angewandte

Chemie [6]. This material reached a power conversion effi ciency of 13.8% under AM 1.5G solar simulation

when implemented in solar cell devices, comparable with that obtained using the well-known hole transporting

material 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis( N,N-di-p-ethoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifl uorene (spiro-OMeTAD). This was the fi rst

heterocycle-containing material achieving >10% effi ciency in such devices, and has great potential to replace

the expensive spiro-OMeTAD given its much simpler and cheaper synthesis.

A novel swivel-cruciform 3,3’-bithiophene based hole- transporting material (HTM) with low lying highest

occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was synthesized as well. This new HTM (KTM3) showed higher Voc

(1.08V), and fi ll factor (78.3%) than spiro-OMeTAD in perovskite solar cells, mainly caused by a reduction of the

recombination characterized by photovoltage decay. These results were reported in a manuscript published in

the Journal of Materials Chemistry A [7].

72




Figure 3. (a) Device on the fl exible PET/ITO substrate (b) J–V plots of (i) FTO planar device, (ii) FTO nanorod device (iii) PET/ITO planar

device, (iv) PET/ITO nanorod device (c) recombination resistance extracted from the fi tting of the impedance spectra

Device Architecture, Fabrication, & Characterization

The high extinction coeffi cient of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and the organic layers used as a hole transporting

materials permit the fabrication of thin fl exible solar cells if the electron transporting material is deposited onto

a fl exible transparent conductive substrate. In order to achieve this, a ZnO compact layer was formed by

electrodeposition and ZnO nanorods grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) were used as semiconductor

fi lms for perovskites solar cells. This allows the processing of low-temperature, solution based and fl exible solid

state CH3NH3PbI3 devices deposited on PET substrate (Figure 3a). Conversion effi ciencies of 8.90% were

achieved on rigid substrates while the fl exible ones yielded 2.62% (Figure 3b). The recombination resistance

(Figure 3c) extracted from the impedance spectroscopy fi tting shows higher recombination in the nanorod-

based devices compared to the planar ones, which justifi es the difference in Voc. This increased recombination

could occur due to the higher interfacial area, and reduces the Voc of the nanorod-based devices although

their short circuit current is higher than the planar devices ones. These results have been published in Chemical

Communications.[8]Communications.[8]

Innovative processes for semiconductor nanostructures deposition in perovskite solar cells have been investigated.

The electro-spinning is an attractive process because of potentially large area and low cost fabrications. The good

electrical and morphological characteristics of TiO2 nanofi bers and the high extinction coeffi cient of CH3NH3PbI3

perovskite were combined for the fi rst time to obtain a solar cell with power conversion effi ciency of 9.8 % at

one sun. Interestingly, increasing the fi lm thickness dramatically diminished the photovoltaic performance due

to a reduction of the porosity of the TiO2 nanofi ber structure. The optimum device (~413 nm fi lm thickness)

was compared to a planar device, where the latter produces higher Voc but lower Jsc, and consequently lower

effi ciency at all measured light intensities. The effi ciencies are mainly determined by the open porosity of the

electrospun nanofi ber network which varies with TiO2 nanofi ber photoanode thicknesses and fi bre diameters.

Remarkably, the best device showed 11.8% conversion effi ciency at 0.1 sun light intensity, which establishes

this technology as a very interesting option for indoor photovoltaic generation. This study was published in

Nanoscale.[9]

73




Although classical dye sensitised solar cell standard

confi guration uses the anatase phase of the TiO2,

perovskite solar cells have opened new possibilities.

We developed a highly effi cient solar cell based on a

sub micrometre ( 0.6 μm) rutile TiO2 nanorod sensitized

with CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Rutile nanorods were

grown hydrothermally and their lengths were varied

through the control of the reaction time. Infi ltration

of spiro-MeOTAD hole transport material into the

perovskite-sensitized nanorod fi lms demonstrated

photocurrent density of 15.6 mA/cm2, voltage of 955

mV, and fi ll factor of 0.63, leading to a power conversion

effi ciency (PCE) of 9.4% under the simulated AM 1.5G

one sun illumination. The photovoltaic performance

was signifi cantly dependent on the length of the

Figure 4. (a) Cross-sectional SEM images of solid state DSSCs based on perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-sensitized rutile 500nm TiO2 nanorod

photoanode, the spiro-MeOTAD hole transporting layer, and the Au cathode. (b) Effect of length of TiO2 nanorod on current density− voltage

curves

nanorods, where both photocurrent and voltage

decreased with increasing nanorod lengths (Figure

4). A continuous drop of voltage with increasing

nanorod length correlated with charge generation

effi ciency rather than recombination kinetics with

impedance spectroscopic characterization displaying

similar recombination regardless of the nanorod

length. Despite the signifi cant reduction in surface

area compared to nanoparticle fi lms, the observed

short circuit current densit Jsc was as high as over 15

mA/ cm2 because of the high absorption coeffi cient

of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Jsc was found to

be infl uenced by nanorod ordering, associated with

pore fi lling fraction. These results were published in

NanoLetters.[10]

74




There was no obvious reason that could explain the observed high effi ciencies. The high effi ciency as well as

the different device confi gurations, lead to the hypothesis that the electron and hole transport lengths in these

semiconductors should be higher than that of other solution processed semiconductors. In addition, a balance

in the electron and hole transport lengths could be expected. In order to prove this hypothesis, femtosecond

transient optical spectroscopy measurements in CH3NH3PbI3 heterojunctions with selective electron and hole

extraction layers were performed to successfully decouple electron and hole dynamics. These measurements

showed clear evidence of long electron and hole transport lengths (both over 100nm). These fi ndings indicate

that this class of materials does not suffer from the bottleneck of low collection lengths which handicap typical

low temperature solution processed photovoltaic materials (Figure 5). This work was published in Science. [11]

Figure 5. (A) Schematic of the energy levels of the heterojunctions and depiction of the exciton generation, diffusion and quenching

processes in the respective bilayers. (B) Time-integrated PL spectra and (C) Time-resolved PL decay transients for CH3NH3PbI3 alone

(black), CH3NH3PbI3 in contact with an electron acceptor (red) and in contact with a hole acceptor (blue). (D) A plot of exciton diffusion

length vs PL lifetime quenching ratios.

substitution of the halide ions (performed by

physical solution mixing) allows for wide wavelength-

tunability with the ASE tunable across the entire

visible spectrum (390 – 790 nm). Its low temperature

solution processability allows for integration on fl exible

substrates. The mutual exclusivity of high charge

carrier mobility with large stimulated emission that

plagues solution processed semiconductors for a long

time is overcome in this system. Importantly, these

materials with balanced ambipolar charge transport

characteristics may lead to realizing electrically-driven

lasing with solution-processed semiconductors. This

work was published in Nature Materials.[12]

This family of organic-inorganic halides CH3NH3PbX3

(where X = Cl, Br, I), which has demonstrated excellent

photovoltaic properties, shows superior optical gain

which deserves further attention. Ultra-low threshold

amplifi ed spontaneous emission (ASE) have been

achieved. The ultralow ASE in these solution processed

materials stems from the small bulk defect densities

and the insensitivity to the surface traps. Enhanced

photostability under continuous laser irradiation (over

26 hours) with minimal fl uctuation of the ASE intensity

(0.2% variation) was observed. Typical multi-particle

energy loss mechanisms such as Auger recombination

are also found to be insignifi cant. Straight-forward

75




I.2 CIGS and CZTS type thin fi lm cells

In short our activities on the solution processed thin fi lm solar cell fabrication and characterization are

the following:

1) Development of an ambient aqueous spray pyrolysis process for the fabrication of CuInSSe solar cells.

2) Low temperature processing of absorber layers for CIGS and CZTS solar cells by Sb doping and

chemical welding.

3) Fabrication of CIGS device with aqueous spray pyrolysis with more than 10% effi ciency.

4) Fabrication of solution processed CZTS devices by spray pyrolysis and spin coating.

5) Effi cient Cd-free buffer layer for CIGS and CZTS type devices.

Summary of the work:

Even though the solution-based processes for CIGS device fabrication allows the possibility of controlling

the composition uniformity, most of them do not result in signifi cant grain growth and hence limit the power

conversion effi ciency. The formation of a carbon-rich interlayer between the molybdenum substrate and CIS

thin fi lm also limits the power conversion effi ciency. Moreover the process is highly heat demanding and thus

not desirable for solar cell fabrication on fl exible polymeric substrates. To conclude, issues associated with

solution-processed CIGS thin fi lm such as limited grain growth, carbon-rich interlayer, high thermal budget and

the presence of secondary copper-rich phases, still need to be addressed in order to realize a low-cost high

effi ciency CIGS-device from solution processes.

Figure 6. (a) Schematic representation of nanoparticle induced grain growth (b) Current density-Voltage (J-V) characteristics under AM1.5G

(100 mW/cm2) condition (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2013, 5 (5), 1533).

(a) (b)

76




We addressed these issues by formulating nanoink from as synthesized nanoparticles to electrodeposition. We

synthesized different CIS nanoparticles [14] and deposited CIS layer by electrodeposition [15]. We developed a

new technique to deposit large grain, carbon-free CISSe absorber layers from aqueous nanoparticle/precursor

mixture, which resulted in a solar cell with power conversion effi ciency (PCE) of 6.2% [16]. Figure 6a schematically

represents our approach. CuCl2, InCl3, and thiourea were mixed with CuS and In2S3 nanoparticles in water to

form the unique nanoparticle/precursor solution. In order to investigate the photovoltaic performance of the

absorber layers deposited from two precursor designs (with and without nanoparticles), we fabricated the solar

cells by depositing CdS buffer layers, intrinsic ZnO, AZO and metal grid electrode on the absorber layers. We

found that the nanoparticle incorporated precursor fi lm (700nm thick) exhibited a higher PCE (η=6.15%) as

compared to the device based on precursor fi lm (800nm thick) (η=3.47%) (Figure 6b). We optimized the spray

process and found that an in situ temperature control of the spray deposition led to the best absorber layer. Our

optimized CISSe device selenized at 500 C without any nanoparticle had an about 6% effi ciency [17].

To minimize the processing temperature we introduced antimony as an additive for grain growth in the absorber

layer, which was effective even at 400 C.

We also develop some new method to grow big grain CuInSSe crystals from nanocrystals of CuSe and In2S3

by chemical welding [18]. CuSe and In2S3 nanoparticles were synthesized with opposite surface charges by

stabilizing with polyacrylic acid and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. Upon mixing these nanoparticles

at room temperature, the electrostatic attraction induced coalescence of these nanoparticles and produced

CuIn(SxSe1-x)2 nanoparticles

Figure 7. Coalescence of nanoparticles (Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 5351).

77




To increase the open circuit voltage of the PV device

by tuning the band gap of the absorber materials we

incorporate Ga in the spray solution. In our synthesis

technique, we used spray deposition approach to

prepared the Cu(In,Ga)S2 fi lm from aqueous CuCl2,

InCl3, and GaCl3 and SC(NH2)2 precursors on Mo

substrate at 350 ºC. Using the selenized Cu(In,Ga)

(S,Se)2 thin fi lm with CdS buffer and i-ZnO/AZO

window layers the power conversion effi ciency of the

Ga incorporated CIGS solar cells are found to be more

than 10%.

We fabricated the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 CZTS thin fi lm

solar cell by a spray pyrolysis method followed by

high temperature selenization [19]. Effi ciencies up

to 7.5% have been obtained without anti-refl ecting

coating. Though the effi ciency is not as high as with

the champion device fabricated by hydrazine method,

our method is still promising as the absorber layer

fabrication is done at ambient atmospheres from

aqueous solution and as the thickness is lower than

other reported devices. Moreover, XRD and Raman

spectroscopy characterization has confi rmed that the

CZTS materials fabricated by this method are phase

pure materials.

To understand the charge carrier dynamics of these

materials we focused our study on the single crystalline

CZTS materials. Surface defects on single-crystalline

CZTS play a role on the transport properties across

the p-n interface. This opens up a research direction

which focuses on using spatially resolved techniques

to explore the defect physics on the surface and the

grain boundary. First principles calculation is on-going

to support and provide a theoretical model for the

experimental observation, especially on the physics of

CZTS’s surface and grain boundary.

Nanocrystalline CZTS materials were synthesised

successfully and experimental conditions were

reached to get phase pure CZTS. Surface Enhanced

Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has shown to be an

excellent tool in characterizing synthesized CZTS

nanoparticles [20]. Using SERS, selective phase

formation of CZTS over CTS have been established

and conditions leading to pure CZTS phase have been

mapped out.

After having optimized the absorber layer, we focused

our efforts to effi cient cadmium-free buffer layers

for CIGS and CZTS type devices. Zinc based buffer

layers were chosen for the novel n-type materials.

Thickness controlled chemical bath deposition of

ZnS was achieved. Controlled oxidation on deposited

ZnS was done to minimize the band offset of the

absorber layer and the buffer layer. We deposited ZnS

buffer layers by spray pyrolysis method [21]. In order

to control the sulphur oxygen ratio to tune the band

offset we deposited Zn(OS) by atomic layer deposition

(ALD) method. The obtained device exhibited similar

effi ciency as with CdS. We also made some Zn-Sn–O

based buffer layers for CIGS and CZTS devices by

ALD and chemical combustion method.

As to the novel absorber materials based on Cu-

chalogenide we start working on Cu2FeSnS4 (CFTS).

The material was synthesised by chemical spray

pyrolysis method and characterized by XRD and

RAMAN. The catalytic properties of as deposited

CFTS materials are quite promising and the deposited

fi lm perform well as a counter electrode for standard

DSSC device.

78




II. Solar Fuel Research

As shown in Scheme 1, the solar fuels could be produced and used not only for transport liquid, gaseous fuels,

but also as chemical feedstocks for the production of fertilizer, plastics, pharmaceuticals, liquid fuels, etc.

Scheme 1.

The chemical source for the solar fuel production could be water and carbon dioxide. Using water as the

source, solar energy splits water into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O

2). Hydrogen (H

2) can be used directly

as the transport fuel. Using carbon dioxide and water as the source, solar energy produces carbon-

based fuels such as formic acid (HCOOH), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH

3OH), etc.

These carbon-based fuels can be further used as feedstocks along with hydrogen produced from water for

chemical industries.

Using water as source, the solar fuel production includes two reactions:

• Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER):

2H+ + 2e- → H2 E

0 = 0 V vs. SHE

• Oxygen evolution reaction (OER):

2H2O → 4e- + 4H+ + O2 E

0 = 1.23 V vs. SHE

The standard potentials for HER and OER are 0 V and 1.23 V (vs. Standard Hydrogen Electrode, SHE), respectively.

79




Using carbon dioxide and water as source, the solar fuel production includes one major reaction and one side-

reaction:

• Major reaction: Carbon dioxide reduction:

CO2 + H+ + e- → CxHyOz E

0 depends on product and route

• Side-reaction: Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)

The standard reduction potential for carbon dioxide reduction reaction depends on the product and the reaction

route. For example, a few reaction routes to give different products:

CO2 + 8H+ + 8e- → CH

4 + 2H

2O

E0 = 0.169 V vs. SHE

CO2 + 12H++ 12e- → C

2H

4 + 4H

2O

E0 = 0.079 V vs. SHE

CO2 + 6H++ 6e- ↔ CH

3OH + H

2O

E0 = 0.02 V vs. SHE

CO2 + 2H++ 2e- ↔ CO + H

2O

E0 = -0.103 V vs. SHE

CO2 + H++ 2e- ↔ HCOO-

E0 = -0.225 V vs. SHE

Ideally, these reactions occur at their standard reaction potentials (E0). However, the real reactions have to

overcome their activation energy (Ea) to occur. By choosing optimal catalysts, these reactions can be facilitated

by either lowered activation energy or optimized intermediates’ absorption. The development of solar fuel

techniques actually is focused on exploring catalyst materials for these reactions.

The mission of our solar fuel research is to develop robust catalyst systems to produce fuels and feedstocks from

solar energy effi ciently and cost-effectively.

80




HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTION

Hydrogen has the largest energy density over any other fuel. Burning hydrogen in air, the reaction is:

2H2 + O

2 → 2H

2O (ΔH=-286 kJ/mol)

which means that 1 mol of hydrogen can produce 286 kJ energy through reaction with oxygen. Obviously, the

energy density of hydrogen is 143 kJ/g, which is much higher than that of many other fuels. One important

application of hydrogen as an energy carrier is fuel cell, which can be used as power supply for electric vehicles.

The catalysts for hydrogen evolution include metals, alloys, metal sulfi des, metal complex, etc. The best HER

catalyst is platinum. However, platinum is too expensive to be widely used. One of our efforts is to explore low

cost and effi cient catalysts for HER. One example is the copper catalyst. By an in-situ electrochemical reduction

approach, we were able to produce a highly rough Cu electrode. This electrode was able to catalyze HER with

a very low over-potential of 50 mV, which is very close to the performance of platinum.

Figure 8. (a) A representative SEM image of Cu electrode surface. (b) XRD patterns of Cu2O and Cu electrodes. The Cu2O electrode was

electrochemically reduced to Cu. (c) The blue curve (I-t curve) is the current density recorded from the electrolysis at -0.277 V vs RHE and

the red curve is corresponding hydrogen amount tested by GC. The current density increased before reaching the stable state, while the

rate for the hydrogen production was slow. This is due to most of the electrons are used to reduce Cu2O to Cu. After stabilizing, the amount

of hydrogen product increase linearly. These results demonstrate that Cu is the active sites rather than Cu2O. Also, nearly 100% Faradaic

effi ciency could be achieved after stabilizing. Polarization curve was recorded in H2PO4-/HPO42- solution (0.5 M, pH=7, O2 free). The current

density was recorded at every 20mV or 30mV interval when the current reached a steady state value after applying a certain potential. The

inset is the Tafel plot. A very low over-potential of 50 mV was achieved. This over-potential value is very close to the actual potentials at which

H2 evolution is experimentally detected by gas chromatography (GC). Unpublished data.

81




Figure 9. Electrocatalytic activities of metal sulfi de catalysts in neutral pH solution and with similar surface loading. (a) Apparent HER catalytic

current obtained with CoSx (black star curve), NiWSx (red triangle curve), CoWSx (blue circle curve) and CoMoSx (olive square curve)

electrodes. Lower limit turnover frequency normalized per mole of deposited materials: CoSx (black bulk curve), NiWSx (red bulk curve),

CoWSx (blue bulk curve) and CoMoSx (olive bulk curve). Lower limit turnover frequency resulted from normalization per relative electrochemical

surface area of CoWSx (blue dashed curve) and CoMoSx (olive dashed curve) electrodes compared with the NiWSx electrode were also

plotted. (b) Tafel plots collected for these catalysts by the chronoamperometry method.[23]

Polarization curve was recorded in H2PO

4-/HPO

42- solution (0.5 M, pH=7, O

2 free). The current density was

recorded at every 20mV or 30mV interval when the current reached a steady state value after applying a certain

potential. The inset is the Tafel plot. A very low over-potential of 50 mV was achieved. This over-potential value

is very close to the actual potentials at which H2 evolution is experimentally detected by gas chromatography

(GC). Unpublished data.

