製剤の安全性が大きく懸念されている。感染性海綿状脳 …€¦ · tomi仕...

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医薬品 医薬部外品 研究報告 調査報告書 化粧品 別紙3⊥丁 識別番号・報告回数 報告日 薪医区分 年月 日 2。日 捻合機構処理個 一般的名称 Preparationo!■solⅦbleinfectious 公表国 Sa叩Iesfromscrapie-infected brai¶:an帥tOOltostudythe Clearanceoflransmissible イタリア 研究報告の公表状況 SpOngiformence鵬alopatbya駅ntS 販売名(企業名) duringplas皿a!TaCtioⅡation VitoÅl帽eloBeTaTdi,etal. L8皿Cet2008;46:652-8 英国で血液感染による変異型クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病が2例報告されて以来,プリオンと関わる血液,血液成分,及び血兼由来 使用上の注意記載状況・ 製剤の安全性が大きく懸念されている。感染性海綿状脳症(TSE)に感染した客歯類の脳の一部をスパイクした血液成分や血紫由来製剤 その他参考事項等 BYし2006-0215 からのプリオンの除去,あるいは不活性化を可能にする方法の開発が取り組まれた。しかしながら,スパイクには恐らく血液感染と は関連のない病原性プリオンタンパク質伊rPTSE)の凝集体が含まれており,この集合体の存在により試験が無効になる可能性があ る。これを明らかにするため,筆者らは以下の実験を行った。 告 の りの50%致死量105以上)がスクレーピーのハムスター263K株のS払分画でみられたが,その効果はPrPTSEの凝集体を含む分固よりも 低かった。一方,この分画はなにも含んでいないか,含んだとしても僅か微量のPrPTSEの凝集体であることが確認された。本実験で 示されたPrPT濾の凝集体を含まない感染性物質を調製する簡便な方法は,ヒト血液成分及び血雅由来製剤におけるプリオン除去,ま たは不括化確認試験に用いるのに適当なスパイク物質を調製する上で有用であると考えられた。 報告企業の意見 今後の対応 弊社の血紫分画製剤の製造工程において,2004年のPosition 現時点で新たな安全対策上の捨置を講じる必要は無いと考える。引き続 Statementで欧州医薬品審査庁が推奨する,プリオン除去及び感 染性評価の開発を行った。その結果,各製品の製造過程で,少 なくとも4logのプリオン除去が可能であることが確認されてい る。

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  • 医薬品

    医薬部外品 研究報告 調査報告書

    化粧品

    別紙3⊥丁

    識別番号・報告回数 報告日 薪医区分

    回 年月 日 2。日 捻合機構処理個

    一般的名称 Preparationo!■solⅦbleinfectious 公表国 Sa叩Iesfromscrapie-infected

    brai¶:an帥tOOltostudythe

    Clearanceoflransmissible イタリア

    研究報告の公表状況 SpOngiformence鵬alopatbya駅ntS

    販売名(企業名) duringplas皿a!TaCtioⅡation VitoÅl帽eloBeTaTdi,etal. L8皿Cet2008;46:652-8

    英国で血液感染による変異型クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病が2例報告されて以来,プリオンと関わる血液,血液成分,及び血兼由来 使用上の注意記載状況・

    製剤の安全性が大きく懸念されている。感染性海綿状脳症(TSE)に感染した客歯類の脳の一部をスパイクした血液成分や血紫由来製剤 その他参考事項等 BYし2006-0215 からのプリオンの除去,あるいは不活性化を可能にする方法の開発が取り組まれた。しかしながら,スパイクには恐らく血液感染と

    研 は関連のない病原性プリオンタンパク質伊rPTSE)の凝集体が含まれており,この集合体の存在により試験が無効になる可能性があ

    究 る。これを明らかにするため,筆者らは以下の実験を行った。

    告 の

    要 りの50%致死量105以上)がスクレーピーのハムスター263K株のS払分画でみられたが,その効果はPrPTSEの凝集体を含む分固よりも 低かった。一方,この分画はなにも含んでいないか,含んだとしても僅か微量のPrPTSEの凝集体であることが確認された。本実験で

