epa nonroad vehicle and engine program/67531/metadc722362/m2/1/high_re… · page 1 epa nonroad...
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Page 1
EPA Nonroad Vehicle and EngineProgram
Society of Automotive Engineers and U.S. Department ofEnergy
Off-Highway Emissions and Systems EfficiencyWorkshop
for Heavy VehiclesU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
April 18, 2001
Cleophas Jackson
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Page 2
Overview of Briefing
■ Nonroad is a big source of pollution
■ We’ve come a long way
■ We’ve got a ways to go
■ We’re working on it!
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Page 3
Overview, continued
■ Background
■ Historical context and statutory authority
■ Inventory
■ Current nonroad programs
■ Future programs
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Page 4
Background: What is Nonroad?
■ Non-highway engines, vehicles, & equipment that move or canbe moved
■ More than 80 basic categories (agricultural, construction,marine, etc.)
■ EPA’s NONROAD model covers 462 specific equipment types,not including locomotives, aircraft, commercial marine
■ Complicated industry structure: hundreds of manufacturers,many of them very small
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Page 5
Major Nonroad Equipment Types
■ Aircraft
■ Airport service
■ Agricultural
■ Commercial
■ Commercial marine
■ Construction
■ Industrial
■ Lawn & garden (com & res)
■ Locomotives
■ Logging
■ Railroad service
■ Recreational vehicles
■ Recreational marine
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Page 6
Historical & Statutory Context
■ No EPA program prior to 1990 Clean Air Act
■ Section 213 of 1990 Act directed EPA to:– evaluate contribution of nonroad sources to urban nonattainment
– adopt standards if warranted
– consider comparable highway standards in determining stringency
– achieve greatest emission reduction possible considering cost, safety, etc.
– regulate any nonroad category that contributes to air pollution
■ Section 209 of 1990 Act:– preempts all state regulation of locomotives and of farm and construction
equipment <175 hp
– allows California to set independent standards for other nonroad sources,with authorization from EPA Administrator
– allows other states to adopt California standards
■ Section 231 covers aircraft separately
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Page 7
History, continued
■ 1991 “NEVES” study found nonroad sources significant toozone and CO nonattainment, also major source of PM
■ EPA initiated comprehensive nonroad program
■ Approach: do what makes sense, get big reductions first– model and inventory development
– regulations
– education and voluntary programs» industry
» consumers
■ “Finding” process complete for all categories
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Page 8
Nonroad Contributions to TotalInventory (1996)
■ Nonroad sources contributesignificantly to NOx, PM, andVOC emissions
■ Locomotives, construction andfarm equipment are largestsources of NOx
■ Construction and farmequipment are largest sources ofPM
■ Lawn, garden and recreationalmarine equipment are largestsources of VOC
46%
32%
22%
N o n ro a d
H ig h w a y
To ta l
78%
15%
7%
N o n ro a d
H ig h w a y
To ta l
30%
14%
56%
N o n ro a d
H ig h w a y
To ta l
NOx
PM2.5
VOC
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Page 9
Impact of Controls on 2000 - 2007Inventory
0102030405060708090
100
N O x P M H C
Per
cent
of 2
000
Em
issi
ons
20002007
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Page 10
2007 NOx Inventories
Highway54%
Nonroad46%
Locomotives16%
Marine Diesel21%
Land-based Diesel47%
Large SI8%
Other8%
Mobile Sources Nonroad
~10 million tons per year ~5 million tons per year
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Page 11
2007 HC Inventories
Highway44%
Nonroad56%
Rec. Vehicles21%
Marine SI25%
Land-based Diesel7%
Large SI5%
Small SI32%
Other10%
Mobile Sources Nonroad
~5 million tons per year ~2.6 million tons per year
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Page 12
2007 PM Inventories
Highway30%
Nonroad70%
Marine Diesel10%
Marine SI8%
Land-based Diesel52%
Locomotives6%
Small SI13%
Other11%
Mobile Sources Nonroad
~600,000 tons per year ~420,000 tons per year
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Page 13
2007 CO Inventories
Highway57%
Nonroad43%
Rec. Vehicles13%
Marine SI6%
Large SI8%
Small SI65%
Other8%
Mobile Sources Nonroad
~ 77 million tons per year ~ 30 million tons per year