We also developed two novel ternary sulfi des, cobalt/nickel–tungsten sulfi des, as attractive alternatives to

platinum electrocatalysts for the HER.[22] These sulfi des are easily electrodeposited on conducting electrodes

from an aqueous solution of readily available precursors. Moreover, we show that the HER activity is governed by

the nature of the metal M within M-S-W heterobimetallic sulfi de centers, located in the WS2-like layered structure

of MWSx. Our work provides structural and mechanistic keys to understand how HER activity is promoted in

previously described nickel and cobalt-doped molybdenum and tungsten sulfi de materials. Implementation of

these HER electrocatalysts within a water (photo)electrolysis device is feasible and promising.

82




Figure 10. (a) SEM image (top view) of a pristine Cu2O electrode. (b) Cross section analysis of a Cu

2O/NiO/Cu

2MoS

4 photoelectrode. The

NiO interlayer is not visible. Photoelectrochemical properties of Cu2O-based photocathodes in a pH 5 Na

2SO

4 (1 M) solution. (a) I–V curves

collected under 1 sun illumination of pristine Cu2O (ii), Cu

2O/Cu

2MoS

4 (iii), Cu

2O/NiO (iv) and Cu

2O/NiO/Cu

2MoS

2 (v) photocathodes. Without

light illumination, these Cu2O-based photocathodes showed similar I–V curves. For clarifi cation, only the curve collected for Cu

2O/NiO/

Cu2MoS

4 (i) is presented. (b) Generated photocurrent achieved at an applied potential of 0 V (vs. RHE), employing pristine Cu

2O (curve (ii),

Cu2O/Cu

2MoS

4 (iii), Cu

2O/NiO (iv), and Cu

2O/NiO/Cu

2MoS

4 (v) photocathodes. [23]

To further explore cathode materials for photoelectrochemical HER, we developed a scalable process for

fabricating a multiple-layer hybrid photocathode, namely Cu2O/NiO/Cu

2MoS

4, for H

2 evolution.[24] In pH 5

solution and under 1 sun illumination, the photocathode showed interesting photocatalytic properties. The onset

photocurrent was recorded at +0.45 V (vs. RHE), while at 0 V (vs. RHE), a photocurrent density of 1.25 mA/cm2

was obtained. It was found that the NiO interlayer enhances charge transfer from the Cu2O light harvester to the

Cu2MoS

4 hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst which in turn accelerates charge transfer at the electrode/

electrolyte interface, and therefore improves the photocatalytic properties of the Cu2O photocathode.

83




OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION

Oxygen evolution reaction is also called as water

oxidation reaction. It is an important reaction

to supply electrons for the cathode side in a

photoelectrochemical cell for either water splitting

or carbon dioxide reduction. To date, high effi cient

oxygen evolution catalysts are mainly precious metals

and their oxides like Pt, Ir, Ru, etc. Recently, much

effort has been made to explore transition metal oxide

catalysts for this reaction. In one of our recent works,

we modifi ed the surface of hematite with tin oxide and

improved the water oxidation effi cient.[24] Hematite

(alpha-Fe2O3) has recently emerged as a promising

photoanode material for the generation of oxygen from

water due to its favorable optical band gap (Eg=2.2 eV),

excellent chemical stability in aqueous environments,

ample abundance and low cost. Hematite has been

theoretically predicted to achieve a water splitting

effi ciency of 12.4%. However, the practical effi ciency of

hematite is limited by its short life time and external bias.

We developed a novel strategy for surface treatment

of hematite to produce a photoanode for effi cient

water oxidation without any substantial changes in

morphology of the electrode. With this treatment the

photocurrent density increased from 1.24 for pristine

hematite nanorods to 2.25 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE)

(i.e. 81% improvement). The increase in photocurrent

density was also accompanied by improved incident-

photon-to-current effi ciencies and oxygen evolution.

The photocurrent improvement is mainly attributed to a

reduced electron–hole recombination at the hematite–

electrolyte interface through the formation of FexSn1-

xO4 layer at the hematite nanorod surface.

Figure 11. (a) HRTEM image of hematite after treatment with 20 mM Sn(IV) solution. (b) Schematic effect of Sn(IV) treated hematite nanorod

arrays for effi cient water oxidation. (c) I–V curves and (d) IPCE spectra of hematite photoanode with and without Sn(IV) treatment. IPCE

measurements were carried out at an applied potential of 1.23 V vs. RHE in a 1 M NaOH electrolyte. [24]

84




OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION

Oxygen reduction reaction is a reaction that occurs

in fuel cell and metal-air batteries. Although it is not

a reaction to generate solar fuels, it is an essential

energy conversion reaction for solar fuels’ usage. The

theory for the oxygen reduction reaction on metals has

been long term established. Platinum was found the

best catalyst. But again, Pt is too expensive. Our effort

is to explore low cost non-precious metal catalysts for

oxygen reduction reaction. One of our recent works

is MnO2 nanofl akes with superior high mass activity.

[25] Shown in Figure 3, as-synthesized MnO2 fl akes

Figure 12. (a) A typical TEM image of as-synthesized MnO2 nanofl akes: the average width is ~50 nm, by measuring over 200 fl akes. (b) The

HRTEM image of a nanofl ake: the average thickness is ~1.5 nm, by measuring over 200 fl akes. (c) Tafel plot of mass activity normalized by

catalyst mass. MnO2 nanofalkes show highest mass activity as compared with other reported MnO

2 catalysts. (d) The mass activity at 0.75 V

vs RHE: MnO2 nanofl akes show impressive activity, much higher than other Mn based oxides and doped carbon catalysts.[25]

exhibited an impressive mass activity (21.0 mA/

mg @0.75V vs RHE) over other landmark reports

of perovskite LaMnO3 (1.2 mA/mg), MnO2 (2.0~5.3

mA/mg), B-doped CNTs (5.8 mA/mg) and N-doped

graphene (3.0 mA/mg). These small-sized MnO2

effi ciently lowered the mass loading of MnO2 as well as

to facilitate the mass transportation of gas reactants

within the porous catalyst electrode. Most importantly,

these MnO2 fl akes are free-standing, which offers the

fl exibility to choose various conductive supports with

variable loading ratios.

85




CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION

REACTION

Reducing carbon dioxide is a complicated process.

It needs a catalyst surface for absorbing CO2 and

intermediate species. The reaction involves multiple

steps of hydrogenation to produce various carbon-

based fuels, such as CO, CH4, C

2H

4, and etc. H

2 is also

produced as a side-reaction due to their close reduction

potentials. The pioneer work has been focused on

exploring the types of products on metal electrodes.

Cu was found the most active metal with fairly high

selectivity to several useful products. However, to

make this technique feasible, the effi ciency for fuel

production has to be improved. One of our efforts is

to modify the Cu catalyst with other metals or ligands

to regulate the absorption of CO2 and intermediates

and thus to regulate the hydrogenation process. As a

result, the production of carbon-based fuels can be

improved.

On the other hand, the production selectivity should

be also improved to simplify the post-reduction steps

for product separation. Metal complex catalysts are a

class of unique catalysts that can generate fuels with a

very high selectivity. This is because the CO2 reduction

reaction route is unique and determined by the ligand

and the metal center. Our effort is to explore effi cient

metal complex catalysts for formic acid production.

Figure 6 shows one Co centered complex catalyst

developed by us for CO2 electro-reduction in DMF and

water. The catalyst is designed based on a Co3+ redox

center. The vacant coordination site is available for

M-H and M-CO2 absorption. A very low over-potential

is required for the CO2 reduction (ca. 450 mV). The

study is under way now to explore the effect of ligands

with different proton concentration.

Figure 13. (a) Polarization curves of metal complex catalyst P300 in DMF and water. A signifi cant reduction peak can be observed for the

mixture of DMF and water due to the presence of more protons. (b) The molecular structure pf P300

86




References

1. T. Baikie, Y. Fang, J. M. Kadro, M. Schreyer, F. Wei, S. G.

Mhaisalkar, M. Graetzel, T. J. White, “Synthesis and crystal

chemistry of the hybrid perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for solid-

statesensitised solar cell applications.” J. Mater. Chem. A 2013,

1, 5628.

2. P. P. Boix, K. Nonomura, N. Mathews, S. G. Mhaisalkar,

“Current progress and future perspectives for organic/inorganic

perovskite solar cells”. Materials Today, 2014, 17(1), 16–23

3. S. Sun, T. Salim, N. Mathews, M. Duchamp, C. Boothroyd, G.

Xing, T.C. Sum, Y. M. Lam, “The Origin of High Effi ciency in Low-

Temperature Solution-Processable Bilayer Organometal Halide

Hybrid Solar Cells.” Energy and Environmental Science.2014, 7,

399.

4. T.M. Koh, K. Fu F. Yanan, C. Shi, T.C. Sum, N. Mathews, S.

G. Mhaisalkar, P. P. Boix, T. Baikie, “Formamidinium-containing

metal-halide – an alternative material for near-IR absorption

perovskite solar cells.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,

DOI: 10.1021/jp411112k

5. S.A. Kulkarni, T.Baikie, P. P. Boix, N. Yantara, N. Mathews, S. G.

Mhaisalkar, “Band gap tuning of lead halide perovskites using a

sequential deposition process.” Journal of Materials Chemistry

A,(Accepted)

6. H Li, K Fu, A Hagfeldt, M Graetzel, SG Mhaisalkar, AC Grimsdale,

“A Simple 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Based Hole-Transporting

Material for Perovskite Solar Cells,” Angewandte Chemie (2014)

– DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310877

7. K. Thirumal, K. Fu, P.. P. Boix, H. Li, T. M. Koh, W. Leong, S.

Powar, A. Grimsdale, M. Grätzel, N. Mathews, S. G. Mhaisalkar,

“Swivel-Cruciform Thiophene Based Hole-Transporting Material

for Effi cient Perovskite Solar Cells”. Journal of Materials

Chemistry A, (Accepted)

8. H. M. Kumar, N. Yantara, D. Sabba, M. Graetzel, S. G. Mhaisalkar,

P. P. Boix, N. Mathews, “Flexible, low-temperature, solution

processed ZnO-based perovskite solid state solar cells.” Chem.

Commun.2013, 49, 11089–91.

9. S. Dharani, H. M. Kumar, N. Yantara, T.T.T.. Pham, N. G. Park,

M. Gratzel, S. G. Mhaisalkar, N. Mathews, P. P. Boix, “High

effi ciency electrospun TiO2 nanofi ber based hybrid organic-

inorganic perovskite solar cell.” Nanoscale 2013.

10. H-S. Kim, J-W. Lee, N. Yantara, P. P. Boix, S. A. Kulkarni, S. G.

Mhaisalkar, M. Grätzel, N. G. Park, “High Effi ciency Solid-State

Sensitized Solar Cell-Based on Submicrometer Rutile TiO2

Nanorod and CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Sensitizer.” Nano Lett.

2013, 13, 2412–2417.

11. G. Xing, N. Mathews, S. Sun, S. S. Lim, Y. M. Lam, M. Grätzel,

S. G. Mhaisalkar, T. C. Sum, “Long-range balanced electron-

and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3”.

Science 2013, 342, 344–7.

12. GC Xing, N Mathews, SS Lim, N Yantara, X Liu, S Dharani, M

Graetzel, SG Mhaisalkar, TC Sum, “Low-Temperature Solution-

Processed Wide Wavelength Tunable Perovskites for Lasing,”

Nature Materials (2014) – DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3911.

13. Nanoparticle-Induced Grain Growth of Carbon-Free Solution-

Processed CuIn(S,Se)2 Solar Cell with 6% Effi ciency. Yongan

Cai, John C. W. Ho, Sudip K. Batabyal, Wei Liu, Yun Sun,

Subodh G. Mhaisalkar, and Lydia H. Wong; ACS Appl. Mater.

Interfaces, 2013, 5 (5), 1533–1537.

14. Nanocrystalline copper indium selenide (CuInSe2) particles

for solar energy harvesting. Mengxi Wang, Sudip K. Batabyal,

Zhenggang Li, Dehui Li, Subodh G. Mhaisalkara and Yeng Ming

Lam; RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 9829-9834

15. Electrodeposition of single phase CuInSe2 for solar energy

harvesting: role of different acidic additives. J Sun, S. K Batabyal,

P. D Tran and L. H Wong; Journal of Alloys and Compounds,

2014, 591, 127-131.

16. Spray pyrolysis of CuIn(S,Se)2 solar cells with 5.9% effi ciency: a

method to prevent Mo oxidation in ambient atmosphere. J. C.W.

Ho, T. Zhang, K. K. Lee, S. K. Batabyal, A. I. Y. Tok, and L. H.

Wong; ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/

am500317m.

17. Chemical welding of binary nanoparticles: room temperature

sintering of CuSe and In2S3 nanoparticles for solution-

processed CuInSxSe1−x solar cells. Hui Min Lim, Sudip K.

Batabyal, Stevin S. Pramana, L. H. Wong, Shlomo Magdassi and

S. G. Mhaisalkar; Chem. Commun., 2013,49, 5351-5353.

18. Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 kesterite solar cell with 5.1% effi ciency using

spray pyrolysis of aqueous precursor solution followed by

selenization. Xin Zeng, Kong Fai Tai, Tianliang Zhang, Chun Wan

John Ho, Xiaodong Chen, Alfred Huan, Tze Chien Sum, Lydia H.

Wong; Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2014, 124, 55-60.

19. Low Temperature Synthesis of Wurtzite Zinc Sulfi de (ZnS) Thin

Film by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis. Xin ZENG , Stevin Pramana ,

Sudip K. Batabyal , Subodh Gautam Mhaisalkar , Xiaodong Chen

and K.B. Jinesh; Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, 2013, 15, 6763.

20. Understanding the Synthetic Pathway of a Single-Phase

Quarternary Semiconductor Using Surface-Enhanced Raman

Scattering: A Case of Wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanoparticles. Joel

Ming Rui Tan, Yih Hong Lee, Srikanth Pedireddy, Tom Baikie,

Xing Yi Ling, and Lydia Helena Wong ; J. Am. Chem. Soc., Article

ASAP DOI: 10.1021/ja501786s.

21. Phong D. Tran, Sing Yang Chiam, Pablo P. Boix, Yi Ren, Stevin

S. Pramana, Jennifer Fize, Vincent Artero, James Barber, “Novel

cobalt/nickel–tungsten-sulfi de catalysts for electrocatalytic

hydrogen generation from water”, Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6,

2452.

22. Chen Yang, Phong D. Tran, Pablo P. Boix, Prince S. Bassi,

Natalia Yantara, Lydia. H. Wong, James Barber, “Engineering a

Cu2O/NiO/Cu2MoS4 hybrid photocathode for H2 generation in

water”, Nanoscale, DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00386a, 2014.

23. Lifei Xi, Sing Yang Chiam, Wai Fatt Mak, Phong D. Tran, James

Barber, Say Chye Joachim Loo, Lydia Helena Wong, “A novel

strategy for surface treatment on hematite photoanode for

effi cient water oxidation”, Chem. Sci., 2013, 4, 16.

24. Chao Wei, Linghui Yu, Chenlong Cui, Jiadan Lin, Chen Wei,

Nripan Mathews, Fengwei Huo, Thirumany Sritharan, Zhichuan

Xu, “Ultrathin MnO2 Nanofl akes as an Effi cient Catalyst for

Oxygen Reduction Reaction”, Submitted

87




advanced materials, nanostructures, optoelectronic

electrical testing protocols, device design and

modeling and the fundamental physics and chemistry

of electron transport in complex systems. The program

consists of two distinct technology development

thrusts, a technology thrust (Thrust 1: Photon to

electron) for direct conversion of solar energy to

electricity, and another for generation of renewable,

clean fuel using solar energy (Thrust 2: Photon

to fuel). The former will be based on the principle

of photovoltaic effect (PV) while the latter will be

based on photo-electrochemical cell (PEC) concept.

Following the scientifi c developments achieved in

the two thrusts, strategies to integrate into functional

systems will be required to maximize effi ciency and

to steer the technology towards commercialisation.

This forms the basis for the third thrust (Thrust 3:

Integrated devices and Demonstration), an essential

step towards commercialisation.

Solar Fuels Laboratory, Imperial College London

ERI@N collaborates closely with the laboratory of

Professor James Barber, Ernst Chain Professor

of Biochemistry at Imperial College London, to

synthesise engineered materials that could mimic the

performance and capabilities of Photosystem Two.

Photosystem Two is a remarkable biological machine

that uses light energy to split water into oxygen and

reducing equivalents, a reaction upon which we are

all dependent, by exploiting the use of solar energy

in the water splitting process. The goal is to develop

cheaper and more effi cient water splitting devices

through a fundamental understanding on how nature

optimises this process through millions of years of

evolution.

COLLABORATORS

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

ERI@N researchers collaborate with Professor Michael

Graetzel, the director of the Laboratory of Photonics

and Interfaces (LPI), EPFL. LPI pioneered research

on semiconductor nanocrystallites and mesoscopic

oxide fi lms. The current research in LPI, EPFL focuses

on optimisation of key parameters such as spectral

response, photocurrent, photo-potentials and long-

term stability. Collaborative projects between ERI@N

and LPI, EPFL include identifying new methodologies

and nanomaterials for improved light scattering,

non-noble metal based alternative counter electrode

materials, and fundamental studies to understand the

charge separation and the charge transport processes

at the dye-nanoparticle interface.

University of California, Berkeley

SinBeRISE explores novel inexpensive approaches

to convert solar energy into electrical energy

(Photovoltaics) and to catalyse the conversion of CO2

into liquid fuel (Photoelectrochemical approaches). To

accomplish these goals, we leverage the strong set

of expertise in the Berkeley campus encompassing

FACILITIES

Solar Cell fabrication facilities are housed in a Class

100k clean room with a fl oor area of 400 square metres

and include large area processing tools such as

screen printers, automatic sprayer as well as chemical

vapour deposition (CVD) / sputtering and complete

device fabrication tools. Solar cell characterization

tools include solar simulators, IPCE, as well as various

electrochemical characterization tools.

88




FACULTY AND RESEARCH

TEAM MEMBERS

Chen, Hongyu

Chen, Zhong

Choo, Fook Hoong

Fan, Hongjin

Grimsdale, Andrew Clive

Huo, Fengwei

Kloc, Christian

Lam, Yeng Ming

Loo, Say Chye Joachim

Mathews, Nripan

Mhaisalkar, Subodh

Shen, Zexiang

Srinivasan, Madhavi

Sritharan Thirumany

Sun, Darren Delai

Sun, Xiaowei

Tan Thatt Yang, Timothy

Tze Chien, Sum

Tok, Alfred Ling Yoong

Wang, Junling

Wong, Lydia Helena

Xu, Rong

Xu, Shuyan

Xu, Zhichuan Jason

Xue, Can

Zhao, Yang

Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)

Professor Nam Gyu Park, in SKKU, was one of the

pioneers in the use of organic-inorganic perovskites

in photovoltaic devices. ERI@N collaborates with

his laboratory to develop novel device architectures

by implementing semiconductor nenostructures

in perovskites solar cells. This project focuses

on the charge selective layers employed in the

photovoltaic devices, which are the key elements

in the charge extraction, including both organic and

inorganic materials. The joint efforts include the

device development and power conversion effi ciency

improvement as well as a physical and chemical

characterisation of the working principles.