    示されたPrPT濾の凝集体を含まない感染性物質を調製する簡便な方法は,ヒト血液成分及び血雅由来製剤におけるプリオン除去,ま

    たは不括化確認試験に用いるのに適当なスパイク物質を調製する上で有用であると考えられた。

    報告企業の意見 今後の対応

    弊社の血紫分画製剤の製造工程において,2004年のPosition 現時点で新たな安全対策上の捨置を講じる必要は無いと考える。引き続 Statementで欧州医薬品審査庁が推奨する,プリオン除去及び感 染性評価の開発を行った。その結果,各製品の製造過程で,少 なくとも4logのプリオン除去が可能であることが確認されてい

    る。

  • BⅥ.-2006.02i5

    TRAⅣSⅢS川Ⅳ 訂8ⅧPL川A晋川ⅣS

    Preparationofsolublein鮎ctioussamPles触}mSCraPie-in鮎cted

    brain:aneWtOOlto$tudytheclearanCeOftranSmissible SPOngiformencephalopathyagent$duringplasmafractionation

    ∽わ血評わぬ℃励月Ⅵ耽0α柁わ和ら劇評伽α物由乃詔汀仇旭言上加β7d肋rJrねfo紬cc肋J一宮

    he occurrence oftwo blood・rela,tedinfections

    Ofvariant CreutzねIdt-1akob disease(VCID)in

    the United Kingdom)・2and the触dingthat

    approximate吋10percent ofvCJD cases were T E)ACKGROUND:Concemaboutthesafetyofbbod,

    bbodcomponents,andpJasma-derivedproductswtth respecttoprionshasincreasedsincethereporto=wo bk)Od-relatedinfectionsofvariantCreutzfeldt-Jakob

    diseaseintheUnitedKingdom.EfforfsweredErected

    towardthedevebpmentofpro¢eduresabletoremoveor

    inacth,atePnOnSfrombIoodcomponentsorpJasma-

    derivedproductsw肘IbrajnfractionsoftransmissibIe

    spongbrんencephabpathy(TSE)-infectedrodentsas

    SPikingmaterials・ThesespikingmateriaIs,however,are

    Joadedwithpathologicalprionprotejn(PrPTSE)aggregates

    thatarelik叫notassociatedtobloodinfectivity.The PreSenCeOftheseaggregatesmayinva(idatethese

    Studie$.

    STUDYDESIGNANDMETHODS:Brainsfrom

    263Kscrapie-infectedhamstersweresuspendedin lOpercenIphosphate-bufferedsaline・Afterlow-SPeed

    CentrWugation,thesupernatantwascoJIectedand

    u肘acentrhgedat220,000×gat25OCfor30minutes.

    TTlehigh-SPeedsupernatants(SHS)andpe‖etswere

    COIfected;theproteinase-reSistantPrPTSEwasmeasured

    byWesternbIotandinfectiv吋byintracerebrafinocuJation

    耐OWeantinghams始椅.

    RESULJS:AsubstantiaJamountofprjoninfectiv托y(more

    thanlO5LD50PermLofalO%suspensionofbrain tissues)ispresentihtheSHSfractionof263Kscrapie-

    infectedhamsterbrains・ConcomEtant[y,thisfraction

    COntainsnoneoronfytracesofPrPTStinitsaggregate fo「m.

