04/15/23

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)KAS3501

GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NO

MUHAMMAD ASHRAF B ABU BAKAR UK 30009

SALMI BT JAMAL UK 27701

GUNASANGKARI A/P SUBRAMANIAM UK 29550

NOR SYUHADA BINTI MOHD ZAKI UK 29569

NORASHIKIN BINTI OTHMAN UK 29570

AMIRA AQILAH BINTI SAFIAN UK 29527

Group 19

04/15/23

Table of content:i. History of ergonomicii. Objective of ergonomiciii.Types of ergonomiciv.Principle of ergonomicv. Ergonomics injuriesvi.Ergonomic risks factorvii.Benefits of ergonomic

• The word Ergonomics is derived from the Greek words “ergos”

and nomos”.

• “Ergos” means work meanwhile “nomos” means principles of

laws (Evelyn Tan Guat Lin, 1996).

• International Labor Organization (ILO) defines ergonomics as the

application of the human biological sciences in conjunction with

the engineering sciences to the worker and which at the same

time enhances productivity.

History of Ergonomics

• Ergonomics is the science of “designing the job to fit the

worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job.

• Ergonomic design reduces risk factors known to contribute to

occupational ergonomic injuries and illnesses, such as sprains

and strains and cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs).

ergonomics

OBJECTIVES OF ERGONOMICS

• To improve the efficiency of operation

by taking into account a typical person's

size, strength, speed, and visual acuity.

• To maximize productivity while lowering

the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders

(MSDs).

Physical ergonomics the human body’s responses to physical and physiological

work loads. Repetitive strain injuries from repetition, vibration, force, and posture fall into this category.

Cognitive ergonomics the mental processes and capacities of humans when at work.

Mental strain from workload, decision making, human error, and training fall into this category.

TYPES OF ERGONOMICS

Organizational ergonomics the organizational structures, policies and

processes in the work environment, such as shift work, scheduling, job satisfaction, motivation,supervision,teamwork, telecommuting, and ethics.

Ergonomic injuries caused by the presence of ergonomic risk factors, including:

Awkward or sustained posturesForceful exertion or strainContact pressureExposure to vibrationExposure to heat or cold

Ergonomic injuries

• Combination of these risk factors that, over time , can lead to pain, injury, and disability.

• Ergonomic injuries may be referred to as:Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs),Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs),Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs),Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs), orCumulative Trauma Injuries (CTIs)

• OSHA typically use the term MSD or Musculoskeletal Disorder.

• Ergonomic injuries or MSDs can affect the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage and spinal discs. They can be directly or indirectly related to job duties or the work environment.

• Non-work activities and environments can also impact MSDs. For example, the average employee may spend 6-8 hours of the work day on the computer. With features such as internet shopping, web bill paying, and email that employee will likely spend 2-4 additional hours per day on his or her personal computer.

What are the sign and symptoms of an Ergonomic Injury or MSD?

• Pain in the fingers, wrists, or other parts of the body:  may include a dull aching pain,  a sharp stabbing pain, or even a burning sensation.

• Tingling or numbness, particularly in the hands or fingers

• Swelling, inflammation, or joint stiffness

• Loss of muscle function or weakness

• Discomfort or pain in the shoulders, neck, or upper or lower back 

• Extremities turning white or feeling unusually cold

• General feeling of muscle tightness, cramping, or discomfort

• Clumsiness or loss of coordination 

• Range of motion loss 

• Discomfort when making certain movements

Risk factors become hazardous when:

there is a longer duration of exposure

Shoulders Working with the hand(s) above the head or the elbow(s) above the shoulder(s)

More than 4 hours total per day

Risk factors become hazardous when:

there is greater intensity

Working with the back bent forwardmore than 30º (without support, or theability to vary posture)

More than 4 hourstotal per day

Back

Working with the back bent forwardmore than 45º (without support or theability to vary posture)

More than 2 hourstotal per day

Risk factors become hazardous when:

there is a combination of risk factors Arms,

wrists, hands

Gripping an unsupported object(s) weighing 10 or more pounds per hand, or gripping with a force of 10 pounds or more per hand (comparable to clamping light duty automotive jumper cables onto a battery)

Highly repetitive motion

More than 3 hours total per day

Wrists bent in flexion 30° or more, or in extension 45° or more, or in ulnar deviation 30° or more

More than 3 hours total per day

Flexion

Extension

Ulnar deviation

Ergonomic Risk Factors(examples)

30

Repetitive or sustained awkward postures, such as mopping surfaces by bending, positioning the elbow away from body, over-extending during push and pull movements and the figure-eight method, excessive wrist bending and twisting.

To improve postures and reduce the risk of injury:•provide mops with extendable handles•train workers in safe work procedures, for example, mopping small sections to avoid extended reaching, and stepping or shifting legs to avoid twisting the upper body.

Keep your wrist in a neutral position when typing. You may wear a wrist splint to prevent awkward positioning during work. Modify your work station as necessary

Benefits of Ergonomics

Employer1. Improves Employee Engagement

• Can reduce turnover, decrease absenteeism, improve morale and increase employee involvement

2. Creates a Better Safety Culture• Healthy employees are most

valuable asset; creating and fostering the safety & health culture in company will lead to better human performance for organization

3. Improves Quality• By designing a job to allow for

good posture, less exertion, fewer motions and better heights and reaches, the workstation becomes more efficient

Employee1. Increased Savings

• Fewer injuries and workers’ compensation claims

• More productive and sustainable employees

2. Increased Productivity• Reduce the primary risk factors

for MSDs , so workers are more efficient, productive and have greater job satisfaction

3. Increased Morale • Can make employees feel

valued because they know their employer is making their workplace safer

Ergonomics in the workplace in Malaysia

System Components Ergonomics AttributesEquipment Work equipment design, emergency routes, entry and exit

routes, display and control, installation, maintenance

Office Physical space, the components arrangement, working height, seating arrangement, materials movement

Work Process Work process design, methods, materials handling manual, skills requirement, fatigue and rest periods, repetition of work

Environment Noise, temperature, humidity, lighting, dust, pollution, foul vapors, vibration, work floor conditions, hygiene management

Management Plant layouts, ergonomics and safety programs, compliance with occupational safety and health, environmental standards, feedback and attitude

Employee Safety and work training, knowledge, skills, posture, personal protective equipment, pressure, fatigue, job satisfaction

Reference• Oklahoma State University. Defining Ergonomics.

https://ehs.okstate.edu/kopykit/ergo.htm • Jeffrey. E.F., Michael. G. ERGONOMICS IN THE WORKPLACE

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/nawtec/nawtec08/nawtec08-0019.pdf

• What is ergonomics? (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/learning/what-ergonomics/

• Dan MacLeod,(2008). 10 Priciple of Ergonomic. Retrieved on May 6, 2015, from http://danmacleod.com/ErgoForYou/10_principles_of_ergonomics.htm

• 1.Adrian Hirst, L. M. (2011). Guidance for Occupational Hygienists. England: British Occupational Hygiene Society.

• Dhillon, P. S. (2011). Penyiasatan Kemalangan & Kejadian. Kuala Lupmpur: MSOSH.

• Research, H. (2013). Health and Safety Workplace Case Studies. Canterbury: Pullin Shearing Ltd.

• US Department of Labor. (2000). Ergonomics : The Study of Work. Osha 3125, 2000. Retrieved from www.osha.gov.

• https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/04/15/23