DYESOL Limited

ERI@N has signed a research agreement with Dyesol.

Dyesol is a global supplier of Dye Solar Cell (DSC)

materials, technology and know-how. As a part of this

agreement both parties will see a sharing of resources

to create scalable and commercially feasible solid state

perovskite solar cell technology, a low-cost renewable

energy technology. The project aims to optimise the

solar cells, in order to achieve high effi ciency devices

which are more reliable and more amenable to scaling

and manufacturing than conventional liquid electrolyte

based solar cells.

WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES

91




WIND AND MARINE

RENEWABLES ERI@N’s Wind and Marine research program is

aimed at improving the performance, lowering costs

and accelerating deployment of Wind and Marine

renewable energy generating technologies. It focuses

on developing the best technologies, in collaboration

with industry, for the tropics where unique technology

challenges exist. In these efforts it closely works

with the government agencies to understand regional

needs, and with local and global renewable energy

fi rms to identify technology gaps. Research efforts

are principally concerned with bringing technologies

developed in the lab into the fi eld, involving test beds

in real fi eld conditions. Thereby the risks are evaluated

and technologies are matured.

In 2013, the research team engaged in various

technology studies at both fundamental and industrial

scales. The research tasks spanned from wind

and tidal energy resource studies to test bedding

novel wind and marine turbines in various locations

of Singapore. In all these efforts, fundamental

research was key in studying new simulation methods

specifi cally in hydrodynamics and aerodynamics,

novel bulk materials, functional coatings and new

turbine designs. In the following sections, a few

prominent efforts will be highlighted.

RESEARCH PROJECTS(i) The Urban Wind Resource Assessment project

The Urban Wind Resource Assessment project

being carried out by NTU in collaboration with the

Housing & Development Board of Singapore (HDB)

aims to study the feasibility of small wind turbine

installation in urban Singapore. Wind sensors have

been deployed in various locations of Singapore and

are being monitored in real time to evaluate the wind

resource potential.

Singapore experiences two monsoon seasons during

which the island experiences heavier winds; the

Northeast monsoon lasting from December to March,

and the Southwest monsoon season from June to

September. The wind measurement stations were

thus set up to measure the wind potential during these

two monsoon periods in Singapore, with stations

set up on both the southern and northern coasts

of Singapore.

With a limited number of weather stations being

installed on the island, strategic placement of these

stations is vital in order to capture the most complete

picture of wind fl ow over the island. There are four

locations where sensors have been installed or

are planned for installation: Marine Drive, Pandan

Gardens, Woodlands Crescent, and Havelock Road.

The sensors have been installed at the highest points

of the HDB blocks so as to have as little obstruction

from neighbouring blocks as possible. Typically,

sensors are located between 2.5-4m above the roof

level. Short term wind measurements have been

taken using remote sensing SOnic Detection And

Ranging (SODAR) devices. SODAR data analysis

shows how wind varies with height, which is important

information in balancing the cost of turbine masts and

92




power density. ERI@N has also recently purchased a

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) profi ler. LiDAR

profi lers offer advantages over SODAR devices such

as better accuracy and range, easier transportation

and installation and most importantly silent operation.

Hence, at several locations we have deployed LiDAR

for short term measurement campaigns.

Statistical and preliminary economic analysis has

been carried out for the data collected at Pandan

Gardens and Marine Drive. Statistical analysis of

data collected at Woodlands has been presented,

however the wind speeds at the site were found to

be extremely low throughout the year. The analysis

shows with the current few commercial turbines

tested, the average payback period would slightly

greater than typical turbine design life suggesting that

wind turbines would not reach breakeven within their

design lifetimes. Several factors however are yet to be

included within the analysis.

Further work includes the setting up of the

remaining two wind measurement stations. With the

completion of the wind data sets at these locations, a

more comprehensive picture of wind fl ows in

Singapore can be obtained. Combining full year wind

statistical data sets with wind short term wind profi les

measured using newly acquired LIDAR will greatly

improve the available information on wind power at

different heights.

The much lower capacity factors indicate the need

for a redesign of turbines to be suited to the current

wind conditions. The reduction in future small turbine

costs would cut down on payback periods. Such a

reduction is likely since at the current moment, small

wind turbine technology is still at a very nascent stage

and has yet to take advantage of many of the benefi ts

afforded by larger markets. Improvement over existing

turbine designs and new designs to suit lower wind

conditions can possibly lead to further cost reductions

and lower paybacks.

Figure 1. shows locations at which wind measurements

have been taken. Yellow markers indicate HDB rooftop

installations, and “fl ag” markers indicate locations

where LiDAR campaigns were conducted during this

year.

Statistical processing of the wind data and preliminary

economic analysis has been carried out for the sites

at Pandan Gardens, Marine Drive and Woodlands

Crescent. Analysis of data collected at Woodlands

Crescent shows that the wind speeds are extremely

low throughout the year. Analysis with current

commercial turbines shows that the average payback

period would be slightly greater than typical turbine

design life suggesting that wind turbines would

not reach breakeven within their design lifetimes.

However, analysis of data collected at Pandan Gardens

and Marine Drive make a good case for technology

adaptations and cost reduction, to further reduce

payback period. A further wind measurement station

is currently being setup at Havelock Road.

Combining full year wind statistical data sets with short

term wind profi les measured using LiDAR equipment

will greatly improve the available information on wind

power at different heights. With the aid of long term

wind measurements from these locations and short

term LiDAR campaigns at many locations throughout

the year, a more comprehensive picture of wind fl ows

in Singapore can be obtained.

Low wind speeds in Singapore indicate the need for

new turbine designs as most of the turbines in the

market cater to locations which experience much

higher wind conditions. The reduction in the costs

of small wind turbines would cut down on payback

periods. Such a reduction is possible since at present,

small wind turbine technology is still at a nascent stage

and has yet to take advantage of many of the benefi ts

afforded by larger markets. Improvement over existing

turbine designs and new designs to suit lower wind

conditions can possibly lead to further cost reductions

and shorter paybacks.

93




(ii) Wind turbines for Low wind fl ow conditions

Wind turbines for high wind speeds of more of than

8 m/s are extensively studied in various parts of the

world and the turbines are at peak effi ciency. As the

tropical conditions are characterised by high solar

radiation and low wind speeds, current research

activity in ERI@N focuses on optimising these

turbines to extract power at mean wind speed lower

than 8 m/s .As the turbine power decreases 3 fold

for every decrease of 1m/s of wind speed, most of

the internal components of the turbine such as rotor

blades, drive train, generator , wind turbine tower has

to be optimized .The power output of turbines less

than 10kW can be increased by having an auxiliary

rotor providing higher starting torque through auxiliary

means coupled with energy storage to start in lower

wind speeds.

Research focuses on the development of a single

stage hybrid planetary gearbox which is more

effi cient in lower rotational speeds, and light weight

with smart conditional monitoring sensors. The

research addresses the reliability issues and reduces

the dependence on rare earth minerals which are a

substantial constituent in the production of permanent

magnets for direct drive generators.

There is a greater attention towards the development

of urban wind turbines (UWT) for mounting on

roof tops on high rise buildings. Challenges in the

development of UWT are low noise, low visual

impact, and negligible radar signal interference. Figure 2. Wind fl ow visualisation and wind tunnel testing of the

developed wind turbine.

Current research is developing roof top mountable

wind turbines integrated with an array of solar panels

to have maximum energy yield with a minimum foot

print. In order to ensure aesthetic appeal, ERI@N is

collaborating with the NTU School of Arts, Design and

Media (ADM) to come up with creative designs that

can be integrated into buildings, national parks and

tourist attractions.

Figure 1. Location of wind measurement installations and wind fl ow visualisation.

94




(iii) Wave Energy Resource Assessment in

Singapore

Wave energy resource estimation is a necessary

step in identifying areas suitable for siting Wave

Energy Converters (WECs) and also in selecting the

appropriate WEC for a site. ERI@N, in collaboration

with the Tropical Marine Science Institute (TMSI),

has done a wave energy resource assessment of

Singapore’s waters.

Wave information can be obtained through measurement

or numerical wind-wave model simulations. Numerical

wave models take wind fi elds and use them to force

wave fi elds based on the physics of wave generation,

propagation and decay. Shown below are fl exible

mesh grids for the domain used to simulate waves

in Singapore.

Figure 3. South East Asia (SEA) domain covering South China Sea,

Malacca Strait and Singapore Strait. Flexible mesh ranges between

111 km (1 degree) and 100m as highlighted.

Figure 4. Deployment of the Datawell Waverider

The accuracy of the wave model results are dependent

on the input wind data. It is therefore common to

validate results by calibrating against measured wave

data. Measurements techniques are either direct, e.g.

wave buoys, or indirect, e.g. satellite altimeter.

A Datawell Waverider directional buoy is being used to

validate the model data. In October-November 2012,

the buoy was deployed at Tuas Extension, Singapore

(latitude 1.15, longitude 103.6).

An example of the wave conditions from a point in

this data set can be seen below. The wave rose (left)

shows the frequency and signifi cant wave heights in

each direction (following the convention of showing

direction to, rather than from). The frequency

occurrence diagram (right) is a form of the commonly

used scatter table, giving the frequency of occurrence

of wave height and period value pairs. Isolines

indicate the energy fl ux according to deep water

approximations.

95




Figure 5. Wave Data – Left: Wave Rose showing wave frequency, height and direction, Right: Frequency Occurrence diagram showing

frequency, height and energy content

Using the data gathered from the WaveRider, the

model was tuned to yield more accurate results for

the wave resource assessment of the Singapore

domain. The estimated annual wave energy potential

of Singapore is ~53GWh/yr.

The next phase now involves extending the analysis

and methodologies used in assessing the wave

energy resource around Singapore to cover the

whole of South East Asia (SEA). It will also involve

expanding the time-scale to 10 years’ worth of wave

simulation data to characterize the variability of the

wave resource including El Niño and La Niña years.

The resolution of the SEA simulation will be suffi cient

to describe waves around smaller islands and show

detail of energy variation around coasts.

The next phase now involves extending the analysis

and methodologies used in assessing the wave

energy resource around Singapore to cover the

whole of South East Asia (SEA). It will also involve

expanding the time-scale to 10 years’ worth of wave

simulation data to characterize the variability of the

wave resource including El Niño and La Niña years.

The resolution of the SEA simulation will be suffi cient

to describe waves around smaller islands and show

detail of energy variation around coasts.

Figure 6. Wave energy potential for Singapore

96




(iv) Marine test bedding activities

Tidal energy generators extract energy from the motion of the tides, which are governed by the gravitational

pull of the moon and sun on Earth’s water bodies. Tidal energy therefore has the advantage of being highly

predictable, unlike solar or wind energy which are susceptible to weather fl uctuations. However there are

reliability challenges due to salinity and placement of tidal turbines. Research in ERI@N has focused on coming

up with cost-effective and modular installations. One such effort is the tidal turbine test bed that was launched

at the Sentosa Boardwalk, a themed pedestrian walkway connecting Singapore and Sentosa. The test bed has

the dual role of facilitating the development of ERIAN’s marine energy technologies for regional conditions, and

contributing to Sentosa’s green initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint. The test bed currently supports several

pilot tidal stream generators employing both conventional and novel technologies.

For feasible power capture, tidal generators are

preferably located at natural coastal features which

can converge and amplify water fl ow, such as

channels and estuaries. The test bed at the Sentosa

Boardwalk benefi ts from amplifi ed fl ow due to the

narrowed channel between Singapore and Sentosa,

and bridge piers which provide manmade fl ow

convergence. Marine energy harvesting, of which tidal

energy is a part, is a new fi eld in Singapore, with much

potential for small-scale generation and applications.

The energy generated from the pilot tidal turbine is

being used to power up an educational exhibit at the

Sentosa Boardwalk.

Figure 7. Tidal turbine test bed in Sentosa (Singapore) with underwater view of the turbine

Figure 8. Educational exhibit at the Sentosa Boardwalk.

97




Figure 9. Marine energy resource studies in Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal

MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY @ TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL

In recent years, there has been unprecedented interest in ports, harbours, and jetties as viable locations for

marine renewable energy. ERI@N has been successful in securing a fund under the Maritime Clean Energy

Research Program (MCERP) between the Maritime Port Authority (MPA) and NTU. The project aims to

investigate potential marine renewable energy resources available at jetties in Singapore. In collaboration with

the Singapore Cruise Centre who operate a number of ferry terminals including the Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal

(TMFT), ERI@N has done a resource assessment of marine renewables that can be harnessed in a terminal /

jetty setting.

ERI@N envisions that energy harvested from marine renewables in such ports/jetties in Singapore can result

in (1) self-powered jetties/ports, (2) provision of excess power to nearby installation, and (3) shore power to

berthing boats.

Tidal Energy (40% Eff) Ave Power Annual Energy

1,500 sq m 345.6 Watts 3 MW h/yr

10,000 sq m 2,304 Watts 20 M Wh/yr

18,000 sq m 4,147 Watts 36 M Wh/yr

Pontoon 1 (15.65m) 203.5 Watts 1.787 M Wh/yr

Pontoon (20m) 272 Watts 2.284M Wh/yr

98




The assessment of the Tidal In-Stream Energy (TISE) and wave energy potential of TMFT began in July

2013. The project has 4 phases: (1) preliminary site survey & CFD modelling, (2) in-situ resource measurement

and analysis, (3) power & energy analysis and economic feasibility study, and (4) device development and

installation. The project is aligned with ERI@N’s on-going efforts in TISE and Wave Energy resource assessment

and feasibility studies in Singapore. The device development aspect of this project matches the resources

available at the locations of interest with suitable technology and a prototype will be installed.

Globally, there are hundreds of ports, harbours, and jetties that may make use of the methods and technology

developed in this project. The proposed project is crucial in providing a correct estimate of TISE and wave

energy resource as well as in helping in the design of effi cient and optimized TISE turbine design fi t for low-fl ow

locations or wave energy extraction devices for low-wave climate conditions such as sites present in Singapore.

Ultimately, the implication of a successful proliferation of such a concept of energy harvesting is a cleaner

coastal environment for Singapore & beyond, powered by reliable/predictable renewable energy sources.

(v) Advanced materials and coatings development for new turbine markets

One of the technology peaks at ERI@N focuses on fundamental study to develop advanced materials and

functional coatings. Advanced composites research work is one key area that focuses on collaborative projects

with large wind turbine manufacturers. These projects focus on characterising and improving strength of

composite laminates, with particular focus on some of the manufacturing variations that can occur with this

type of material. At the labs in NTU, representative composite panels have been produced, both by “prepreg”

and “infusion” techniques. This material is then subjected to mechanical testing to ascertain the strength of the

different material and details being investigated.

Figure 10. Example of infusing glass fi bre composites panel and Quasi-static and fatigue tensile testing of composite coupon.

99




Another example of fundamental research is in functional coatings, where the aim is to develop non-wetting

type coatings with self-cleaning, anti-icing, and antifouling functionality. The coatings are organic-inorganic

hybrid nanocomposites with excellent water and oil repellent properties. The coatings show water contact

angles up to 150⁰ and water rolling angles as low as 5⁰. The coatings comply with various ISO standard tests

(such as ISO 2409, ISO 4624, ISO 15184) for paints and coatings and have good resistance to abrasion and

erosion. The coatings show low strengths of adhesion with ice, and low dirt accumulation properties in the

preliminary tests. The group has developed various test facilities essential for testing of paints and coatings

according to industry standards. Special test set ups to study durability, ice nucleation and adhesion are also

being studied by special climate chamber and dirt interaction methods.

Today, the focus is on improving the durability of the functional coatings which is the key to realise this

technology. By understanding the micro-structure property relations in these coatings, we are developing

formulations suitable for long term durability. Currently, the research effort is testing new applications of the

coatings. Some of the examples include testing against marine fouling at sea, dust accumulation and removal

inside home appliance products etc. Systematic tests on the ice accumulation and ice adhesion strengths will

be carried out in future. The formulation of the coatings will be tuned for specifi c applications and pilots, and

commercialisation of the technology will be targeted.

Figure 11. Novel coatings with good self-cleaning and durable behavior.

100




Joint Industry Program on Offshore renewables

Today more than 25 doctoral projects are in progress,

spanning resource forecasting, sub-structure studies,

power generation, transmission, grid, installation, and

maintenance. Some of the key research topics are:

• Integrated wave loads analysis of offshore wind

turbine platform under special and complex

conditions

• System optimisation of tidal turbine

• Modelling and control of offshore wind turbines

• Effi ciency enhancement studies of large scale

electrical generator design

• Offshore renewable power generation station

• Computational intelligence in offshore wind

• Energy grid study and analysis of thunderstorm

extreme wind gust speed near the ground and

extreme wind load on wind turbines

• Optimal structural design for offshore wind energy

system

• Analytical modelling of erosion of offshore wind

turbine foundation

• Wind mapping utilising CFD techniques

• Complex interactions between tidal turbine farms,

multiple wakes and seabed terrain in energy

capture array and its associated environmental

issues

• Wave energy harvester using snap-through

mechanism

• Computational intelligence algorithms for

scheduling in renewable energy systems

• Heat treatments and coatings to reduce wear and

micro-pitting in bearing steels under rolling contact

fatigue conditions

• Preparation of polyurethane coating for wind

turbine blades

• Numerical simulation of fl ow in a convective

atmosphere for estimation of wind energy potential

• Lubricant disintegration studies for offshore

conditions

• Fatigue studies of wind turbine blade composites

• Development of a coupled simulation methodology

for offshore wind turbines

• Coupled CFD and depth-integrated modelling of

marine structures

This research is being developed with leading

companies engaged in various parts of the value

chain, such as turbine manufacturers, transport

and installation fi rms, small technology fi rms and

classifi cation societies. Commercial fi rms in this

consortium are: Lloyds, Vestas, Gamesa, DNV,

Keppel Corporation, CenEntek, IBM, DHI and CIMNE.

In addition, the research is supported by leading

research partners such as National Renewable Energy

Labs (NREL) in USA, the Norwegian University of

Science and Technology (NTNU), the University of

Colorado, and Danish Technology University (DTU).

The consortium platform provides various benefi ts,

including alignment of complementary technologies,

managed open innovation, shared resources, costs

and knowledge. Such efforts help the co-creation

of technology, supply chain, design rules and new

markets. Research outcomes have been published in

international peer reviewed journals such as IEEE and

Wind Engineering, and in international conferences

and reports with our international partners in NREL

and NTNU.

COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS IN

OFFSHORE RENEWABLES

101




Regional cooperation in diffusing renewable

energy technologies

Southeast Asian Collaboration for Ocean

Renewable Energy (SEAcORE) has been initiated by

ERI@N with partners from the Southeast Asian region

to promote renewables and create new markets for

partner industrial fi rms. SEAcORE is envisioned to

be a platform for the exchange of ideas, initiatives, &

experiences from R&D, policymakers, and industry. It

forms a collated and active core network of expertise

and technical know-how in Southeast Asia (SEA) to

set, assist, augment, and facilitate adoption of Ocean

Renewable Energy (ORE) in the region.

SEAcORE supports the development of ORE and

highlights the interests of SEA countries in the

International Energy Agency-Ocean Energy Systems

(IEA-OES). Strategic programs and meetings will be

spearheaded by SEAcORE to promote ORE activities

in the region and initiate projects in collaboration with

different ORE groups to evaluate the feasibility of

offshore renewables in the region.

Core Founding Members of SEAcORE include the

following institutions:

Brunei – Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD)

Indonesia – Indonesian Ocean Energy Association

(INOCEAN); Indonesian Counterpart for

Energy and Environmental Solutions

(ICEES)

Malaysia – Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM);

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)

Myanmar – Myanmar Maritime University (MMU);

Myanmar Engineering Society (MES),

Union of Myanmar Federation of

Chambers of Commerce and Industry

(UMFCCI)

Philippines – University of the Philippines (UP), UP

Marine Science Institute (UPMSI)

Singapore – Nanyang Technological University

(NTU)

Thailand – King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology

Ladrakrabang (KMITL); King Mongkut’s

University of Technology Thonburi

(KMUTT)

Vietnam – Hanoi University of Science and

Technology (HUST); Institute of Energy

Science (IES)

International Collaborators:

Ocean Energy Systems (OES); International

Network on Offshore Renewable Energy (INORE);

Asian Wave and Tidal Energy Conference Series

(AWTEC)

A tidal resource study called The Ocean Pixel Project is

as an example of SEAcORE’s collaborative potential.

In conjunction with the University of the Philippines,

regional marine spatial planning was conducted and

a web-based Geographic Information System (GIS)

platform for ORE planning was developed. This

platform featured Collated Ocean Energy Resource

Maps, Environmental Impact Scores, Resource

Analysis, Navigation and Shipping Considerations.

An example of how this tool can be used is in the case

of how it has helped to understand the tidal energy

potential between islands such as Verde, Matnog,

Cebu and Davao in the Philippines.

In partnership with the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE),

SEAcORE has been proposed to be the technical

working group of ACE in ocean renewable energy-

related research work and activities in Southeast Asia.

The discussion is on-going with the Director of ACE,

Dr. Hardiv Situmeang and the SEAcORE Team.

Figure 12. Technical working group of ASEAN Centre for Energy

ELECTROMOBILITY

104



ELECTROMOBILITY

ELECTROMOBILITYElectric propulsion has been widely adopted in mass

rapid transit systems in Singapore since decades.

Electrifying road transport system is essential

due to its manifold benefi ts for society: business

competitiveness, creating market value chain, low

CO2 emissions, creating a higher quality of life,

achieving sustainable smart growth, transitioning to a

resource-effi cient economy and attractive green city.

Electro-mobility in ERI@N mainly fosters to address

these transport and energy system demands

contributing towards developing mobility solutions best

suited for tropical conditions. Research, development

and innovations on electric vehicles lead ERI@N to

hedge highly promising pioneering technologies and

pilot applications on urban transportation.

FOCUS AREAS:The research encompasses all aspects of electric

vehicles including energy systems, drive systems,

control systems, optimization of power-train

topologies and test facility to validate drive trains. The

key focus areas are on E-bus, E-cars, Autonomous

electric vehicles, electric bicycles and development of

innovative solutions to improve the urban environment.

Charging solutions: : In the realm of battery charging,

the focus is predominantly on the rapid charging for

E-cars, Taxis and E-buses which addresses mainly on

the charging time and convenience. Different charging

techniques that could greatly reduce the charging

time for the electric vehicles are being researched.

Dynamic charging and semi-dynamic charging

methods such as fl ash charging for the bus at the

bus stations, using Super-capacitors are analyzed.

And in the domain of wireless power transfer, effort

constitutes towards designing novel transmitter &

receiver cores/coils, power electronics, interfaces

and alignment mechanisms. Collaboration with the

partners is embarked for integration of the developed

technologies into vehicles and infrastructure.

Infrastructure and Communication Systems: The

commercialization of electric mobility in metropolises

inherently involves shaping the infrastructure of land

transport system to provide connectivity for the EV

users. Smart infrastructure management system

integrated with smart vehicle / fl eet management

system could potentially serve such purposes when

large numbers of EV’s are in roads. The emphasis in

this fi eld is on the charging station infrastructure and

in developing a cloud based on vehicle information,

to provide a software service platform. This backend

support renders the vehicle users with value added

services for coordination and decision making.

Smart grid and Grid connectivity: Load management

and electricity distribution that makes use of the

information and communications technologies

referred to as ‘Smart grids’ promise to facilitate the

integrations of EV’s to the grid. Holistic approach for

Power routing management and smart grid demand

responses (E-bus and E- cars) are main areas of study

in this domain; to reduce the peak load and support

for staggering power demands in terms of increasing

energy effi ciency and optimum stability.

105



ELECTROMOBILITY

Project 1 - WIRELESS CHARGINGDr. Anshuman Tripathi, Robin Tanzania, Aaron H Pereira, Cheng

Chai Siang, Dr. Tan Yen Kheng

ERI@N has been working on a wireless charging

system for electric vehicles. The developed system

has been installed on TUM EVA, electric taxi show

cased at Tokyo Motor show 2013. It is being tested

with precast concrete slab for electrifi ed road, both

projects of TUM-Create. It was designed to provide

users with an alternative, convenient and safe method

to charge the electric vehicle’s battery.

The wireless power system transfers power from the

primary side to the secondary side. On the primary

side, a high frequency inverter powers the transmitter

coil, generating magnetic fi eld. On the secondary

side, magnetic fi eld induces power in the receiver

coil, which goes to the converter system to charge the

battery. Both the transmitter and receiver coil functions

by resonating at a frequency of 100 kHz. Magnetic

shielding is been added to ensure the system does

not interfere with other on-board electronics of the

vehicle. . The system is designed to provide wireless

power of 1.5 kW to the battery charger, and with a

separation distance between ground and receiver coil

of up to 17 cm.

The secondary-side modules that are fi tted on-board

the vehicle, had a weight constraint not to exceed 7

kg. So it was designed to be less than 6 kg. All the

components were developed to be water and dust

resistant, and to comply with automotive standards.

The further aim of this project is to charge electric

buses and do quick charging, which would require

power levels of tens of kilowatts.

Secondary-side modules installed on EVA

Precast concrete for electrifi ed road

EVA Electric Taxi

WPT demo unit

106



ELECTROMOBILITY

Project 2 - QUICK CHARGING- NAVIADr. Anshuman Tripathi, Jyothi Nirupam, Nishanthi Duraisamy

Navia is completely electric, 10 passenger road vehicle, with fully automated driving capabilities. It has been

designed to be cost effective, environmentally friendly and safe solution to solve the last mile problem; and ease

traffi c congestion in urban areas. To achieve this, Navia needs to be available on-the road most of the time and

thus charging time is one of the key critical factors for such application scenario.

The existing Navia is equipped with Lithium Iron phosphate batteries as ESS with energy density of 13.5kWh

and takes maximum of 7 hours to charge. A modular quick charging system is being designed, that reduces

the current charging time to about an hour. The system includes the On-board Battery modules and off-board

Charging system. It’s been designed to work on the existing drive train of the Navia without affecting any power

and the drive requirements. The system ensures that the space dimensions, weight and mechanical stability are

maintained similar to the existing system.

Navia – Electric Autonomous vehicle

107



ELECTROMOBILITY

Project 3 - NANYANG VENTURE 7:

A BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE AT

INNOVATION @MAE LABORATORY,

MAE, NTUProf. Ng Heong Wah, Cheng Chai Siang & NTU MAE students

The aim of the project is to encourage students with a

keen interest in vehicles or electro-mobility to develop

a deeper understanding in their respective area of

expertise as well as apply engineering knowledge from

their university studies into practical development of

the system.

This battery powered vehicle is built specifi cally for

highly urbanized countries such as Singapore. The car

is designed to accommodate four adults comfortably

and still have adequate boot space for any shopping

trips. The completed vehicle will serve as a test-bed

for future alternative energy sources such as fuel-cells

or new battery technology. The project is on schedule

to produce a drivable bare-frame vehicle by May 2014.

The research project is supervised and funded by

ERI@N. This project is into its 3rd year with Mechanical

and Electrical Engineering students undertaking this

project as their Final Year Project (FYP). The students

are involved in various areas of development such as

chassis, vehicle dynamics, drive train, low and high

voltage systems, energy storage systems, ergonomics

and wireless power charging.

An impression of the NV-7

Revised seating design of NV-7

Student discussion over chassis design issues

108



ELECTROMOBILITY

Project 4 - CONCEPTION, DESIGN AND BUILD OF A FOLDABLE PEDELEC A

GLOBAL DRIVE PROJECT BETWEEN NTU AND TUM STUDENTS.Dr. Anshuman Tripathi, Jyothi Nirupam, Nishanthi DuraisamyNTU and TUM students

In the context of the educational program ”Global Drive“ by the Lehrstuhl für Fahrzeugtechnik (FTM) at the

Technische Universität München (TUM), the project “bike to go” is conducted in cooperation with the company

REHAU AG+Co. A team, comprised of four mechanical engineering students from TUM and two mechanical

engineering and two design students from NTU is assigned the task of designing and building a foldable

pedelec as an innovative mobility concept.

FACILITIES:School of Mechanical and Aerospace engineering- NTU

• Innovation lab

Clean Tech One - JTC

• Drive Train lab (motor genset, converter, 100 kW), Wind / Water tunnel testing, Tribology

• Energy Harvesting Lab

COLLABORATORS:1. Technische Universität München (TUM) - Nanyang Technological University (NTU) :

The TUM CREATE Centre for Electromobility is a joint-research collaboration program sponsored jointly by

National Research Foundation (NRF), TUM and NTU. The fi ve year program will support 100 researchers in

Singapore and Germany and includes collaborations with companies such as Bosch, EADS, IBM, Siemens,

Infi neon, SERIS, TUV, STKinetics and Gemalto.

2. Induct:

The two-year collaboration will contribute to optimize Induct’s electric shuttle named NAVIA and enable it to

intermingle safely with traffi c in Singapore. ERI@N and Induct will also work to improve and enhance electric

vehicle battery reliability and charging speeds.

TEAM MEMBERS:• Anshuman Tripathi

• Kei Leong Ho

• Prof. Ng Heong Wah

• Ang Zhi Yoong

• Jyothi Nirupam

• Nishanthi Duraisamy

• Satyajit Athlekar

• Krithika Kandasamy

• Leong Kok foo

• Cheng Chai Siang

FLAGSHIP PROJECTS



FLAGSHIP PROJECTS

111

RENEWABLE ENERGY

INTEGRATION DEMONSTRATOR

- SINGAPORE (REIDS)



FLAGSHIP PROJECTS

112

The energy transitions initiated in industrialized

countries globally hinge around two main challenges:

a broader deployment of renewable energy sources

and the necessary associated integration of energy

storage, on one hand, and an ever more rational end-

use of energy, on the other.

R&D efforts are key to successfully implement any

energy transition policy; equally important are the

design and deployment of large-scale demonstrators

to illustrate the short-term progress which is possible

by way of the proper integration of technologies

already available or soon to be.

Recognizing that the specifi c energy supply

requirements related to isolated villages and islands,

as well as those arising during various natural

disasters or confl ict emergency situations, can be

attractively addressed by way of micro-grids, NTU

and ERI@N have launched a broad R&D effort in this

technology and have recently proposed a signifi cant

extension of these efforts by way of hybrid AC/DC

micro-grids providing for “plug-and-play” connectivity

of key renewable energy sources, using either AC or

DC, to provide energy to a wide range of AC or DC

loads. The micro-grid approach also facilitates the

integration of several energy storage technologies

carefully selected to properly address the particular

renewable energy and load confi gurations.

VISION and OBJECTIVE

The vision of the Renewable Energy Integration

Demonstrator in Singapore (REIDS) is to support

industry partners in the development and

commercialization of energy technologies through

Singapore, which would enable companies to address

opportunities in the growing renewable energy

and micro-grid integration technologies markets

globally. With its primary focus on support of industry

development, REIDS will also enhance Singapore’s

position as an energy innovation hub. At the same

time, REIDS will also support Singapore’s efforts to

diversify our energy mix, and increase effi ciency in the

end-use of energy.

The REIDS objective is to test and demonstrate, at

a large-scale level, the proper integration of a broad

range of renewable energy production – onshore and

offshore, energy storage and rational energy end-use

technologies to provide for the supply of a wide palette

of industrial, commercial and residential loads. The

REIDS initiative will provide a broad range of private

and public sector entities with a unique platform in

support of their on-going R&D efforts, as required for

early testing, followed by large scale demonstration

and eventually show-casing all along the usually long

energy technology and product development cycle.

Onshore projects conducted under REIDS are to

be carried out on the Pulau Semakau landfi ll. The

ashes of Singapore’s four large waste incineration

plants, which are fully integrated within Singapore’s

exemplary waste management, are deposited on

Pulau Semakau which, as a result, provides a highly

symbolic site to develop and promote the deployment

and integration of renewable energies.

The intent is also to see REIDS marine energy projects

conducted at two sites located offshore: Pulau

Semakau and St. John’s Island.

Hybrid micro-grid technologies will allow for fl exible -

“plug and play” - interconnectivity between the various

sources, storage components and end-uses such as

required, for example, to provide for the electrifi cation

of islands and remote villages as well as to rapidly

deploy energy supply and distribution systems during

emergency situations.

REIDS is to be a partnership, structured as a

consortium between: (a) Singapore public agencies,

(b) corporations active in the energy arena with a focus

on the integration of a broad range of sources, end-

uses and storage, and (c) academia and public R&D

institutions. ERI@N will lead the Consortium, with the

support of the Economic Development Board.



FLAGSHIP PROJECTS

113

ECOCAMPUS INITIATIVE



FLAGSHIP PROJECTS

114

The goal of the EcoCampus Initiative is to develop

a novel campus-wide sustainability framework with

demonstration sites to achieve 35% reduction in

energy, water and waste intensity by 2020 (baseline

2011). The EcoCampus covers the grounds of NTU’s

200 hectare campus in Singapore along with an

adjoining 50 hectares of JTC Corporation’s CleanTech

Park, which is Singapore’s fi rst eco-business park,

hosting companies and institutions in the Clean

Environment Technology domain. The NTU campus

has more than 100 existing buildings and will be

adding a few new developments, consistent with

its longer term master plan. CleanTech Park started

construction in 2010 (with one building in operation

since early 2012) and will have 25 buildings upon

completion in 2030.

The three underlying thrusts for EcoCampus are:

1. Research, Development, Demonstration and

Deployment for innovative technologies in the

energy effi ciency and sustainability domain

2. Living lab philosophy using own buildings and

infrastructure for technology test-bedding

3. Industry collaboration as a corner-stone for green-

growth and sustainable development

The EcoCampus Initiative was offi cially launched on

30 April 2014. Approximately 100 people attended

including government representatives, company

delegates, media, and NTU professors and staff.

Minister S. Iswaran served as the Guest of Honour for

the event.

EVENTS AND VISITS



EVENTS & VISITS

117

EVENTS & VISITS 2012JAN

• Visit by Paul Jacquet, President of Grenoble

Institute of Technology, and MOU Signing

• SinBerBEST Workshop

• UK - Singapore Symposium: New Approaches to

Emerging Energy Systems

• Visit by Prof Gregor Henze, University of Colorado

Boulder, and seminar on “Advanced Building

Controls: Opportunities and Challenges”

FEB

• Joint Industry Programme (JIP) on Offshore

Renewables Quarterly Workshop (#1)

• Maritime Security Workshop

• Visit by China Guangdong Nuclear Solar Energy

Development Company (CGN-SEDC) and MOU

Signing

MAR

• Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI) - Maritime

Energy Systems Workshop

• CGE and Energy-Economy Modeling Workshop

• Visit by International Center for Numerical Methods

in Engineering (CIMNE) and MOU signing

• Seminar on “Graphene-Based and Graphene-

Derived Materials and their Properties” by Prof

Rod Ruoff, Cockrell Family Regents Chair, The

University of Texas at Austin

APR

• Visit by National Renewable Energy Laboratory

(NREL) and Workshop

• Visit by Dr Michael Häupl, Mayor and Governor of

Vienna, and joint workshop with Austrian Institute

of Technology (AIT) “Smart and Sustainable Cities

– A Dialogue between Vienna and Singapore”and

MOU signing between NTU, AIT and Building &

Construction Authority (BCA)

• Seminar on “Canadian Tar Sands, US National

Energy Security & Striving for Sustainability:

Is There an Incompatibility?” by Visiting Prof

Alexander J.B. Zehnder

MAY

• Lecture on “Application of Nanoparticles for the

development of modern building materials with

improved performance” by Dr. Torsten Kowald

• JIP Quarterly Workshop (#2)

• Seminar on “AC Current Regulation, Fact and

Fiction” by Professor Grahame Holmes, Royal

Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)

• Visit by President and NTU Chancellor Dr Tony Tan

• Visit by Prof Juan Bisquert and seminar on

“Concepts of solar energy conversion with

nanoheterostructures”

• Seminar on “Light trapping in thin-fi lm solar cells:

towards the Lambertian limit” by Prof Lucio Claudio

Andreani, University of Pavia, Italy

JUN

• Signing of RCA between NTU, Housing

Development Board (HDB) and Akzo Nobel

• ERI@N Joint Management Board & Scientifi c

Advisory Board (SAB) Meeting

• 2nd International Workshop on Natural and Artifi cial

Photosynthesis, Bioenergetics and Sustainability

• Offi cial Launch of Interdisciplinary Graduate

School (IGS)

• Seminar on “Research and Development of Dye-

Sensitized Solar Cells at the Center for Molecular

Devices” by Prof Anders Hagfeldt, Uppsala

University, Sweden

• Seminar on “Applying Science and Mathematics to

Big Data for Smarter Planet” by Dr Young Min Lee,

Researcher, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center,

USA.