    CONCLUSrON:ThbstudydescribesasimpIeandfast

    PrOtOCOItoprepareinfectiousma‡erja=rom263K

    SCraPre-infectedbrainsthatisnotcontaminaモedwith

    PrPTSEaggregates・ThisSHSfractionis=kefytobethe

    mostrelevantmateria=orendogenousspikingofhuman b10Odinvalidationexperimentsajmedatdemonstrating PrOCedurestoremoveorinactivateTSEinfectiousagents・

    blooddonorsbefbretheappearanceofclinicalsignslam eauseofincreasmgconcernforthesafetyofbloodtrans- fusionand,aSaCOnSequenCe,Ofbloodcomponentsor plasma-derivedproducts.Thereisstrongevidencethat VCJDis caused bythe consumption ofbovine spon- gifom encephalopathy(BSE)-COntaminated meat products,buttheoccurrenceofhuman-tD-humantranS- missionofvCJDhasnowraisedthepossibi)itythatother CaSeSmightberelatedtobloodtranSfusionsratherthan meateonsumption・BSEandvCJD,tOgetherwithscrapie in sheep and goats.sporadic and genetic CJD,Gerst-

    ABBREVIAT暮ONS:BSE=bovinespor)giLormencephalopathy;

    LD50=dosesrequiredtokin50percentofinoculatedanimals;

    NaPTA=SOdiumphosphotungstieacid;PX=prOte血】aSeK;P71S=

    high-Speedpe山et;P旭PT^=pelletaftersodiumphosphotu喝Stic

    acidprecipitation;PrPlⅦ=pathoJogicalprionprolein;PrP27・38=

    27-tO30-kDaEragmentofprotease-reSistantpnonprotein;

    SLS=low-Speedsupematant;SHS=high-Speedsupernatant;

    TSE=tranSmissiblespongiformencephalopathy;TBST=取is-

    btlfftredsaline(pH8)withO・05percentT山een20;VCID=Varianl

    Creutヱftldt-Jakobdisease.

    PromtheDegenerativeand‡n丑ammatoryNeurologicalDiseases

    Unit,DepartmentofCellBiologyandNeurosciences,itaiian

    NationalInstituteofHealth,Rome,Italy.

    A〟柁∬J印面一作qW打払敗MauridoPocchiari.MD,

    Degenerativeand王n魚ammatoryNeuroZogicalDiseasesUnit,

    DepartmentofCe11BioiogyandNeurosciences.IstitutoSuperiore diSani隠VialeReginaElena299,00161Ronle,ftaly;e-ma址

    pocchia@iss五

    PartiallysupportedbytheMinisterodeliaSalute,Italy,

    ProgettoFina封zzatol%2001/1A8E

    Receivedforpublicationl山y8.2005;reVisio11reCeived

    August30,2005,andacceptedAugust30,20O5,

    doiニ10,111川.ユ537-2995.2006.00763.x

    TRANSFぴSION20〔〉6;46:652-658.

    652 TRANSFU引Ofづ 他山me46,Ap柑2006

    -187-

  • SOLUBLEINFECTIVTTYINSCRAP]EBRAIN

    andhomogenizedbyuseof8T姐on一如SSPotferdssue grinder.Thehomogenatewasdispersedwith10sonica一 也onpulses(ⅥbraCell.Sonics&MaterialsInc・,New- town,CT)血ile kept onice andthen centri如ged at 825xgfbr15minutes at250C(GS-6R,rOtOr G注-3・7, Beckman Coulter.F山1erton,CA).Low-Speed supema- tant(Su)was8Onicatedasaboveandultracen出血gedat 220,000×gfb!30mim止eSat250C(OptimaTL・100,TOtOr

    TLAlOO.3,BeckmanCoulter,Fullerton,CA).Thishigh- Speed supematant(S.T£)was collected andthe high-

    SpeedpellettPtTS)wassonicatedinsterilePBStoobtaina 10percentsuspension(gram-eqtdvalentsofbraiLl/PBS)・

    lnReplicate2,SOnicationwas neverperfbrmed・These three鉦actions(Slぶ,SnS,and PIIS )were storedaト700C

    untilassayed・TheSTTSfねCtionofRepJicate3wase皿m- inedbytransmissione)ectronmicroscopyaf(ernegative St血血喝.

    mann-Straussler-Scheinker disease,and sporadic or

    Ehmi1ial血talinsomnia,belongtothe許OupOftran釘nis-

    Sible spon由払m enceph由opat吋(耶E)orprion dis-

    easesthafareprogressivedegenerativedisordersofthe CentralnervoussystemwithfataJoutcome、3Themaiority OfvCID cases have occurredinthe United Ringdom (n=159)40rinpatientswhospentmonth$intheUnited Kingdombeぬrethedevclopmentofdise8Se・HoⅥ℃Ver. VC)D ha$also occasional)ybeenreportedin patients Whowere not British andnever traveled tothe United