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Page 14
Current Nonroad Programs
■ Large nonroad diesel
■ Locomotives
■ Marine engine programs (commercial/recreational)
■ Lawn & garden engines
■ Industrial gasoline engines
■ Recreational vehicles
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Page 15
Large Nonroad Diesel Engines
■ Compression-ignition (CI) engines, mostly diesel-fueled
■ Construction and farm equipment but other categories also
■ About 10% of current total NOx & PM inventories
■ 3-step regulatory program in place– Tier 1 FRM 1994
» modest NOx control phasing in between 1996 and 2000
» ~30% NOx reduction from uncontrolled
– Tier 2 & 3 FRM 1998» more stringent NOx standards, also HC, CO, PM, implemented 1999 - 2008
» 60% NOx and 40% PM reduction relative to Tier 1
– Tier 3 ANPRM expected 2001» revisits ‘98 FRM; feasibility review underway to assess appropriate PM
standards
» expected to cover range of operation, “typical” transient test cycle
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Page 16
Comparison of Nonroad and HighwayControls and Technology
Nonroad Tier 3 Highway 2004Nonroad Tier 2Nonroad Tier 1
Highway 2007Nonroad Tier 4
500 ppm< 15 ppm
19901996
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Page 17
Large Nonroad Diesel: Next Steps
■ The goal is to move the nonroad sector closer to highway emissionslevels assuming the availability of the appropriate fuel
■ Technology transfer from the highway applications to nonroadapplications first in 100 to 750 hp range
■ Some applications may be more suited to transfer sooner - such asthose higher volume or those without significant design constraints
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Page 18
Locomotives
■ Locomotives currently emit over one million tons of NOx each year in theU.S. --about 5 percent of total NOx emitted by all U.S. mobile sources
■ Final emission standards published April, 1998– Primary focus was to reduce NOx emissions--reducing HC and PM was secondary
– Emission standards apply to most post-1972 locomotives when they become new(at manufacture and remanufacture)
– Standards apply throughout useful life
■ Rulemaking established some innovative requirements– Certification of remanufactured locomotives
– Notch standards
– Minimum useful life
– In-use testing
– In-use maintenance requirements for operators
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Page 19
Locomotives, continued
■ Emission standards phase in beginning January 2000
■ One of three sets of standards apply depending on a locomotive's originalmanufacturing date (all percents relative to baseline):
– Tier 0 (1973-2001 locomotives) 34% NOx reduction
– Tier 1 (2002-2004 locomotives) 49% NOx reduction
– Tier 2 (2005+ locomotives) 62% NOx, 50% PM and HC reductions
■ All locomotives must comply over two distinct duty-cycles (except Tier 0switch locomotives):
– high-power duty-cycle based on typical line-haul operation
– low-power duty-cycle based on typical switch operation
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Page 20
NOx
PM
HC
2000 2010 2020 2030 204010
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Tho
usan
d M
etric
Ton
s pe
r Y
ear
HC
and
PM
Em
issi
ons
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Tho
usan
d M
etric
Ton
s pe
r Y
ear
NO
x E
mis
sion
s
Projected Locomotive Emissions
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Page 21
Commercial Marine - International
■ IMO MARPOL Annex VI adpoted in 1997» applies to marine diesel engines >130 kW
» takes effect when 15+ countries representing 50% tonnage haveratified
» Regulation 13 limits for NOx apply to engines installed or modifiedafter January 2000
50 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Rated Engine Speed ("n")
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
g/kW
-hr
NO
x
Maximum Allowable NOx EmissionsFor Marine Diesel Engines
(Regulation 13 NOx Curve)
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Page 22
Commercial Marine - U.S.
■ FRM published December 1999 for engines over 37 kW– applies to new engines installed on U.S.-flagged vessels
– Up to 30 liters/cylinder
– Commercial only
– Propulsion and auxiliary
■ Doesn’t apply to:– Smaller marine diesel engines covered in the nonroad diesel Tier 2 rule
(October 1998)– Engines made before the standards apply (most remanufacturing is unaffected)
– Recreational engines
– Engines on vessels that operate primarily outside U.S. waters
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Page 23
Commercial Marine - U.S.