JUL

• Seminar on “Positive Electrode Materials from

Earth-Abundant Elements for Advanced Li/Na

batteries” by Asst Prof Naoaki Yabuuchi, Tokyo

University of Science

• Workshop on “Memsys V-MEMD (Vacuum Multi-

Effect Membrane Distillation)” by Mr Wolfgang

Heinzl, Shareholder and Director of Memsys

Clearwater



EVENTS & VISITS

118

• Seminar on “Powered Paint: Nanotech Solar Ink”

by Prof Brian Krogel, Department of Chemical

Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin

• Visit and Seminar on “Nano-structured Oxide

Platforms for Chemical Sensing and Beyond: A

Materials Design” by Prof Sheikh A. Akbar, Ohio

State University, USA

• Visit by Prof Horst Friedrich, Director, German

Aerospace Centre (DLR) Institute of Vehicle

Concepts and MOU Signing between NTU, DLR

and Technical University of Munich (TUM)

• Science Festival 2012 : Talks and X-periment 2012

AUG

• Seminar on “Cobalt-based Catalysts for Water-

splitting” by Dr Vincent Artero, Commissariat à

l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives;

Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS, France

• Sustainable Earth Peak launch event and party

SEP

• 3rd TF-NTU Vietnam Programme

• Singapore Climate & Energy Sustainable

Programmeme

• NTU-Toshiba Green Data Centre Completion

Ceremony

• Visit by Prof Nick Collings, University of Cambridge

+ Seminar on oxygen sensors (UEGO’s) for IC

engine measurements

• National Energy Effi ciency Conference 2012

OCT

• Seminar on “Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of

Intercalation Compounds: Charging and Kinetics

Mechanisms” by Prof Germà Garcia-Belmonte,

, Department of Physics (Photovoltaic and

Optoelectronic Devices Group), Universitat Jaume

I, Castelló, Spain

• Seminar on “Understanding Mechanical Properties

of Disordered Solids: How Computer Simulations

Can Help” by Professor Jean-Louis Barrat,

Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble and Institut

Universitaire de France

• Seminar by Prof Julie K. Lundquist (UC Boulder)

on “Addressing energy and air quality challenges

with boundary-layer meteorology: modeling and

observational studies”

• Talk by Prof Davide Comoretto (University of

Genoa, Italy) on “Overviewing Energy Materials

Research at University of Genoa and possible

collaboration Projects with NTU”

• Offshore Renewable Energy Conference (OREC)

2012

• Seminar by Dr Abir Al-Tabbaa, Cambridge

NOV

• Distinguished Visitor Lecture: “Nuclear Energy

Options – A Quickly Evolving Landscape” by

Professor Robin Grimes, Imperial College

• Seminar on “Template synthesis of Nanomaterials

for energy and sensing applications” by

Mohammed Es-Souni, Institute for Materials &

Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences

Kiel, Germany

• Maritime Institute (MI@NTU) Maritime Energy

System (MES) Workshop

• Seminar on “New Frontiers in Polymer Based

Supercapacitor Materials” by Prof. Chapal Kumar

Das, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,

India

• Seminar by Prof Dr. Dieter Gantenbein

• Launch of CREATE Campus

• Seminar on “Power Systems with Renewable

Energy Sources: Modeling, Simulation and Control”

by Visiting Assoc Prof Jan Tadeusz Bialasiewicz

(EEE)

• Launch of BEARS - SinBeRISE and SinBeBEST /

Open House

• Seminar on “System Characterization through Its

Signals Analysis Using Wavelet Scalogram and

Coscalogram” by Visiting Assoc Prof Jan Tadeusz

Bialasiewicz (EEE)

• SMI Forum 2012

• Workshop on “ASHRAE Recommended Demand

Ventilation Control Solution -Slash Singapore

Energy Up to 50% with Demand Based Control”

by Mr Gordon P. Sharp: Chairman Aircuity, Former

President/CEO Phoenix Controls, Board of

Directors I2SL

DEC

• Workshop on Scalable Innovation based on the

Stanford curriculum



EVENTS & VISITS

119

EVENTS & VISITS 2013JAN

• Visit by University of Maryland (students)

• Visit by NRF Fellowship Finalists, 18-25 January

2013

• Visit to ERI@N by foreign journalists (GYSS)

• Visit by Prof Freddy Boey, NTU Provost

• Visit by participants of Global Young Scientists

Summit (GYSS@one-north) - Presentation

• Visit by Prof Eric Cornell

• Visit by NAP Finalists to Research Centres

• Visit by Ministry of Trade and Industry

FEB

• ERIAN-BCA Consultancy Workshop #1

• Workshop on “Green Building Envelopes and

Materials in the Tropics – Challenges and

Opportunities” - jointly organised by NTU, IMRE

and AIT

• Workshop on Southeast Asian Collaboration on

Ocean Renewable Energy (SEAcORE): What Do

Experts Say?

MAR

• JIP Quarterly Workshop (5th)

• ERIAN-BCA Consultancy Workshop #2

• Environmental Awareness Campaign 2013

APR

• Visit by Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean

• Workshop on Technologies for solar cooling in

tropical climates

• Visit by Chancellor of University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign and delegation

• Seminar on “Evolution of Global Electricity

Markets: Lessons for Singapore?” by Dr. Fereidoon

Sioshansi from Menlo Energy Economics

• Introduction to Carbocrete Workshop on Carbon

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

• BMW-NTU Future Mobility Research Joint

Laboratory Opening and Master Research

Collaboration Agreement Signing Ceremony

BMW-NTU Future Mobility Research Joint Laboratory Opening



EVENTS & VISITS

120

Offi cial Launch of the Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab

MAY

• Seminar by Dr James Brasseur, Pennsylvania

State University on “The Structure of Atmospheric

Turbulence as a Function of Stability State with

reference to Wind Turbine Function”

• ERI@N - EEE World First Hybrid AC/DC Grid

Energy Management


• Unity Secondary School Innovation Challenge

Workshop

• Seminar on “Perspectives on Managing Water

Resources” by Dr. Sean McKenna, Senior Manager,

Smarter Cities Technology Center, IBM Research,

Ireland

• Seminar on “Non-Imaging Optics and Solar

Thermal Energy” by Professor Roland Winston,

School of Engineering, School of Natural Sciences,

University of California Merced

JUN

• UK-South East Asia Nuclear Safety and Technology

Conference (NSTC)

• Visit by Minister for National Development Khaw

Boon Wan

• Green Data Centre Symposium

• Future Systems For Building Technology

• Visit and Seminar on “The Energy Challenges in

Switzerland in the Context of a Nuclear Power

Phase-Out and UE Relations” by Prof Prof Hans

Björn Püttgen, École polytechnique fédérale de

Lausanne (EPFL)

• Urban Sustainability R&D Congress 2013 Exhibition

JUL

• Visit/Seminar on “Multiscale modeling of nano-

engineered composites: A roadmap towards virtual

testing” by Javier LLorca

• Seminar on “The Opto-Electronic Physics Which

Just Broke the Effi ciency Record in Solar Cells”

by Prof Eli Yablonovitch, University of California,

Berkeley

• Design Charrette for SPS for North Spine Academic

Building

• SinBerBEST ERI@N Workshop

• Offi cial Opening of Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate

Lab



EVENTS & VISITS

121

EVENTS & VISITS 2013AUG

• Offi cial Opening of CleanTech One


• Seminar on “Innovation in reducing energy

consumption and turning to renewables -

opportunities for entrepreneurs?” By Prof Uwe

Schulz, Lucerne University of Applied Science and

Arts, Switzerland

SEP

• Seminar on “The California Lighting Technology

Center-a laboratory to marketplace perspective

in energy effi ciency” by Prof Michael Siminovitch,

Director of the California Lighting Technology

Center and Rosenfeld Chair in Energy Effi ciency,

University of California Davis

• Public Lecture on “The Science of Materials:

From Commonly Encountered Materials to Tailor-

made Materials” by Prof Yves Brechet, Professor

of Materials Science and Engineering at the

University Grenoble INP, adjunct Professor at Mc

Master (Canada) and Jiaotong (China)

OCT

• College de France Lecture Series by Prof Yves

Brechet, Professor of Materials Science and

Engineering at the University Grenoble INP, adjunct

Professor at McMaster (Canada) and Jiaotong

(China)

• Seminar on “Novel Solar and Lamp Ablation

Methods for Synthesizing Inorganic Nanomaterials”

by Prof Jeffrey Gordon, Department of Solar Energy

and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University

of the Negev

• Seminar on “Diametric Strategies for Ultra-Effi cient

Photovoltaics” by Prof Jeffrey Gordon, Department

of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-

Gurion University of the Negev

• Seminar on “Modelling and Simulation of Electrical

Energy Systems through a Complex Systems

Approach” by Dr Enrique Kremers, European

Institute for Energy Research (EIFER)

• Asia Future Energy Forum 2013(AFEF),

incorporating OREC 2013

• Asia Smart Grid & Electromobility (ASGE) 2013

(with TUM-CREATE)

NOV

• MOU Signing with European Marine Energy Centre

(EMEC)

• MOU Signing with National Ocean Technology

Center (NOTC), China cum visit by Mr Luo Xuye,

Director-General of NOTC

• NTU- Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC)

tidal turbine offi cial commissioning and exhibit

launch

• ERI@N Scientifi c Workshop #1

• EDB Mid Term Review

• Visit by Dr Tony Tan, President of Singapore

DEC

• Visit and Seminar on “Open Innovation Activities

in the Field of Energy at Total” by Prof Dr Philippe

A. Tanguy, Vice-President, International Scientifi c

Development, Total, Berlin. Adjunct Professor of

Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Mont



EVENTS & VISITS

122

Offi cial Launch of the EcoCampus Initiative, 30 April 2014

SELECTEDPUBLICATIONS



PUBLICATIONS

125

SELECTED PUBLICATIONSRashedi, I. Sridhar and K.J.Tseng (2012)

Life cycle assessment of 50 MW Wind Turbines and strategies for Impact Reduction

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Chen Shuaixun, Gooi Hoay Beng, Wang MingQiang and Xia Nan (2012)

Modelling of Lithium-ion Battery for Online Energy Management Systems

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, 2(4), 202-210

Guichuan Xing, Yile Liao, Xiangyang Wu, Sabyasachi Chakrabortty, Xinfeng Liu, Edwin K. L. Yeow, Yinthai Chan, and Tze

Chien Sum (2012)

Ultralow Threshold Two-Photon Pumped Amplifi ed Spontaneous Emission and Lasing from Seeded CdSe/CdS

Nanorod Heterostructures

ACS Nano, 6, 10835 – 10844

V. Aravindan and P. Vickraman (2012)

Effect of ionic conductivity during the aging of polyvinylidenefl uoride-hexafl uoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) membrane

impregnated with different lithium salts

Indian Journal of Physics

Tran, PD; Nguyen, M; Pramana, SS; Bhattacharjee, A; Chiam, SY; Fize, J; Field, MJ; Artero, V; Wong, LH ; Loo, J; Barber,

J. (2012)

Copper molybdenum sulfi de: a new effi cient electrocatalyst for hydrogen production from water

Energy and Environmental Science, 5(10), 8912-8916

Tran, P. D., Pramana, S. S., Kale, V. S., Nguyen, M., Chiam, S. Y., Batabyal, S. K., Wong, L. H., Barber, J., Loo, J. (2012)

Novel Assembly of an MoS2 Electrocatalyst onto a Silicon Nanowire Array Electrode to Construct a Photocathode

Composed of Elements Abundant on the Earth for Hydrogen Generation

Chemistry - A European Journal, 18(44), 13994-13999

Phong D. Tran and J. Barber. (2012)

Proton reduction to hydrogen in biological and chemical systems

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14, 13772-13784

S.M.G. Yang, V. Aravindan, W.I. Cho, D.R. Chang, H.S. Kim and Y.S. Lee (2012)

Realizing the performance of LiCoPO4 cathodes by Fe substitution with off-stoichiometry

Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Y.L. Cheah, V. Aravindan and S. Madhavi (2012)

Improved elevated temperature performance of Al-intercalated V2O5 electrospun nanofi bers for lithium-ion

batteries

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces



PUBLICATIONS

126

Prabhakar, RR; Pramana, SS; Karthik, KRG; Sow, CH; Jinesh, KB (2012)

Ultra-thin conformal deposition of CuInS2 on ZnO nanowires by chemical spray pyrolysis

Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(28), 13965-13968.

Tran, PD; Batabyal, SK; Pramana, SS; Barber, J; Wong, LH; Loo, SCJ (2012)

A cuprous oxide-reduced graphene oxide (Cu2O-rGO) composite photocatalyst for hydrogen generation: employing

rGO as an electron acceptor to enhance the photocatalytic activity and stability of Cu2O

Nanoscale, 4(13), 3875-3878

H.C. Foong, Y. Zheng, Y.K. Tan, M. T. Tan. (2012)

Fast-Transient Integrated Digital DC-DC Converter With Predictive and Feedforward Control.

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I-Regular Papers, 59(7), 1567-1576.

Y.K. Tan, T. P. Huynh, Z.Z. Wang (2012)

Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for Energy Saving in DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System IEEE

Transactions on Smart Grid, in-third-review

Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman K. Halgamuge, Thomas Scherer, Wolfgang Schott (2012)

Minimizing the thermal impact of computing equipment upgrades in data centers

Energy and Buildings, 50, 81-92

Saliya Jayasekara, Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman K. Halgamuge (2012)

Enhanced thermal performance of absorption chillers fi red by multiple dynamic heat sources

International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 13(7), 1231-1238

V. Aravindan, Y.L. Cheah, G. Wee, B.V.R. Chowdari and S. Madhavi (2012)

Fabrication of high energy density hybrid supercapacitors using electrospun V2O5 nanofi bers with self-supported

carbon nanotube network.

ChemPlusChem

P. Suresh Kumar, R. Sahay, V. Aravindan, J. Sundaramurthy, W. Chui Ling, V. Thavasi, S.G. Mhaisalkar, S. Madhavi and S.

Ramakrishna (2012)

Free standing electrospun carbon nanofi bers - A high performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics, (Accepted)

V. Aravindan, M.V. Reddy, G.V. Subba Rao, B.V.R. Chowdari and S. Madhavi (2012)

Electrochemical Performance of α-MnO2 Nanorods/Activated Carbon Hybrid Supercapacitor Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology Letters

M. Kakran, N. G. Sahoo*, L. Li, Z. Judeh. (2012)

Fabrication of Quercetin Nanoparticles by Anti-solvent Precipitation Method for Enhanced Dissolution

Powder Technology, 223, 59-64



PUBLICATIONS

127

Subiantoro A., Ooi K.T. (2012)

Experimental Investigation of the Revolving Vane (RV-I) Expander

Applied Thermal Engineering, accepted

Lifei Xi, Phong D. Tran, Sing Yang Chia, Saurabh Bassi Prince, Wai Fatt Mak, Hemant Kumar Mulmudi, Sudip K. Batabyal,

James Barber, Joachim Say Chye Loo, Lydia H. Wong (2012)

Co3O4 decorated hematite nanorods as photoanode for solar water oxidation

Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 13884-13889

V. Aravindan, W. Chui Ling, M.V. Reddy, G.V. Subba Rao, B.V.R. Chowdari and S. Madhavi (2012) Carbon coated nano-

LiTi2(PO4)3 electrode for non-aqueous hybrid supercapacitor

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

Phong D. Tran, Sudip K. Batabyal, Stevin S. Pramana, James Barber, Lydia H. Wong, Joachim S. C. Loo (2012)

Cuprous Oxide/ reduced Graphene Oxide (Cu2O/rGO) Composite PhotoCatalyst for Hydrogen Generation:

Employing rGO as Electron Acceptor to Enhance Photocatalytic Activities and Stability of Cu2O

Nanoscale, In press, 10.1039/C2NR30881A

Prabhakar, R. R., Mathews, N., Jinesh, K. B., Karthik, K. R. G., Pramana, S. S., Varghese, B., Sow, C. H., Mhaisalkar, S

(2012)

Effi cient multispectral photodetection using Mn doped ZnO nanowires

Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 9678-9683

Lifei Xi , Prince Saurabh Bassi , Sing Yang Chiam, Mak Wai Fatt, Phong D. Tran, James Barber, Joachim Loo and Lydia

Helena Won (2012)

Surface treatment of hematite photoanodes with zinc acetate for water oxidation.

Nanoscale, In press, DOI: 10.1039/C2NR30862B

Subiantoro, K.T. Ooi. (2012)

Analysis of the revolving vane (RV-0) expander, part 2: Verifi cations of theoretical models

International Journal of Refrigeration, In Press

Than Zaw Oo, R. Devi Chandra, Natalia Yantara, Rajiv Ramanujam Prabhakar, Lydia H. Wong, Nripan Mathews, Subodh

G. Mhaisalkar (2012)

Zinc Tin Oxide (ZTO) electron transporting buffer layer in inverted organic solar cell

Organic Electronics, 13(5), 870

N.G. Sahoo, Y. Pan, L. Li, S.W. Chan (2012)

Graphene-based Materials for Energy Conversion

Advanced Materials

Fengxia Wei, Tom Baikie, Tao An, Christian Kloc, Jun Wei, and Tim White (2012)

Crystal Chemistry of Melilite [CaLa]2[Ga]2[Ga2O7]2: a Five Dimensional Solid Electrolyte

Inorganic Chemistry, 51(10), 5941-5949



PUBLICATIONS

128

Tom Baikie, Martin K. Schreyer, Chui Ling Wong, Stevin S. Pramana, Wim T. Klooster, Cristiano Ferraris, Garry J. McIntyre,

and T. J. White (2012)

A Multi-Domain Gem-Grade Brazilian Apatite

American Mineralogist, in press

K. Karthikeyan, S. Amaresh, G.W. Lee, V. Aravindan, H. Kim, K.S. Kang, W.S.Kim and Y.S. Lee (2012)

Electrochemical performance of cobalt free, Li1.2(Mn0.32Ni0.32Fe0.16)O2 cathodes for lithium batteries

Electrochimica Acta

D.Y.W. Yu, Y. Reynier, J. Dodd Cardema, Y. Ozawa and R. Yazami (2012)

Thermodynamic Study of Lithium-ion Battery Materials

MRS Proceedings, 1388

Kale, V. S., Prabhakar, R. R., Pramana, S. S., Rao, M., Sow, C.-H., Jinesh, K. B., Mhaisalkar, S. G (2012)

Enhanced electron fi eld emission properties of high aspect ratio silicon nanowire-zinc oxide core-shell arrays

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14, 4614-4619

R. S. Chaughule, S. Purushotham, R. V. Ramanujan (2012)

Magnetic Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, IN PRESS (IN PRESS), IN PRESS

Subiantoro, K.T. Ooi. (2012)

Analysis of the revolving vane (RV-0) expander, part 1: Experimental investigations

International Journal of Refrigeration, In Press

Bhaarathi Natarajan, Luigi Genovese, Mark E. Casida, Thierry Deutsch, Olga N. Burchak, Christian Philouze, Maxim Y.