    Kingdom,SuggeS血gthatthesepadentswereinfectedin theirowncountry15JMoreover,aPreliminaryprospective StudyintheUnitedKingdomhasindicatedthatthere are about3000individualsin the age gTOuplO to 30year$Wbomightcmγprionin鮎d扇呼in血eI叩l- phdretic血rtisstleS9and,pOS$ibly;inthe blood.The 触血g$thatvCJDp如ientsc訂Ⅳhfecせ再Ⅳbbloodup

    to3yearsbeぬretheappearanceofclinicalsign$)and thatnotestisyetavai】ab)ebrthescreeningofvC7D-

    infectedpeople肌IlhavefbcusedtheefFortsfbrthesafety Ofbloodtowardproceduresthatmayremoveorinacti- Vatetheinfbctiousagentinblood,bloodcomponents,Or p)asma products・These validation experiments are usuaJlyperformed eitherwith blood taken負・Om TSE-

    in鈷ctedrodentsorwithllllmanbloodspikedwithTSE-

    infectedrodentbrains.一三BloodofTSE-inftcted rodents, l10WeVer.COl】tajllS Ol-1y up tolがill良ctious doses pel・ rnL,)3JJ andeventhecompleteremova)oftheselowlev-

    elsofinfectivitydoesnotguaranteethee綿cacyofthe

    treatmentandthesafbtyofblood・12spikingbloodwith TSE-infected brains greadyincreases the amount of infectivityandthereforeovercomestheJow一)evelinfbc-

    tivitynatl]raBycazTiedinrodentblood.butthecriticism

    Ofthesevalidationstudiesisthatthenatureofprionsin thebrainmaysubstantiallydi蝕r打omthatpresentin

    theblood・12Mo$tOftheinftctivityinthebrainisassoci- ated withthe abnomaJprion protein(PrPTSE)inits

    aggregatefbrm,Whereasinblooditislikelythatinfbctiv-

    ityis associated to a much more soluble丘action of

    PrPTSE・Thissubstantialdi蝕renceinthephysicochemiー CalstruCtureOfPrPTSt-aSSOCiatedinfectivitymayin触- ence fhe efncacy ofprocedures ab】e toinactivate or

    removeprioninfectivity. hthisarticle・WeShowthat&acdonsof263Kscraple-

    infbctedbrainsretajnahighlevelofprioninfヒctivitywith-

    OutbeingassociatedwiththeaggregateformofPrPTS亡・ This倉actionmightbeusefu]inthevalidationstudiesof

    pharmaceuticals productsderived仕omblood orurine

    COllectedfromhumanorBSE-SuSCeptibleruminants・

    MÅTERIALSANDMETHODS ≡xtractionofwater-SO.ub[escrapieinfectiv童ty

    263Kscraple-infectedhamsterbrainsweresuspendedjn 9volofsterilephosphate-bufferedsaline(PBS;pH7.4)

    W08telnbldmoa8urOm帥tOfthe27・tOさかkDa fragrnentofprotease-reSistantprionprotein Fractions SLS.s)]S.and PITSwerethawed andtreatedfbr 60minutesat370CwithproteinaseK(pK;SigmえChemicaJ Co.,St.Louis,MO)at a丘nalenzyme COnCentration of 50pgpermL・Thedigestionwasstoppedbyaddingpro- teaseinhibitors(CompJete,Roche Diagnostics GmbH 只ocl-eAppliedScierLCe.Mannhejm・Gel・川any)inaecor-

    dancewithtllernanufactu∫er’sinstruCtion.