■ New EPA standards rely on technology transfer– Standards for small engines (< 5 liters/cylinder) comparable to Tier 2 levels for land-based
nonroad diesel engines
– Standards for large engines (5 to 30 liters/cylinder) comparable to Tier 2 levels forlocomotive engines
■ Standards require manufacturers to control “off-cycle” emissions
■ Estimated reductions:» 24 percent NOx
» 12 percent PM
■ EPA will propose emission standards for marine diesel engines over 30 liter/cylinder inApril 2002
– This results from a settlement agreement to adopt standards for engines on U.S.-flaggedocean-going vessels
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Recreational Marine
st e rn d rive(inbo ard /outb oard)
je td rive(u s ed in pe rs ona l w ate rc ra ft)
in b oa rd( direc t d riv e)
o u tb oa rd
in b oa rd(w ith V -d riv e)
a ir bo a t
FRM due Sept 2002
FRM October 1996
FRM due Sept 2002
FRM due Sept 2002
FRM due Sept 2002
FRM October 1996FRM due Sept 2002
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Page 25
Recreational Marine Regulations
■ Outboards and Personal Watercraft October 1996 FRM– 75% reduction in HC
– conversion to 4-stroke engines and direct-injection 2-stroke engines
■ Sterndrive and Inboard Gasoline Marine Engines– recently published ANPRM with FRM due in September 2002
(includes airboats and jetboats)
– looking at automotive technology (fuel injection, EGR, catalysts)
– most manufacturers are small businesses» convened SBREFA Panel in 1999
– coordinating with the California Air Resources Board
■ Recreational Marine Diesel Engines– included in recent ANPRM and 1999 SBREFA Panel
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Page 26
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Calendar Year
HC
+NO
x [1
000
me
tric
tons
]
OB/PWC HC+NOx Emissions Inventory
Baseline
Controlled
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Page 27
Lawn & Garden (“Small SI”)
■ Regulations apply to engines under 25 hp– Primarily used in Lawn & Garden equipment
■ Regulations apply to two broad categories– Engines used in Nonhandheld applications (e.g., lawnmowers, tractors,
pumps, etc…)
– Engines used in Handheld applications (e.g., string trimmers, leafblowers, chainsaws, etc…)
■ EPA adopted Phase 1 standards in 1995– Standards took effect in 1997
– Standards represent a 32% reduction in HC (from pre-control levels)
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Page 28
Lawn & Garden, continued
■ Nonhandheld Phase 2 final rule adopted March 1999– Emissions reduced 60 percent below Phase 1 levels
■ Handheld Phase 2 final rule adopted March 2000– Emissions reduced 70 percent below Phase 1 levels
■ Both handheld and nonhandheld Phase 2 standards:– Take effect between 2001-2007
– Address emissions deterioration
– Allow emissions averaging
– Are based on full-life emissions
– Manufacturers are required to test production line engines for compliance
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Page 29
Industrial (“Large SI”)
■ Proposal due September 14, 2001
■ Equipment types:– forklifts, airport equipment, sweepers, aerial lifts
– generators, pumps, compressors, saws, chippers
■ Engine types– Large majority are derived from automotive engines
– A few are air-cooled industrial engines
■ Fuel types– 70 percent of engines use LPG
– Gasoline is the alternative fuel
– Fuel conversions and dual-fuel engines are common
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Large SI Regulatory History
■ California ARB adopted emission standards in October 1998– 3 g/hp-hr NOx+NMHC standard phases in from 2001 through 2004
– Projected technology includes electronic fuel systems with 3-way catalyst
– Compliance program includes production-line and in-use testing bymanufacturers
■ EPA proposal will likely be consistent with ARB, with a fewremaining issues– Level of emission standards
– Transient duty cycle
– Not-to-exceed provisions
– Basic engine diagnostics
– Evaporative emissions
■ Anticipating 80 to 90 percent reduction (NOx + HC)
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Recreational Vehicles
■ Proposal due September 14, 2001
■ Three main vehicle types:– Off-road motorcycles, snowmobiles, and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs)
■ EPA has not yet set standards for these vehicles. California hasadopted “limited” standards for off-road motorcycles and ATVs
■ We are also concerned about personal exposure to potentially highlevels of CO and toxic emissions from these vehicles
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Page 32
Recreational Vehicles
■ EPA also released an ANPRM in November 2000 to start thestandard-setting process
■ EPA requests comment in several areas including:– technologies that may be available to reduce emissions
– the timing and level of new emission standards
– test procedures for measuring emissions from vehicles and engines
– compliance programs
– competition provisions
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Page 33
Aircraft Authority
■ CAA section 231 gives EPA authority to setemission standards