Balakirev (2012)

Wavelet-based linear-response time-dependent density-functional theory

Chemical physics

Ashish Panda and Thambipillai Srikanthan (2012)

Psychoacoustic Model Compensation for Robust Speaker Verifi cation in Environmental Noise

IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing, 20(3), 945-953

Chen SX, Gooi HB and Wang MQ (2012)

Sizing of Energy Storage for Microgrids

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), 142-151

R. Prasanth, V. Aravindan and S. Madhavi (2012)

Novel polymer electrolyte based on cob-web electrospun multi component polymer blend of polyacrylonitrile/

poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene for lithium ion batteries-Preparation and electrochemical characterization

Journal of Power Sources, 202, 299-307



PUBLICATIONS

129

Y.L. Cheah, V. Aravindan and S. Madhavi (2012)

Electrochemical lithium insertion behavior of combustion synthesized V2O5 cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 159(3), A273-A280

Zheng Bang Lim, Hairong Li, Shuangyong Sun, Jun Yan Lek, Abbie Trewin, Yeng Ming Lam, Andrew C. Grimsdale. (2012)

New 3D supramolecular Zn(II)-coordinated self-assembled organic networks

Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 6218-6231

Jenny Gun, Sneha A. Kulkarni, Wang Xiu, Sudip K. Batabyal, Sergey Sladkevich, Petr V. Prikhodchenko, Vitaly Gutkin,

Ovadia Lev (2012)

Graphene Oxide Organogel Electrolyte for Quasi Solid Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Electrochemistry Communications, 19, 108-110

R. Cho, J. N. Son, V. Aravindan, H. Kim, K. S. Kang, W. S. Yoon, W. S. Kim and Y. S. Lee (2012)

Carbon supported, Al doped-Li3V2(PO4)3 as a high rate cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(14), 6556-6560

Wang Zhiyu, Zhou Liang, Lou Xiong Wen(2012)

Metal oxide hollow nanostructures for lithium-ion batteries

Advanced Materials, 24, 1903

Yi Zeng, Wenyu. Zhang, Chen Xu, Ni Xiao, Yizhong. Huang, Denis Y.W. Yu, Huey Hoon Hng, Qingyu Yan (2012)

One-Step Solvothermal Synthesis of Single Crystalline TiOF2 Nanotubes with High Lithium-ion Battery Performance

Chemistry - A European Journal, 18, 4026

Pushkar Kanhere, Jianwei Zheng, Chen Zhong (2012)

Synthesis, optical properties and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over Bi3+ Doped NaTaO3 photocatalyst

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

MNA Hawlader and Zakaria Mohd. Amin (2012)

Desalination Of Seawater Using Solar, Ambient Energy And Waste Heat From Air Conditioning System

Desalination and Water Treatment Journal, 42(1-3), 235-240

H.K.F. Cheng, T. Basu, N.G. Sahoo*, L. Li, S.H. Chan (2012)

Current Advances in the Carbon Nanotube/Thermotropic Main-chained Liquid Crystalline Polymer Nanocomposites

and Their Blends

Polymers, 4, 889-912

S.A. Mousavi Shaegh, N.T. Nguyen, S.H. Chan (2012)

Air-breathing membraneless laminar fl ow-based fuel cell with fl ow-through anode

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(4), 3466–3476



PUBLICATIONS

130

Y. Luo, J. Jiang, W. Zhou, H. Yang, J. Jiang, X. Qi, H. Zhang, D.Y.W. Yu, C.M. Li and T. Yu (2012)

Self-assembly of Well-ordered Whisker-like Manganese Oxide Arrays on Carbon Fiber Paper and Its Application

as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors

Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 8634

Juan Sun, Cheng Sun, Sudip K. Batabyal, Phong D. Tran, Stevin S. Pramana, Lydia H. Wong, Subodh G. Mhaisalkar.

(2012)

Morphology and stoichiometry control of hierarchical CuInSe2/SnO2 nanostructures by directed electrochemical

assembly for solar energy harvesting

Electrochemistry Communications, 15(1), 18-21

Li, H., Baikie, T., Pramana, S. S., Shin, J. F., Slater, P. R., Brink, F., Hester, J., Wallwork, K., White, T. J. (2012)

Synthesis and characterisation of vanadium doped alkaline earth lanthanum germanate oxyapatite electrolyte

Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(6), 2658-2669

X. M. Ge, Y. N. Fang, and S. H. Chan (2012)

Design and optimisation of composite electrodes in solid oxide cells

Fuel Cells, 12(1), 61-76

Muthu MS, Kulkarni SA,Liu Y, Feng SS. (2012)

Development of docetaxel-loaded vitamin E TPGS micelles: formulation optimization, effects on brain cancer cells

and biodistribution in rats

Nanomedicine, 7(3), 353-364

Muthu MS, Kulkarni SA, Raju A, Feng SS (2012)

Theranostics liposomes of TPGS coating for targeted co-delivery docetaxel and quantum dots

Biomaterials, 33(12), 3494-3501

Teck Lip Tam, Hong Hup Ronnie Tan, Wanting Ye, Subodh G. Mhaisalkar, and Andrew C. Grimsdale (2012)

One-Pot Synthesis of 4,8-Dibromobenzo[1,2-d;4,5-d ]bistriazole and Synthesis of its Derivatives as New Units for

Conjugated Materials

Organic Letters, 14(2), 532-535

V. Aravindan and M. Umadevi (2012)

Synthesis and characterization of novel LiFeBO3/C cathodes for lithium batteries

Ionics, 18(1-2), 27-30

Rashedi, I. Sridhar, K.J. Tseng (2012)

Multi-objective material selection for wind turbine blade and tower: Ashby’s approach

Materials and Design, 37, 521-532

Ahmad Serjouei, Idapalapati Sridhar, Wong Ee Hua (2012)

On the design of Bi-Layer Armor Materials

Solid State Phenomena, 185, 48-50



PUBLICATIONS

131

Y. Luo, J. Luo, J. Jiang, W. Zhou, H. Yang, X. Qi, H. Zhang, H. Fan, D.Y.W. Yu, C.M. Li and T. Yu (2012)

Seed-assisted Synthesis of Highly Ordered TiO2@ -Fe2O3 Core/Shell Arrays on Carbon Textiles for Lithium-ion

Battery Applications.

Energy and Environmental Science, 5, 6559

Phong D. Tran, Lydia H. Wong, James Barber, Joachim S.C Loo (2012)

Recent advances in hybrid photocatalysts for solar fuel production

Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 5902-5918

H.K.F. Cheng, Y. Pan, N.G. Sahoo, K. Chong, L. Li, S.H. Chan, J. Zhao (2012)

Improvement in Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene Nanocomposites Through

Homogeneous Dispersion with the Aid of Surfactants

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 124, 1117-1127

Tang, Y, Wee, P., Lai, Y., Wang, X., Gong, D., Kanhere, P.D., Lim, T.-T., Dong, Z , Chen, Z (2012)

Hierarchical TiO2 nanofl akes and nanoparticles hybrid structure for improved photocatalytic activity

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

M. Kakran, R. Shegokar, N. G. Sahoo, S. Gohla, L. Li, R. H. Müller (2012)

Long term stability of quercetin nanocrystals prepared by different methods

Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmacology

M. Kakran, R. Shegokar, N. G. Sahoo, A. Shaal, L. Li, R. H. Müller (2012)

Fabrication of quercetin nanocrystals: Comparison of different methods

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 80, 113-121

M. Kakran, N. G. Sahoo, I-L. Tan, L. Li. (2012)

Preparation of Nanoparticles of Poorly Water Soluble Antioxidant Curcumin by Antisolvent Precipitation Methods

Journal of Nanoparticle Research

J. Liu, L. Lai, N.G. Sahoo*, W. Zhou,Z. Shen, S.W. Chan (2012)

Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials for Fuel Cell Applications

Australian Journal of Chemistry

H.K.F. Cheng, N.G. Sahoo, Y.P. Tan, Y. Pan, H. Bao, K. Chong, L. Li, S.H. Chan, J. Zhao (2012)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites Filled with Poly(vinyl alcohol)-grafted Graphene Oxide

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Muthu MS, Kulkarni SA, Xiong J, Feng SS (2012)

Vitamin E TPGS coated liposomes enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of docetaxel in brain cancer cells

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 421, 332-340



PUBLICATIONS

132

X. Feng, H. B. Gooi and S. X. Chen (2012)

An Improved Lithium-ion Battery Model with Temperature Prediction Considering Entropy

IEEE PES ISGT

Nirnaya Sarangan and Y.K. Tan (2012)

Optimal Power Interface Topology for DC Grid Connected LED Lighting System (in-review)

3rd IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET’12)

Subhadeep Bhattacharya and Y.K.Tan (2012)

Design of Static Wireless Charging Coils for Integration into Electric Vehicle (in-review)

3rd IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET’12)

Nirnaya Sarangan, Yen Kheng Tan (2012)

Optimal Power Interface Topology for DC Grid Connected LED Lighting System

IEEE-ICSET 2012

Heshan Fernando, Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman Halgamuge (2012)

Can a Data Center Heat-Flow Model Be Scaled Down?

IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability

Leong Hai Koh, Yen Kheng Tan, Peng Wang, Kingjet Tseng (2012)

Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grids: Problems and Solutions - Singapore Experience

2012 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting

M. Q. Wang, and H. B. Gooi (2012)

Spinning Reserve Estimation in Microgrids

IEEE Power&Energy Society General Meeting, 2012

Subiantoro A., Ooi K.T. (2012)

Investigation of the Centrifugal Force Effect to a Revolving Vane (RV) Machine

21st International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue

Jayantha Siriwardana, Saman K. Halgamuge (2012)

2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation: Fast Shortest Path Optimization by Shuttle Streaming of

Physarum Polycephalum

2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (pp. 1-8) Brisbane, Australia: IEEE

Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Kiat Seng Yeo, Xiong Liu, and Wei Meng Lim (2012)

A 44-to-60GHz, 9.7dBm P1dB, 7.1% PAE Power Amplifi er with 2D Distributed Power Combining by Metamaterial-

based Zero-Phase-Shifter in 65nm CMOS

IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Montreal, Canada, (pp. 1-3)

Michael L. S. Abundo; Ma. Rosario C. O. Ang; Mario Buhali Jr.; Arjay Cayetano (2012, May ) Development of an Integrated

Multi-Site & Multi-Device Rapid Evaluation Tool for Tidal Energy Planning

11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Venice-Athens-Italy-Greece



PUBLICATIONS

133

Michael L. S. Abundo; Ma. Rosario C. O. Ang; Mario Buhali Jr.; Arjay Cayetano. (2012, May )

Tidal In-Stream Energy Density Estimates for Pre-Identifi ed Sites in the Philippines Using a Tide Height Difference-

Based Metric

11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Venice-Athens-Italy-Greece

Pushkar Kanhere, Jianwei Zheng and Chen Zhong (2012)

1. Design and Synthesis of Visible-light Active Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen Production: An Example with

Doped NaTaO3 System

UK-Singapore symposium: New approaches to emerging energy systems

Michael Abundo, Allan Nerves, Enrico Paringit, Cesar Villanoy (2012)

Energy Procedia Vol 14: A Combined Multi-Site and Multi-Device Decision Support System for Tidal In-Stream

Energy

2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy Eng ineering (pp. 812-817)Elsevier Ltd

Ge Xiaoming (2012)

Lanthanum Strontium Vanadate in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG.

Yen Kheng Tan and King Jet Tseng (2012)

Low Voltage DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System with Smart Ambient Sensors Control for Energy Conservation

in Green Building

Smart Grid Infrastructure & Networking. (pp. Chapter 10).

Josep M. Guerrero and Yen Kheng Tan (2012)

Multiple Distributed Smart Microgrids with Self-Autonomous Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network

Smart Grid Infrastructure & Networking. (pp. Chapter 11)

Yen Kheng Tan, Yuanjin Zheng, Huey Chian Foong (2012)

Ultralow Power Management Circuit for Optimal Energy Harvesting in Wireless Body Area Network

Advanced Circuits for Emerging Technologies. (pp. Chapter 7)

Mark E Casida, Bhaarathi Natarajan, Thierry Deutsch (2012)

Non-Born-Oppenheimer dynamics and conical intersections

Fundamentals of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (pp. 279--298)

Bhaarathi Natarajan, Mark E. Casida, Luigi Genovese, Mark E. Casida, and Thierry Deutsch (2012)

Wavelet-based linear-response time-dependent density-functional theory

Theoretical and Computational Methods in Modern Density Functional Theory. (pp. in press)

Guichuan Xing, Nripan Mathews, Shuangyong Sun, Swee Sien Lim, Yeng Ming Lam, Michael Grätzel, Subodh Mhaisalkar,

Tze Chien Sum,

Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3

Science 18 October 2013: Vol. 342 no. 6156 pp. 344-347



PUBLICATIONS

134

Guichuan Xing,

Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing

Nature Materials, 13, 476–480 (2014)

Li Baosheng, Chan Siew Hwa

PtFeNi tri-metallic alloy nanoparticles as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange

membrane fuel cells with ultra-low Pt loading

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 38, Issue 8, 19 March 2013, Pages 3338–3345

Chang Wei-Chung, Zhou Jin

An improved life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) approach for assessing aquatic eco-toxic impact of brine

disposal from seawater desalination plants

Desalination, Volume 308, 2 January 2013, Pages 233–241

Chang Wei-Chung

Decentralized optimization for vapor compression refrigeration cycle

Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 51, Issues 1–2, March 2013, Pages 753–763

Bernard Ng Jia Han, Zhang Jiefeng, Apostolos Giannis, Chang Wei-CWang Jing-Yuan

Adaptation of urine source separation in tropical cities: Process optimization and odor mitigation

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2013 Apr; 63(4):472-81.

Liu Bianxia, Apostolos Giannis, Zhang Jiefeng, Chang Wei-Chung, Yang Linyan, Wang Jing-Yuan

Air stripping process for ammonia recovery from source-separated urine: Modeling and Optimization

Water Research

Liu Bianxia, Apostolos Giannis, Zhang Jiefeng, Chang Wei-Chung, Wang Jing-Yuan

Characterization of induced struvite formation from source-separated urine using seawater and brine as

magnesium sources

Chemeosphere, 2013 Nov;93(11):2738-47

Chang Wei-Chung

Removal of cytostatic drugs from aquatic environment: A review

Science of the Total Environment, 2013 Feb 15;445-446:281-98

Chang Wei-Chung

Human health and thermal comfort of offi ce workers in Singapore

Building and Environment, Volume 58, December 2012, Pages 172–178

Han Zhenan, Chang Wei-Chung, Wang Xiaoping, Lim Teik Thye, &Lynn Hildemann

Experimental study on visible-light induced photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous formaldehyde by polyester fi ber

supported photocatalysts

Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 218, 15 February 2013, Pages 9–18



PUBLICATIONS

135

Youngho Chang, Yanfei Li

Power Generation and Cross-border Grid Planning for the Integrated ASEAN Electricity Market: A Dynamic Linear

Programmeming Model

Energy strategy reviews, Volume 2, Issue 2, September 2013, Pages 153–160

Riko. I Made; Eric Phua Jian Rong; Stevin Snellius Panama; Wong Chee Cheong; Chen Zhong; Alfred Tok Ling Yoong;

Gan Chee Lip

Improved Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Alumina Substrate via Iron Doping

Scripta Materialia, Volume 68, Issue 11, June 2013, Pages 869–872

Zhang, Y. Y.; Tang, Y. X.; Liu, X. F.; Dong, Z. L.; Hng, H. H.; Chen, Z.; Sum, T. C.; Chen, X. D.

Three-Dimensional CdS–Titanate Composite Nanomaterials for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution

Small, Volume 9, Issue 7, pages 996–1002, April 8, 2013

Gao J, Cao S, Tay Q, Liu Y, Yu L, Ye K, Mun PCS, Li Y, Rakesh G, Loo SCJ, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Xue C, Zhang Q

Molecule-Based Water-Oxidation Catalysts (WOCs): Cluster-Size-Dependent Dye-Sensitized Polyoxometalates

for Visible-Light-Driven O2 Evolution

Scientifi c Reports, 5/17/2013, Vol. 3, p1

Ahmed Sharif, Lim Jun Zhang, Lau Fu Long, Riko I Made, Eric Phua Jian Rong, Lim Ju Dy, Wong Chee Cheong, Gan Chee

Lip, Chen Zhong

Pb-Free Glass Paste-A Metallization-Free Die Attachment Solution for High Temperature Application on Ceramic

Substrates

Journal of Electronic Materials, August 2013, Volume 42, Issue 8, pp 2667-2676

Gilbert Foo, Z. Xinan, D. M. Vilathgamuwa

A Novel Speed, DC-Link Voltage and Current Sensor Fault Detection and Isolation in IPM Synchronous Motor

Drives using an Extended Kalman Filter

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(8), 3485-3495

T. D. Nguyen, Gilbert Foo, K. J. Tseng, D. M. Vilathgamuwa

Sensorless Control of a Dual-Airgap Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage System

IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 7 , Issue 2 , Feb. 2013, 140 - 149

Y. Chen, B. Schmidt and D.L. Maskell

A hybrid short read mapping accelerator

BMC Bioinformatics, 2013, 14:67

L.L. Jiang, D. L. Maskell and J. C. Patra

A Novel Ant Colony Optimization-based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems under Partially

Shaded Conditions

Energy and Buildings, Volume 58, March 2013, Pages 227–236



PUBLICATIONS

136

L.L. Jiang, D. L. Maskell and J. C. Patra

Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells and Modules using an Improved Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm

Applied Energy, Volume 112, December 2013, Pages 185–193

D. Nayanasiri, D M Vilathgamuwa and D L Maskell

Half-Wave Cycloconverter Based Photovoltaic Microinverter Topology with Phase Shift Power Modulation

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 28 , Issue 6, June 2013, 2700 - 2710

Jingshan Luo, Xinhui Xia, Yongsong Luo, Cao Guan, Jilei Liu, Xiaoying Qi, Chin Fan Ng, Ting Yu, Hua Zhang, and Hong

Jin Fan

Rational Designed Hierarchical TiO2@Fe2O3 Hollow Nanostructures for Improved Lithium Ion Storage

Advanced energy materials, Volume 3, Issue 6, pages 737–743, June, 2013

Liap Tat Su, Siva Krishna Karuturi, Jingshan Luo, Lijun Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Jun Guo, Tze Chien Sum, Renren Deng, Hong Jin

Fan, Xiaogang Liu, and Alfred Iing Yoong Tok

Photon Upconversion in Heteronanostructured Photoanodes for Enhanced Near-Infrared Light Harvesting

Advanced Materials, Volume 25, Issue 11, pages 1603–1607, March 20, 2013

B. Wu, X. Wu, C. Guan, K. F. Tai, E. K. L. Yeow, H. J. Fan, N. Mathews and T. C. Sum

Uncovering Loss Mechanisms in Silver Nanoparticle-Blended Plasmonic Organic Solar Cells

Nature Communications, 4, Article number: 2004

M. Liu, R. Chen, G. Adamo, K. F. MacDonald, E. J. Sie, T. C. Sum, N. I. Zheludev, H. Sun, and H. J. Fan

Tuning the infl uence of metal nanoparticles on ZnO photoluminescence by atomic-layer-deposited dielectric

spacer

Nanophotonics, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp.153-160

Guichuan Xing, Jingshan Luo, Hongxing Li, Bo Wu, Xinfeng Liu, Cheng Hon Alfred Huan, Hong Jin Fan, and Tze Chien

Sum

Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics and Two-Photon Pumped Lasing from ZnSe Nanowires

Advanced Optical Materials, Volume 1, Issue 4, pages 319–326, April 2013

B. Sivaneasan, P. L. So, H. B. Gooi, and L. K. Siow

Performance Measurement and Analysis of WiMAX-LAN Communication Operating at 5.8 GHz

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Volume 9, Issue 3, Aug. 2013, 1497 - 1506

Zhu JX, Yin ZY, Yang D, Sun T, Yu H, Hoster, HE, Hng HH, Zhang H, Yan QY

Hierarchical hollow spheres composed of ultrathin Fe2O3 nanosheets for lithium storage and photocatalytic water

oxidation

Energy and Environmental Science, Volume 6, Issue 3, p987-993, 2013

Tan LP, Sun T, Fan SF, Ng LY, Suwardi A, Yan QY, Hng HH

Facile synthesis of Cu7Te4 nanorods and the enhanced thermoelectric properties of Cu7Te4–Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3

nanocomposites

Nano Energy, Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 4-11 (Jan 2013)



PUBLICATIONS

137

Hequn Min, Xiaoyang Huang and Qide Zhang

Active Control on Flow-Induced Vibration of the Head Gimbals Assembly in Hard Disk Drives

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,

Xiaoyang Huang, Hequn Min, and Qide Zhang

Feedback control of fl ow-induced vibrations on head gimbals assembly inside hard disk drives

Fluid-Structure-Sound Interactions and Control: Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Fluid-Structure-Sound Interactions

and Control (Oct. 31 2012-Nov. 2 2012)


Active control of fl ow-induced vibrations on slider in hard disk drives: experimental demonstration

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (Oct. 31 2012-Nov. 2 2012)


Active control of fl ow-induced vibrations on slider in hard disk drives by suppressing pressure fl uctuations with

virtual sensing

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Volume 49 , Issue 3, March 2013, 1088 - 1095

Yuefan Wei, Junhua Kong, Liping Yang , Lin Ke , Hui Ru Tan , Hai Liu, Yizhong Huang, Xiaowei Sun, Xuehong Lu and

Hejun Du,

Polydopamine-assisted decoration of ZnO nanorods with Ag nanoparticles: an improved photoelectrochemical

anode

Journal of Materials Chemistry, 1, 5045-5052.