    Sodium dodecylsulfate-pOlyacrylamide gelelec- trophoreses and Western blot assays were performed accordjngtoLeeal-dcoworkersJ5withsomemodi8ca- tions.After PK treatment,the samples were serially dilutedinhaBlogstepsin NuPAGEgelloadingbu蝕r・ boiled fbrlOminutesin a water bath,and electro-

    phoresed on12percent NuPAGE Bis一取is geJs(hlVitro-

    gen corp・,Carlsbad,CA)fbr60minutes at125ⅥThe nitrocell山ose membraJle(Hybond ECL,Amersham Biosciences Europe GmbH,Freiburg,Germany)was soakedin Tbwbin transfer bu蝕r for5rninutes before ‘Lsandwich”assembly and semidry transfer for 60minutes at125mA at 4OC.The membraJle WaS blockedfor60minutesat370Cin3percentnorlfatdry mi1k(Bio-Rad,Hercules,CA),dissolvedinTtis-buffered saline(pH8)w仙0・05percentThreen20(TBST),and incubated ovemightat40Cwith3F4rnonocIonalanti- hamster27-tO30-kDafragmem of protease-reSistant prion protein(PrPZ7-3O)antibody16(PrOvided by H・Diringer)dilutedl:2000in TBST The mernbrane wa.srinsed withTBST(色ve changes of solutionin 25min),incubated fbr90minutes at room tempera-

    ture with analkahe phosphatase-labeled goat anti- mouse【gG(Perkin-Elmer Sciences,Weuesl印 bLA) diluted atl:5000in TBST;and rinsed agaln・Bands were revealed by the CDP-Star Chemiluminescence detectiDnkit(AppliedBiosystems,FosterCity,CA)and

    VbJume46,Apri12006 TRANSFUS10N 653

    -188-

  • BERAR別ETÅL

    RE$ULTS

    Wo$temblotan雨yさ郎Of283K郎r8Piさ-‡n鹿Cted br8hfr8Ctionさ

    As expected,a great amOunt Ofpartial1y PK-reSistant PrPnE(PrP27’3DFig.1)弧din飴c輌坤(appro鼠81喝LDso/ mLlO%brainsuspension)ispresentinthesupernatant (SLS)aherlow-SPeed centrifugation of263K scrapie-

    il鹿ctedbrainhomogenalesinPBS.Thern再OrityofPrP27,30 andinfBctivityisthenrecoveredinthepenetafter山tra- centrifugation(PllS).Assh抽in恥blel,thedifference

    recorded onモO SenSitive丘Ims(Hyper丘1m ECL,Amer-

    ShamBiosciences).

    $odIumphosphotungstfcacidprecFpitationoftho SNs fracfjOn

    TbrecoverPrPTSEinfractionSI7S.thesamplewasmixed WithlvoltlmeOf4percentsa∫kosylarLdpTOCeSSedwith SOdiumPhosphottlngSticacid(NaPTA;0.3%)aJldMgCl2 (12.75zT甘nOl/L)as published by Wadsworth and associates77withtheon吋rnodi丘ca也onconsistinginthe precipitation ofthe丘nalpellet by u血acentrifuge at 220,000×gfbr30minutesat250C(OptimaTL-100,rOtOr

    TIAIOO、3).Thepe艮et(PNam)wasthensonicatedinsterue PBStoobtaina10percentsuspension(gram-equivalents Ofbrain/PBS)andstoreda卜700Cuntilassayed.

    In飴¢朋V托ybIoa8Say

    Groupsof7tolOSyrianhamsterswereanesthetizedand thenir10CulatedintracerebrdJywith50pLoffractionsSLS. SJIS,PITS,and P NaP7n.Animalsweremajrltainedin coded pJasticcageswithwaterandfoodadJibimmandreg山ar)y SCOredfbrclinjcalsignsofscrapiediseaseasprevjously described.川Incubationperiods(mearl士SD)weremea- Sured andinLbctivitytiterswereestimated byapplying thesevalues to adoseincubation curve drawn a丑er an

    endpointtitration・ほAninverserelation existsbetween doseandincubatiollperiodir)the263Kstraininhamsters. Which癖VeSameaJljncubationperjodof155.5daysfbr lLD5。intracerebralur)itinO.05mLofa10percentbrain homogenate・19Anima]swerehousedatthea血malねciJity OftheItalianNatjonalTnsdtuteofHealth(IstitutoSuperi- OrediSanita,ISS)underthesllperVisionoftheServicefbr BiotechnologyandAnimaJW白瓜reofthelSSwhowar- rantstheadherencetonationalandinternationalregula-

    tionsonanima】welねre.