■ CAA section 232 gives FAA authority to enforcethese standards
■ CAA section 233 preempts states from settingaircraft standards
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Page 34
Aircraft Emission Standards
■ Aircraft engines are international commodities and frequentlytraverse national boundaries– ICAO process used in setting standards
■ HC, NOx, and CO standards for jet engines greater than 26.7kilonewtons of thrust (most mid to large commercial jets)
■ Smoke standards for jet and turboprop engines
■ EPA aligned with international standards (ICAO) in 1997– HC standards for all engines produced after 1983
– CO standards for all engines produced after July 1997
– NOx standards for newly designed engines after 1995 and all engines producedafter 2000
■ More stringent NOx standards adopted by ICAO in 1999, to beimplemented for newly designed engines after 2003– We plan to alight with these standards in the future
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Page 35
Aircraft Inventory
Atlant
aBos
ton
Charlo
tteChic
ago
Housto
nLo
s Ang
eles
New Y
ork
Philad
elphia
Phoen
ix
Was
hingt
on, D
C
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
% o
f Mob
ile S
ourc
e E
mis
sion
s
19902010
Atlant
a
Bosto
nCha
rlotte
Chicag
oHou
ston
Los A
ngele
sNew
Yor
kPhil
adelp
hiaPho
enix
Was
hingt
on, D
C0
5
10
15
20
% o
f Mob
ile S
ourc
e E
mis
sion
s
19902010
■ Commercial aircraft componentof regional mobile sourceemissions
■ Nationally, NOx emissionsexpected to increase 25%between 1995 and 2020
■ Aircraft emissions can havevery significant local/regionalimpact
NOx
VOC
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Page 36
EPA/FAA Voluntary EmissionReduction Initiative
■ EPA & FAA co-chairing national stakeholder process todevelop voluntary program to reduce pollutants from aircraftand other aviation sources
■ Study underway to assess existing and projected emissions
■ Initative to also evaluate control options– technological feasibility
– cost effectiveness
■ Possible options include retrofitting, low-pollution technology,efficient operating practices, GSE electrification
■ Process to conclude by summer 2001
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Page 37
Other Nonroad Program Issues
■ Harmonization– international
– California
■ Toxics– In general, any control that reduces PM and VOC emissions also reduces
toxics
– 202(l) rule calls for research plan to determine whether further, specific,control of nonroad toxics is feasible and warranted
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Phase-In of Nonroad Control Programs
Current EPA Nonroad Control Program Phase-In Schedule
Nonroad Diesel
Comm ercial Marine
Recreational Marine
Lawn & Garden (sm all SI)
Locomotives
Industrial (large SI)
Recreational Equipm ent
1995 2010
1996 2008
2000 2005
2005
2000 2007
20061998
1997 2007
** rem anu facture s tandards app ly to engines bu illt s ince 1973
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Page 39
Summary of Rulemaking Schedule
C a te g o r y S a le s p e r y e a r F in a l R u le s
A ir c ra f t e n g in e s 1 ,0 0 0 1 9 8 2 , 1 9 9 7
L a n d -b a s e d n o n ro a d d ie s e l 3 6 0 ,0 0 0 1 9 9 4 , 1 9 9 8 ,
L o c o m o t iv e s 6 0 0 1 9 9 8
M a r in e d ie s e l - - c o m m e rc ia l 1 5 ,0 0 0 1 9 9 9
M a r in e S I - - o u tb o a rd & P W C 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 9 9 6
R e c re a t io n a l m a r in e - - d ie s e l a n d S D / I g a s o lin e
1 2 0 ,0 0 0 S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 2
L a w n & G a rd e n S I < 1 9 k W 1 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 9 9 5 , 1 9 9 9
In d u s t r ia l S I > 1 9 k W 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 2
R e c re a t io n a l v e h ic le s - - s n o w m o b i le s , m o to r c y c le s
8 0 0 ,0 0 0 S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 2
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Summary - Changing NonroadContribution to Inventory
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Cur ren t 2007 2030
annu
al to
ns (t
hous
ands
)
Nonroad
Highw ay
Other Sourc es
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Cur ren t 2007 2030
annu
al to
ns (t
hous
ands
)
Nonroad
Highw ay
Other Sourc es
0
10000
20000
30000
Cur ren t 2007 2030annu
al to
ns (
thou
sand
s)
Nonroad
Highw ay
Other Sourc es
■ These trends reflect programsfinalized as of December 2000
■ Rules on books provide some,but not enough control
■ Nonroad diesel Phase 3 and“Pentathalon” rules will becritically important for thefuture
NOx
PM2.5
VOC
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Page 41
Contacts
■ For additional information--– www.epa.gov/otaq/nonroad.htm
– www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm
■ For additional questions on--– Aircraft: [email protected]
– Locomotives: [email protected]
– Small SI: [email protected]
– MARPOL: [email protected]
– Marine diesel final rule: [email protected]
– Recreational marine: [email protected]
– Large SI: [email protected]
– Recreational vehicles: [email protected]
– Nonroad diesel: [email protected]