Huang Yizhong

Nanoscale oxidation of copper in aqueous solution

Electrochemistry Communications

Guichuan Xing, Nripan Mathews, Shuangyong Sun, Swee Sien Lim, Yeng Ming Lam, Michael Graetzel, Subodh Mhaisalkar,

Tze Chien Sum

Long-Range Balanced Electron and Hole Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3

Science, 18 October 2013: Vol. 342 no. 6156 pp. 344-347

Yingxi Lu, Liang Liu, Wanling Foo, Shlomo Magdassi, Daniel Mandler, Pooi See Lee

Self-assembled polymer layers of linear polyethylenimine for enhancing electrochromic cycling stability

Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Issue 23, 2013, 1, 3651-3654

Junhua Kong, Yuefan Wei, Liping Yang, Wu Aik Yee, Yuliang Dong, Rui Zhou, Siew Yee Wong, Lin Ke, Xiao Wei Sun, Hejun

Du, Xu Li, and Xuehong Lu

Electrospinning-Derived “Hairy Seaweed” and Its Photoelectrochemical Properties

Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 04/2013; 117:10106-10113.



PUBLICATIONS

138

Shu Huang , Liping Yang , Ming Liu , Si Lei Phua , Wu Aik Yee , Wanshuang Liu , Rui Zhou , Xuehong Lu

Complexes of Polydopamine-Modifi ed Clay And Ferric Ions as the Framework for Pollutant-Absorbing

Supramolecular Hydrogels.

Langmuir, 2013, 29 (4), pp 1238–1244

Wanshuang Liu, Junhua Kong, Weilong Eric Toh, Rui Zhou, Guoqiang Ding, Shu Huang, Yuliang Dong, Xuehong Lu

Toughening of epoxies by covalently anchoring triazole-functionalized stacked-cup carbon nanofi bers

Composites Science and Technology, Volume 85, 21 August 2013, Pages 1–9

Liping Yang, Si Lei Phua, Cher Ling Toh, Liying Zhang, Han Ling, Mengchee Chang, Dan Zhou, Yuliang Dong and Xuehong

Lu

Polydopamine-Coated Graphene as Multifunctional Nanofi llers in Polyurethane

RSC Advances, 2013, 3, 6377.

Yuefan Wei, Junhua Kong, Liping Yang , Lin Ke , Hui Ru Tan , Hai Liu , Yizhong Huang , Xiaowei Sun , Xuehong Lu

and Hejun Du,

Polydopamine-assisted decoration of ZnO nanorods with Ag nanoparticles: an improved photoelectrochemical

anode

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Issue 16, 2013, 1, 5045-5052

Junhua Kong, Wu Aik Yee, Yuefan Wei, Liping Yang, Jia Ming Ang, Silei Phua, Siew Yee Wong, Rui Zhou, Yuliang Dong ,

Xu Li and Xuehong Lu

Silicon Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Hollow Graphitized Carbon Nanofi bers for Lithium Ion Battery Anode

Nanoscale, Issue 7, 2013, 5, 2967-2973

Phua, S. L.; Yang, L.; Toh, C. L.; Guoqiang, D.; Lau, S. K.; Dasari, A.; Lu, X.

Simultaneous enhancements of UV resistance and mechanical properties of polypropylene by incorporation of

dopamine-modifi ed clay

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Feb 2013, 5(4), 1302-9

Dan Zhou, Rui Zhou, Chuanxiang Chen, Wu-Aik Yee, Junhua Kong, Guoqiang Ding, Xuehong Lu

Non-Volatile Polymer Electrolyte Based on Poly(propylene carbonate), Ionic Liquid and Lithium Perchlorate for

Electrochromic Devices

Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2013, 117, 7783

Chuanxiang Chen, Guoqiang Ding, Dan Zhou, Xuehong Lu

Synthesis of poly(aniline-co-3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) and its enhanced redox activity under highly basic

conditions

Electrochimica Acta, Volume 97, 1 May 2013, Pages 112–119

Nguyen, Mai; Tran, Phong D.; Pramana, Stevin S.; Lee, Rui Lin; Batabyal, Sudip K.; Mathews, Nripan; Wong, Lydia H.;

Graetzel, Michael

In situ photo-assisted deposition of MoS2 electrocatalyst onto zinc cadmium sulphide nanoparticle surfaces to

construct an effi cient photocatalyst for hydrogen generation

Nanoscale, vol. 5, num. 4, p. 1479-1482



PUBLICATIONS

139

Ibrahim I.H. and Skote M.

Effects of the scalar parameters in the Suzen-Huang model on plasma actuator characteristics

International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 23 No. 6, 2013, pp 1076-1103

Skote M

Comparison between spatial and temporal wall oscillations in turbulent boundary layer fl ows

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 730 / September 2013, pp 273-294

Chen Y.H., Skote M., Zhao Y. and Huang W.M.

Dragonfl y (Sympetrum fl aveolum) Flight: Kinematic Measurement and Modelling

Journal of Fluids and Structures, Volume 40, July 2013, Pages 115–126

Chen Y.H., Skote M., Zhao Y. and Huang W.M.

Stiffness evaluation of the leading edge of the dragonfl y wing via laservibrometer

Materials Letters, Volume 97, 15 April 2013, Pages 166–168

Samuel K. H. Pang, E. Y. K. Ng, and W. S. Chiu

Comparison of Turbulence Models in Near Wake of Transport Plane C-130H Fuselage

AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2013), pp. 847-852.

Muhammad Jamil, E.Y.K. Ng

Ranking of parameters in bioheat transfer using Taguchi analysis

International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Volume 63, January 2013, Pages 15–21

K. T. Tan, P. L. So, Y. C. Chu, and M. Z. Q. Chen

Coordinated control and energy management of distributed generation inverters in a microgrid

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 28 Issue2, April 2013, 704 - 713

B. Sivaneasan, P. L. So, H. B. Gooi, and L. K. Siow

Performance Measurement and Analysis of WiMAX-LAN Communication Operating at 5.8 GHz

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Volume 9 Issue 3, Aug. 2013, 1497 - 1506

K. T. Tan, P. L. So, Y. C. Chu, and M. Z. Q. Chen

A fl exible AC distribution system device for a microgrid

IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 28 Issue 3,Sept. 2013, 601 - 610

Runqiang Chi, Ahmad Serjouei, Idapalapati Sridhar, Geoffrey E.B. Tan

Ballistic impact on bi-layer alumina/aluminium armor: A semi-analytical approach

International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 52, February 2013, Pages 37–46

Yee Wei Lim, Hae-jin Choi, Sridhar Idapalapati

Design of Alporas aluminum alloy foam cored hybrid sandwich plates using Kriging optimization

Composite Structures, Volume 96, February 2013, Pages 17–28



PUBLICATIONS

140

A. Rashedi, I. Sridhar, K.J. Tseng

Life cycle assessment of 50 MW wind fi rms and strategies for impact reduction

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 21, May 2013, Pages 89–101

A. Banerjee, U. Singh, V. Aravindan, S. Madhavi and S. Ogale

Synthesis of CuO nanostructures from Cu-based metal organic framework (MOF-199) for application as anode for

Li-ion batteries

Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2013, Pages 1158–1163

V. Aravindan, N. Shubha, W.C. Ling, S. Madhavi

Constructing high energy density non-aqueous Li-ion capacitors using monoclinic TiO2-B nanorods

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Issue 20, 2013, 1, 6145-6151

Xiang Zhanga, Vanchiappan Aravindan, Palaniswamy Suresh Kumar, Huihui Liu, Sundaramuthy Jayaraman, Seeram

Ramakrishna and Srinivasan Madhavi

Synthesis of TiO2 hollow nanofi bers by co-axial electrospinning and its superior lithium storage capability in full-

cell assembly with olivine phosphate

Nanoscale, 2013 Jul 7, 5(13):5973-80

Nicolas Bucher; Steffen Hartung; Irina Gocheva; Yan L. Cheah; Madhavi Srinivasan; Harry E. Hoster

Combustion-synthesized sodium manganese (cobalt) oxides as cathodes for sodium ion batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, July 2013, Volume 17, Issue 7, pp 1923-1929

Yan Ling Cheah; Vanchiappan Aravindan; Srinivasan Madhavi

Synthesis and Enhanced Lithium Storage Properties of Electrospun V2O5 Nanofi bers in Full-Cell Assembly with a

Spinel Li4Ti5O12 Anode

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013 Apr 24;5(8):3475-80

A. Banerjee, S. Bhatnagar, D. Mhamane, V. Aravindan, S. Madhavi and S. Ogale

Superior lithium storage properties of α-Fe2O3 nano-assembled spindles

Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2013, Pages 890–896

V. Aravindan, K.B. Jinesh, R.R. Prabhakar, V.S. Kale and S. Madhavi

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) SnO2 anodes with exceptional cycleability for Li-ion batteries

Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2013, Pages 720–725

V. Aravindan, J. Gnanaraj, Y.S. Lee and S. Madhavi

LiMnPO4-A next generation cathode material for Lithium-ion batteries

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Issue 11, 2013

V. Aravindan, P. Suresh Kumar, J. Sundaramurthy, W.C. Ling, S. Ramakrishna and S. Madhavi

Electrospun NiO Nanofi bers as High Performance Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Journal of Power Sources, Volume 227, 1 April 2013, Pages 284–290



PUBLICATIONS

141

J. Sundaramurthy, V. Aravindan, P. Suresh Kumar, W.C. Ling, S. Ramakrishna and S. Madhavi

Synthesis of porous LiMn2O4 hollow nanofi bers by electrospinning with extraordinary lithium storage properties

Chemical Communications, Issue 59, 2013, 49, 6677-6679

Cheah, Y. L.; Aravindan, V.; Madhavi, S.

Chemical Lithiation Studies on Combustion Synthesized V2O5 Cathodes with Full Cell Application for Lithium Ion

Batteries.

Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2013 160(8): A1016-A1024

Yan L. Cheah, Robin von Hagen, Vanchiappan Aravindan, Raquel Fiz, Sanjay Mathur, Srinivasan Madhavi

High-rate and elevated temperature performance of electrospun V2O5 nanofi bers carbon-coated by plasma

enhanced chemical vapour deposition

Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 57–64

Teh, P.F., Sharma, Y., Ko, Y.W., Pramana, S.S., Srinivasan, M. 90 90

Tuning the morphology of ZnMn2O4 lithium ion battery anodes by electrospinning and its effect on electrochemical

performance

RSC Advances, Issue 8, 2013, 3, 2812-2821

D. Mhamane, V. Aravindan, A. Suryawanshi, A. Banerjee, S. Ogale and S. Madhavi 91 91

Non-aqueous energy storage devices using graphene nanosheets synthesized by green route

AIP Advances, vol. 3, issue 4, p. 042112

T. Baikie, Y. Fang, J. M. Kadro, M. Schreyer, F. Wei, S. G. Mhaisalkar, M. Graetzel and T. J. White 92 92

Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of the Hybrid Perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for Solid-State Sensitised Solar Cell

Applications

Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 1, num. 18, p. 5628-5641

Guichuan Xing, Nripan Mathews, Shuangyong Sun, Swee Sien Lim, Yeng Ming Lam, Michael Graetzel, Subodh Mhaisalkar,

Tze Chien Sum

Long-Range Balanced Electron and Hole Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3

Science 18, October 2013: Vol. 342 no. 6156 pp. 344-347

Xiaoxiao Song, Zhaoyang Liu and Darren Delai Sun

Energy recovery from concentrated seawater brine by thin-fi lm nanofi ber composite pressure retarded osmosis

membranes with high power density

Energy and Environmental Science, Issue 4, 2013, 6, 1199-1210

M. Liu, R. Chen, G. Adamo, K. F. MacDonald, E. J. Sie, T. C. Sum, N. I. Zheludev, H. Sun, and H. J. Fan

Tuning the infl uence of metal nanoparticles on ZnO photoluminescence by atomic-layer-deposited dielectric

spacer

Nanophotonics, 2013; 2(2): 153–160



PUBLICATIONS

142

Jeffrey C. K. Lam, Tsuhau Ng, Khalid Dawood, Fan Zhang, Anyan Du, Handong Sun, Zexiang Shen, Zhihong Mai

Evidence of Ultra-Low-k Dielectric Material Degradation and Nanostructure Alteration of the Cu/Ultra-Low-k

Interconnects in Time-Depende

Applied Physics Letters, 102, 022908 (2013);

T. C. He, Z. B. Lim, L. Ma, H.R. Li, D. Rajwar, Y. J. Ying, Z.y. Di, A. C. Grimsdale, and H. D. Sun

Large Two-photon Absorption of Terpyridine-based Quadrupolar Derivatives: Towards The Applications of Optical

Limiting and Biological Imaging

Chemistry: An Asian Journal, 2013 Mar;8(3):564-71

R. Chen, V. D. Ta, F. Xiao, Q. Y. Zhang, and H. D. Sun*

Multicolor Hybrid Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Improved Performance as Luminescence Temperature

Sensors Due to Energy Transfer

Small, Volume 9, Issue 7, pages 1052–1057, April 8, 2013

R. Chen, Q.L. Ye, T. C. He, V. D. Ta, Y. J. Ying, Y. Y. Tay, T. Wu, and H.D. Sun

Excitons Localization and Optical Properties Improvement in Nanocrystals-Embedded ZnO Core-Shell Nanowires

Nano Letters, 2013 Feb 13;13(2):734-9

V. D. Ta, R. Chen, Lin Ma, Y. J. Ying, and H. D. Sun

Whispering Gallery Mode Microlasers and Refractive Index Sensing based on Single Polymer Fiber

Laser & Photonics Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, 133–139 (2013)

Y. Wang, X. Yang, T. C. He, Y. Gao, H. V. Demir, X. W. Sun, and H. D. Sun

Near resonant and nonresonant third-order optical nonlinearities of colloidal InP/ZnS quantum dots

Applied Physics Letters, Volume 102, Issue 2, id. 021917

V. D. Ta, R. Chen, D. M. Nguyen, and H. D. Sun

Application of Self-Assembled Hemispherical Microlasers as Gas Sensors

Applied Physics Letters, 102, 031107 (2013)

R. Q. Wee, W. F. Yang, T. J. Zhou, R. Chen, H. D. Sun, C. F. Wang, Alex Y. S. Lee, and H. Gong

Development of ZnO Nanostructured Films via Sodium Chloride Solution and Investigation of Its Growth Mechanism

and Optical Properties

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Volume 96, Issue 6, pages 1972–1977, June 2013

S. Karamat, R. S. Rawat, T. L. Tan, P. Lee, S. V. Springham, Anis-ur-Rehman, R. Chen, and H. D. Sun

Exciting Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor: Copper-Doped ZnO

Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, January 2013, Volume 26, Issue 1, pp 187-195

V. D. Ta, R. Chen, and H. D. Sun

Tuning Whispering Gallery Mode Lasing from Self-Assembled Polymer Droplets

Scientifi c Reports, 3, Article number: 1362



PUBLICATIONS

143

S.C. Joshi, S.K. Bhudolia

Impact study of microwave-thermally cured cross and angle-ply CFRP prepreg composites [ Submitted on 30th

March 2013, Under Review]

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering

Joshi Sunil C., A. Dineshkumar

Heat transfer effi ciency of aluminium substrates with embedded semi-active thermal control device

Heat Transfer Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 11-12, 2013, pages 985-993

S.C. Joshi, S.K. Bhudolia

Microwave -Thermal Technique for Energy and Time Effi cient Curing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Prepreg

Composites

Journal of Composite Materials, October 1, 2013 0021998313504606

T. Baikie, Y. Fang, J. M. Kadro, M. Schreyer, F. Wei, S. G. Mhaisalkar, M. Graetzel and T. J. White

Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of the Hybrid Perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for Solid-State Sensitised Solar Cell

Applications

Journal of Materials Chemistry, Issue 18, 2013, 1, 5628-5641

F. Wei, T. Williams, T. An, T. Baikie, C. Kloc, J. Wei and T. White

Observations of Atomic Scale Compositional and Displacive Modulations in Incommensurate Melilite Electrolytes

Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Volume 203, July 2013, Pages 291–296

T. An, T. Baikie, J. F. Shin, P. R. Slater, S. Li and T. J. White

Oxygen Migration in Dense Spark Plasma Sintered Aluminium-doped Neodymium Silicate Apatite Electrolytes

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Volume 96, Issue 11, pages 3457–3462, November 2013