    鞄1.Westermblotanal叩kofPrPヱ7■油inhw・叩恍d(Su)肌d

    叫由一$匹ed(P柑S肌dS出り杜批血耶p托p適性om263Kscmpie一

    山如tdbr8h(Replic8tモ3)・職es8mplesⅧet柁8td鵬血PX,

    d董1utedh血a掛log弛pSlnNuPAG石野1b8dlm帥Ⅶ蝕ちand

    I闇01vdom812pe托e山NumGヱ蝕一散由gds・A鮎一山e仕弧さ鎚r

    tomi仕○亡e山山卵eme正tbrameむIdh血badonwl血momo亡lom由

    8nd旭y3F4IprP2丁・脚wa8Vku山hdbydlem址umhe∝enCeOn

    $en舶Ⅶ危1ms.PrP2ト油wagnotme鮎肛ablelnS貼,hdlc8血g

    thtvi血姐y血l血ea耶独鈷mofPrPⅧw貼p血ipltated a触rcentr独伊血n8t220,00Oxg如ーユOmhute8・

    65ヰ TRANSFUSiON Vofume46,Aprij2006

    -189-

  • SOLU8LEINFECTIVITYIN$CRAP(E8RAIN

    betweentheamountofPrP27’30inSLSandPIISwaseither

    n血(RepEcate2)ornomorethanO,5log(RepJicatesland 3)anditwasnotinAuellCedbytheuseofsonica也onfbr

    thedisper$ionofsamples(COmpareReplicatesland3

    WithReplicate2).Gmcordandy,PrP27.3Dwas eithernot

    measumble(Fig,1,鮎p】icate革)orpresentataveⅣlow amouJ)tqig・2,Replicate4)inthesupematantafterultra-

    CeZ)trihge(SITS・取blel),indicatingtha・tVirtuanyanthe a拓代gatefbmofPrpTS正waspredpi也tedby220,000×g

    fbr30minutes・Inothefwords,theultracentrihgereduees

    theamotJntOfPrPTSEa床托ga-esinthesupernatantof more也an10,000血鮎(取blel).ExaminationoftheSllS

    打actionofReplicate3reve8ledamorphousproteinaceous

    materialand no delimitingmembranous structure.h Replicate4.thesrnallamOuntOfPrPTSEwascompletely precipitatedbyNげTAprecipitation(P血m;Fig・2)・Inthe

    O也er rep出ca建も馳PⅧw8S nOt reCOⅧ托d even a鮎r

    NaPTAprecipitation・

    ]nfectIvitymea$uremOntOf263K8CraPio-hfected br8infractIonき

    Ⅵ∫餌allyallinfbctivitypre$entintheSLS鮎cdonisrecov-

    eredh血epdleta鮎ー山廿aCen鵬如g鵬on(pl拶鮎cdon)・A

    sub$tantialamotlntOfin飴CtivityisalsofbundintheSITS ffaction,howeveLThe甲eanincubationperiodsofham- stersinoculated withaJiquot$Of S‖S ftaction$Were, 托叩eCdvely,15・9,18・5,andお・6da叩lo喝er血an血ecor-

    respondingSJ3なactions(Thble2),Whichcorrespondsto anestimatelostofinfectivitytiterran如g打om30to200 times.

    TheenrichmentぬctorbrinibctivityversusPrPTSモ (Calcu】atedasthedi鮎rencebetweenthereductionfactor

    LbrPrPTSEandthereductionfactorfbrinfectivity)ranged &ommorethan200timesinRepucate2uptolOOOtirnes inReplicatel(ThbJe2),VimaJ吋a)lin払ctivityinSHSwas

    recoveredinthepellet(PNam)afterNaPTAprecipitation・

    DISCUSSION

    lnbloodofTSE-a蝕ctedrodentsorsheep,aSubstantial proportionofirlftctivityisassociatedwithplasrna・2D-22If thedistributionofin飴ctivityinhumanbloodisthesame

    asinanimals.thenpla$ma-derivedproductsmightbeat tiskoftransmittingvCJD・Usual1y;preCautionsagainstthe riskofinfbctioninmedicinalproduct$,includingpJasma-

    derived pharmaceuticaJs,COnSist of so一】rCe deferra]s・

    SCreenlngOfdonors,andinactivationoTremOVaIofthe in飴ctiousag甲t・rnTSEdiseases・howevezltheRrsttwo lines of defense are poorly practicable because blood isin飴ctious during thelong asymptOrnatic phase of

    Flg.2.W由一emblot8n山野l80fPrP訂●如1n$鵬打ac山Imbe払托

    (S打うamda駄er(S棚几)N柑1Apr叫I18t10n(Repllc8te恥The

    さ即mpl閥We代地td而血Pち博01Ⅵ畑ol1812pe托モmt伽mGE

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    disease73andnotestsareyetavaJableforanearlypreclin- jcaldiagnosis3r8orfbrthescreenmgofblood・l…Thus, e触rts are directed toimple皿entPrOCedures able to

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    physicochemicalcharacteristics ofthevCJD and other TSEagentsinblood・】2BAcomparisonofdi飴rerltSPiking preparadonsshowedthatbrainhornogenate,CaVeOlae- 】jke doⅢ1由15,∽d microsDm田 pa托ition 5imi血勧

    Whereaspuri6edPrPTSEhadsigni鮎antlydi蝕rentparti- tionlngPrOperties・230bviously,thebestspikingmaterial WOtlldbei血tiouslmmanplasma,24buta11attemptsto tranSmitthediseasewithwholebloodorbu坤coath・Om

    buman patients to experimentalanimal$have so hr failed.2536Thenextbestjs†ouseblood打omTSE-infected

    rodents・Thereislong-1asth)gevidencethatbloodofham-

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    ensurethee鍋eacyofremovalproceduTeS,makingman- datorytheuseofexogenotlSSpikingmateriaJstoperform reliablevalidationstudies,Then,COnSideringthatremoval maybeinf山encedbythestate ofprionaggregation,3O

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    鮎d PrPTS正aggregates since they are notlikelyto be presentinblood・AnyattempttomeasurePrPTSEinblood

    OrCOnCentrateSOfbloodcomponents,SuChasbu勒coats,

    hasbeen打ustratjng,andclaimsofsuccesshaver10tbeen

    SuCCeSSivelyconfirmed..OprpT写ヱinbuf&coatofdiseased 263Kscraple-inftctedhamstersisdetectableafteratleast 】44cycies ofproteinmisfb】ding cyclic ampli丘cation.31

    Theoretically,microsomaトmembrane丘actionisabetter

    SpikhlgmateriaL,ZZalthoughdata抒omroder)tSinftcted Wifh a mouse-adapted strain of htlrnan Gerstmann-

    Straussler-Scheinkerdiseasehaveshownthatpia5mais たeeofmembranousstrucrures,32that蝕rationorhighT SPeedcentrialgationdoesnoteliminateinftctivityfrom piasma,32andthatijlPlasmaofvCJD-infectedmice,infec- t3vityisreducedbyPKtreatment.33Thesedata.suggestthat inplasmatheinftctiousagent童sverysma札unsediment-

    able,andpoorlyaggregated.