T. An, T. Baikie, F. Wei, S. S. Pramana, M. K. Schreyer, R. O. Piltz, J. F. Shin, J. Wei, P. R. Slater, T. J. White

Crystallographic Correlations with Anisotropic Oxide Ion Conduction in Aluminium-Doped Neodymium Silicate

Apatite Electrolytes

Chemistry of Materials (2013), 25 (7), pp. 1109-1120

T. D. Nguyen, Gilbert Foo, K. J. Tseng, D. M. Vilathgamuwa

Sensorless Control of a Dual-Airgap Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage System

IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 7 Issue 2,Feb. 2013, 140 - 149

A. Rashedi, I. Sridhar, K.J. Tseng

Life cycle assessment of 50 MW wind fi rms and strategies for impact reduction

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 21, May 2013, Pages 89–101

Shan Yin, King Jet Tseng, Jiyun Zhao

Design of AIN-based micro-channel heat sink in direct bond copper for power electronics packaging

Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 52, Issue 1, 5 April 2013, Pages 120–129



PUBLICATIONS

144

You S and Wan MP

Mathematical Models for the van der Waals Force and Capillary Force between a Rough Particle and Surface

Langmuir, 2013, 29 (29), pp 9104–9117

X. Liu, P. C. Loh, P. Wang and F. Blaabjerg

A Direct Power Conversion Topology for Grid Integration of Hybrid AC/DC Energy Resources

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume 60 Issue 12,Dec. 2013, 5696 - 5707

Q. Zhao, P. Wang, L. Goel and Y. Ding

Impacts of Contingency Reserve on Nodal Price and Nodal Reliability Risk in Deregulated Power Systems

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013, Volume 28 Journal number 3, Pages 2497-2506

P. Wang, L. Goel, X. Liu and F. Choo

Harmonizing AC and DC: A Hybrid AC/DC Future Grid Solution

IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 11(3), 76-83

X. Liu, P. C. Loh, P. Wang and F. Blaabjerg

Distributed Generation using Indirect Matrix Converter in Reverse Power Mode

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 28 Issue 3,March 2013, 1072 - 1082

X. Liu, P. Wang, P. C. Loh, and F. Blaabjerg

A Three-phase Dual-Input Matrix Converter for Grid Integration of Two AC Type Energy Resources

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume 60 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages 20 – 30

A. Mehrtash, P. Wang, L. Goel

Reliability Evaluation of Restructured Power Systems Using a Novel OPF-Based Approach

IET Proceedings Generation, Transmission & Distribution

D. Q. Dang, Y. Wang and W. J. Cai

Offset-free Predictive Control for Variables Speed Wind Turbines

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Volume 4 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages 2 - 10

Si Wu, Youyi Wang and Shijie Chneg

Extreme Learning Machine Based Wind Speed Estimation and Sensorless Control for Wind Turbine Power

Generation System

Neurocomputing, Volume 102, 15 February 2013, Pages 163–175

W. Meng, W. Xiao, and L. Xie

A Projection Based Fully Distributed Approach for Source Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks, 2013, Vol. 18 Issue 1/2, p131

Tan LP, Sun T, Fan SF, Ng LY, Suwardi A, Yan QY, Hng HH

Facile synthesis of Cu7Te4 nanorods and the enhanced thermoelectric properties of Cu7Te4–Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3

nanocomposites

Nano Energy, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 4–11



PUBLICATIONS

145

Zhu JX, Yin ZY, Yang D, Sun T, Yu H, Hoster, HE, Hng HH, Zhang H, Yan QY

Hierarchical hollow spheres composed of ultrathin Fe2O3 nanosheets for lithium storage and photocatalytic water

oxidation

Energy and Environmental Science, 6 (3), (2013) 987 – 993

Ong, C.J., Yap, F.F., Djamari, D.W.

An Investigation Into The Use of Four – Bar Linkage Mechanism as Actuator for Hard-Disk Drive

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Volume 49 Issue 6, June 2013, Pages 2466 - 2472

YS Zhang, FF Yap

A Knowledge-based Web Platform for Collaborative Physical System Modelling and Simulation

Journal of Computer Applications in Engineering Education, Mar 2013

Ashkan Haji Hosseinloo, Nader Vahdati, Fook Fah Yap

Parametric shock analysis of spade-less lightweight wheeled military vehicles subjected to cannon fi ring impact:

feasibility study of spade removal

Journal of Vibration and Acoustics-Transaction, Dec2013, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p183

A. H. Hosseinloo, F. F. Yap, L. Y. Lim

Design and analysis of shock and random vibration isolation system for a discrete model of submerged jet

impingement cooling system

Journal of Vibration and Control, July 8, 2013 1077546313490186

A. H. Hosseinloo, F.F. Yap, N. Vahdati

Analytical Random Vibration Analysis of Boundary-Excited Thin Rectangular Plates

International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, Volume 13, Issue 03, April 2013

Deyun Cai, Yang Shang, Hao Yu, and Junyan Ren

Design of Ultra-low Power 60 GHz Direct-conversion Receivers in 65nm CMOS

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 09/2013; 61(9):3360-3372

Hanhua Qian, Chiphong Chang, and Hao Yu

An Effi cient Channel Clustering and Flow Rate Allocation Algorithm for Non-uniform Microfl uidic Cooling of 3D

Integrated Circuits

Integration, the VLSI Journal, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 57–68

Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Yang Shang, and Kiat Seng Yeo

A 2-D Distributed Power Combining by Metamaterial-Based Zero Phase Shifter for 60-GHz Power Amplifi er in 65-

nm CMOS

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Volume 61 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages

505 - 516



PUBLICATIONS

146

Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Yang Shang, Deyun Cai, and Junyan Ren

A 96 GHz Oscillator by High-Q Differential Transmission Line loaded with Complementary Split Ring Resonator in

65nm CMOS

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part II-Express Briefs, 60(3), 127-131

Deyun Cai, Haipeng Fu, Junyan Ren, Wei Li, Ning Li, Hao Yu, and Kiat Seng Yeo

A Dividerless PLL with Low Power and Low Reference Spur by Aperture-Phase Detector and Phase-to-Analog

Converter

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Volume 60 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages 37 - 50

Fang Gong, Sina Basir-Kazeruni, Lei He and Hao Yu

Stochastic Behavioral Modeling Analysis of Analog/Mixed-Signal Circuits

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Volume 32 Issue 1, Jan. 2013, Pages

24 - 33

Sina Basir-Kazeruni, Hao Yu, Fang Gong, Yu Hu, Chunchen Liu, and Lei He

SPECO: Stochastic Perturbation based Clock Tree Optimization Considering Temperature Uncertainty

Integration, the VLSI Journal, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 22–32

Hao Yu, Wei Fei, Haipeng Fu, Junyan Ren, and Kiat Seng Yeo

Design and Analysis of Wide Frequency-tuning-range CMOS 60GHz VCO by Switching Inductor Loaded Transformer

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I-Regular Papers, Volume 61 Issue 3, March 2014, Pages 699 - 711

Yang Shang, Hao Yu, and Wei Fei

Design and Analysis of CMOS based Terahertz Integrated Circuits by Causal Fractional-order RLGC Transmission

Line Model

IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, Volume 3, Issue 3, Sept. 2013, Pages 355 - 366

Tze Sian Pui, Yu Chen, Chee Chung Wong, Revanth Nadipalli, Roshan Weerasekera, Sunil K. Arya, Hao Yu, and Abdur R.

A. Rahman

High Density CMOS Electrode Array for High-throughput and Automated Cell Counting

Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, Volume 181, May 2013, Pages 842–849

Wei Wu, Fang Gong, Hao Yu, and Lei He

Exploiting Parallelism by Data Dependency Elimination: A Case Study of Circuit Simulation Algorithms

IEEE Design & Test of Computers, Volume 30 Issue 1,Feb. 2013, Pages 26 - 35

Yang Shang, Hao Yu, Deyun Cai, Junyan Ren, and Kiat Seng Yeo

Design of High-Q Millimeter-wave Oscillator by Differential Transmission Line Loaded with Metamaterial Resonator

in 65nm CMOS

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.61, no.5, pp1892-1902, May 2013



PUBLICATIONS

147

Gao J, Cao S, Tay Q, Liu Y, Yu L, Ye K, Mun PCS, Li Y, Rakesh G, Loo SCJ, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Xue C, Zhang Q

Molecule-Based Water-Oxidation Catalysts (WOCs): Cluster-Size-Dependent Dye-Sensitized Polyoxometalates

for Visible-Light-Driven O2 Evolution

Nature, Article number: 1853

Han Zhenan(CEE), Chen Ailu(CEE), &Wu Yaoxing, Chang Wei-Chung(CEE)

Air quality and personal exposure in a middle-sized shipyard in Singapore (Conference Paper)

Environment and Health—Bridging South, North, East and West, 19–23 August 2013

Dy, Lim Ju; Rong, Eric Phua Jian ; Riko, I Made ; Sharif, Ahmed ; Zhang, Lim Jun ; Long, Lau Fu ; Lip, Gan Chee ; Zhong,

Chen ; MinWoo, Daniel Rhee ; Cheong, Wong Chee

Study of thin fi lm metallization adhesion in ceramic multichip module

Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), 2012 IEEE 14th, 5-7 Dec. 2012, pages 67 - 71

Lau, Fu Long; Riko, I Made ; Putra, Wahyuaji Narotyama ; Rong, Eric Phua Jian ; Zhang, Lim Jun ; Dy, Lim Ju; Cheong,

Wong Chee ; Zhong, Chen ; Nachiappan, Vivek Chidambaram ; Lip, Gan Chee

Study of electrical property of Au-Ge eutectic solder alloys for high temperature electronics

Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), 2012 IEEE 14th, 5-7 Dec. 2012,pages 30 - 33

Eric Phua Jian Rong, Liu Ming ,I Made Riko, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Gan Chee Lip

Novel encapsulation materials for High Pressure-High Temperature (HPHT) applications

International Conference and Exhibition on High Temperature Electronics Network (HiTEN) 2013, July 8-10 2013

Eric Phua Jian Rong, I Made Riko, Ahmed Sharif, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Daniel Rhee MinWoo, Gan Chee Lip

Electronic packages for high pressure applications

Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2013 IEEE 63rd, 28-31 May 2013, pages 2342 – 2348

Eric Phua Jian Rong, I Made Riko , Eva Wai Leong Ching, Jason Scott Herrin, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Vivek

Chidambaram Nachiappan, Gan Chee Lip, Daniel Rhee Min Woo

Investigation on the reliability of wire bonding with different pad surface fi nishes for harsh environment applications

I Made Riko, Eric Phua Jian Rong, Tan Key Wen, Ong Wei Chuan, Clare Huang Guanqi, Ong Hock Guan, Vivek Chidambaram

Nachiappan, Wong Chee Cheong, Chen Zhong, Gan Chee Lip

Evaluation of Refractory Metals for Package Level Interconnection in a Harsh Environment

International Conference and Exhibition on High Temperature Electronics Network (HiTEN) 2013, July 8-10, 2013

Xiaoyang Huang, Hequn Min, and Qide Zhang

Active control of fl ow-induced vibrations inside hard disk drives

Annual Conference on Information Storage and Process Systems (23rd : 2013)

Hequn Min, Xiaoyang Huang, Qide Zhang, and Xin Xia

Narrowband performance of active control on fl ow-induced vibrations inside hard disk drives

Annual Conference on Information Storage and Process Systems (23rd : 2013)



PUBLICATIONS

148

Riko, I Made; Pramana, Stevin Snellius ; Rong, Eric Phua Jian ; Cheong, Wong Chee ; Zhong, Chen ; Yoong, Alfred Tok

Iing ; Lip, Gan Chee

Study of metal additives to alumina substrate for high temperature and pressure application

Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), 2012 IEEE 14th, 5-7 Dec. 2012, pages 48 - 51

Ho Chun Wan John, Zhang Tianliang, Cai Yongan, Sudip Kumar Batabyal, Lim Hui Min, Alfred Tok Iing Yoong, Subodh

Gautam Mhaisalkar, Lydia Helena Wong

Carbon Free CuIn(S,Se)2 Devices on Mo Substrates by Aqueous Spray Pyrolysis

2013 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit, San Francisco, California, April 1-5 2013

Zeng Xin, Tai Kong Fai, Zhang Tianliang, Ho Chun Wan John, Lydia Helena Wong, Chen Xiaodong, Subodh Gautam

Mhaisalkar

Kesterite solar cell with 5.1% effi ciency using solution based chemical spray pyrolysis of Cu2ZnSnS4 followed by

selenization.

2013 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit, San Francisco, California, April 1-5 2013

K. H. Kwan, K. T. Tan, and P. L. So

An unifi ed power quality conditioner for load sharing and power quality improvement

2012 Asia-Pacifi c Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC),21-24 May 2012, pages 963 - 967

B. F. Wang, K. T. Tan, and P. L. So

Low cross regulation SIMO DC/DC converter with model predictive voltage control

2013 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 21-25 July 2013, pages 1 - 5

J. Hu, L. Xie and J, Xu

Vision-Based Multi-agent Cooperative Target Search

2012 12th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics & Vision (ICARCV), 5-7 Dec. 2012, pages 895-900

Yang Shang, Chun Zhang, Hao Yu, Chuan Seng Tan, Xin Zhao, and Sung Kyu Lim

Thermal-reliable 3D Clock-tree Synthesis Considering Nonlinear Electrical-thermal-coupled TSV

2013 18th Asia and South Pacifi c Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), January 2013

Deyun Cai, Yang Shang, Hao Yu, Junyan Ren, and Kiat Seng Yeo

A 76 GHz Oscillator by High-Q Differential Transmission Line Loaded with Split Ring Resonator in 65-nm CMOS

2013 IEEE 13th Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems (SiRF), 21-23 Jan. 2013, pages

111 - 113

Xiwei Huang, Jia Hao Cheong, Hyouk-Kyu Cha, Hongbin Yu, Minkyu Je, and Hao Yu

A High-frequency Transimpedance Amplifi er for CMOS Integrated 2D CMUT Array towards 3D Ultrasound Imaging

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (35th : 2013 : Osaka, Japan)



PUBLICATIONS

149

Wei Fei, Hao Yu, Wei Meng Lim, and Junyan Ren

A 53-to-73GHz Power Amplifi er with 74.5mW/mm2 Power Density by 2D Differential Power Combining in 65nm

CMOS

2013 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC), 2-4 June 2013, pages 271 - 274

Yang Shang, Wei Fei, and Hao Yu

A Fractional-order RLGC Model for Terahertz Transmission Line

2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS), 2-7 June 2013, pages 1 - 3

Sai Manoj, and Hao Yu,

Cyber-Physical management for Heterogeneously Integrated 3D Thousand-core On-chip Microprocessor

Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on

Yang Shang, Haipeng Fu, Hao Yu, and Junyan Ren

A -78dBm Sensitivity 96GHz Super-regenerative Receiver with Quench-controlled Metamaterial Oscillator in 65nm

CMOS

IEEE International Symposium of Radio-frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC), June 2013

Yang Song, Hao Yu, Sai Manoj P.D., and Guoyong Shi,

SRAM Dynamic Stability Verifi cation by Reachability Analysis with Consideration of Threshold Voltage Variation

ACM International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD), March 2013

H. Qian, H. Liang, C. H. Chang, W. Zhang and H. Yu,

Thermal simulator of 3D-IC with modeling of anisotropic TSV conductance and microchannel entrance effects

2013 18th Asia and South Pacifi c Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), 22-25 Jan. 2013, pages 485 - 490

Ali Mesgarani, Haipeng Fu, Mei Yan, Hao Yu, and Suat Ay

A 5-Bit 1.25GS/S 4.7mW Delay-Based Pipelined ADC in 65nm CMOS

2013 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 19-23 May 2013, pages 2018 - 2021

Sai Manoj P.D., Kanwen Wang, and Hao Yu

Peak Power Reduction by Space-time Multiplexing based Demand-supply Matching for 3D Thousand-core

Microprocessors

2013 50th ACM / EDAC / IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), May 29 - June 7 2013, pages 1-6

Yang Song, Haipeng Fu, Hao Yu, and Guoyong Shi

Stable Backward Reachability Correction for PLL Verifi cation with Consideration of Environmental Noise Induced

Jitter

2013 18th Asia and South Pacifi c Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), 22-25 Jan. 2013, pages 755 - 760

Shunli Ma, Wei Fei, Hao Yu, and Junyan Ren

A 75.7GHz to 102GHz Rotary-traveling-wave VCO by Tunable Composite Right /Left Hand T-line

2013 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), 22-25 Sept. 2013, pages 1 - 4



PUBLICATIONS

150

Kanwen Wang, Hao Yu, Benfei Wang and Chun Zhang

3D Reconfi gurable Power Switch Network for Demand-supply Matching between Multi-output Power Converters

and Many-core Microprocessors

2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 18-22 March 2013,pages 1643 - 1648

Yuhao Wang and Hao Yu

An Ultralow-power Memory-based Big-data Computing Platform by Nonvolatile Domain-wall Nanowire Devices

2013 IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED), 4-6 Sept. 2013, pages 329 - 334


Chapter 9: Towards an Integrated Asia-Pacifi c Natural Gas Market

Deepen Understanding and Move Forward: Energy Market Integration in East Asia, Kimura, F. and X. Shi (eds.). ERIA

Research Project Report 2010-25, Jakarta: ERIA. pp.237-265.


Chapter 24: The Singapore Electricity Market: From Partial to Full Competition

Evolution of Global Electricity Markets, Fereidoon Sioshansi, Academic Press. Pages 739-756


Chapter 9: Rapid Growth at What Cost? Impact of Energy Effi ciency Policies in Developing Economies

Energy Effi ciency: Towards the end of Demand Growth, Fereidoon P. Sioshansi. Academic Press. Pages 227 - 250

CREDITSEditor

Claude Guet (Prof)

Contributors

Anshuman Tripathi (Dr) | Arvind Singh (Dr) | Bassel de Graff |

Ding Ovi Lian (Dr) | Jo Zhang Zhe | Jyothi Nirupam | Kanhere

Pushkar Dilip (Dr) | Karthikeya BR | Kei-Leong Ho | Koh Eng

Kiong | Lydia Helena Wong (Asst Prof) | Marla Jill Goodman |

Mary Ann Joy Quirapas | Michael Lochinvar Sim Abundo (Dr)

| Mohan Kumar | Narasimalu Srikanth (Dr) | Nilesh Jadhav |

Nripan Mathews (Asst Prof) | Pablo P Boix (Dr) | Paul Hibbard

| Peng Li | Priya Pawar | Ravindran Pallaniappan | Sally Chan

Kam Sim | Simon Seah Kah Woon (Dr) | Sudip Kumar Batabyal

(Dr) | Tang Meng Ching | Zhichuan J. Xu

Additional Photography

Ong Day Cheng

Publication Compiler

Ahmad Zhaki Abdullah


(ERI@N)

1 Cleantech Loop, #06-04

CleanTech One, Singapore 637141

Phone: (65) 6592 1786/ 2468

Email: [email protected]

erian.ntu.edu.sg