    Inthisscenario,theS7IS打actionpurified免・Om263長:

    SCraPle-infectedhamsterbrainsmaybeanappropriate SPildnglnaterialforthesestudies,S‖づ育actioncontainsat

    leastlO.000-foid theinfectivltyfbundillblood ofTSE-

    656 TR鋸jSFUSFON Ⅵ〕山meヰ乳Apri!2006

    infbctedrodents;itisvirtua11y鮎eftomPrPTStaggregates,

    membranous打actions,and detergent contaminants, 血chinter飴reswiththee錦cacyofTSEremovalduring theproductionofplasmaderivadves・)23435The点nding thatin S17S丘actionTSEin飴cdvityisdissociatedftorn PrPTSEaggregatesisnotsurprising,akhoughtheprimary COnSequenCeOfaninftctionwithaTSEagentisthecon- formationa】changeofthece艮ularPrPintoapathological COnfbrmer(PrPTSE).richinβ-Sheetstructures,Whichtends

    toaggregateintoamyJoid丘bers36andcosegregateswith infbctivity・37Exceptionstothisru1e,i・e・.thepresenceof

    i嘘ctiv吋涙血out血e払madon ofPrPⅧag許egateS, have been reported,糾2aJld bloodmight simply be anothercollditionwherethisdivergenceoccurs・Likely, theinfbctivityinSHSisassociatedwithdimerorsmal1 aggregatesofPrPTSEthatremaininsolu加nafterultracen- trifuge,butprecipitateinthepresenceofNaPTAandMgヱ◆, whichformcomplexeswithPrPTSEbutnotwithcel】ular pr10nprOtein・」3

    ItistherefbfeJikelythatane用cientremovalofinfec- tivity through nanORlters or depth61trations射6is achievedonlywheninfbctivityisassociatedtoPTPTSモinits aggregateform,butthattheseproceduresmaynotbeso e蝕ctive when applied to natural]y血fbcted blood or

    Plasmaunits・Inconclusion,thisstudyshowsasimpleand fastmethodforpreparinga.suitablespikingmaterialto useinvalidationexperimerltSaimedatprovlngremOVal Orinactivationofprioninfectivityinthepreparationof blood components or pharmaceuticals derived 打om humanpIasma.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENT

    WearegratefultoFabianaSupertiPhDandAntDnellaTinarifor

    eJectronmicroseopy;NicolaBeuizziandMaurizioBonannofor assistanceinthebioassay;FerdinaT)doCosta.PatriziaCocco,and

    DanielaDiamantifbrlaboratorywork;andAlessandraGarozzo andMarcoDelReforadmimistrativesupport・

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    -193-

  • 別紙様式第2-1

    医薬品 研究報告調査報卓書

    識別番号・報告回数 報告日 第‾臥手日 新区鮎等の区分 総合機構処理個

    一般的名称 公表国

    研究報告の

    公表状況 http://間■.血1v.阻j〆h剛doⅦ/2008/08几0824-さ.血t止l

    販売名(企業名) 日本

    変異型クロイツフェルトヤコブ病(vCJD)は、献血の際に血液で検査する方法が未だ実用化されていないため、例 えば、欧州滞在歴のある方などvCJD伝播のリスクが否定できない方について、問診により献血制限を行う暫定的 な措置が講じられている。

    その他参考事項等 重要な基本的注意

    今般、ヒト胎盤エキス(プラセンタ)注射剤を使用した方の取扱いについても、以下の措置を講じることとなった。 (1)同注射剤によるvCJD感染事例は報告されていないが、輸血や臓器移植と同様にヒト由来の臓器から製造され

    研 .等が伝臆したとの報告はない。しか しながら、製造工程において異常プ 究 て問診により献血を制限する。

    報 』ヒ リオンを低減し得るとの報告がある

    ■コ ものの、理論的なYC川等の伝播のリ

    の スタを完全には排除できないので、

    概 投与の際には患者への説明を十分行

    要 い、治療上の必要性を十分検討の上 投与すること。

    報告企業の意見 今後の対応

    ヒト胎盤エキスげラセンタ)注射剤からのVCJD 伝播の理論的なリスクが否定できないため、念の

    ための措置の情報である。 現時点まで血紫分画製剤からのVCJD伝播の報告は

    ない。

  • 芦生労働省:ヒト胎盤エキス(プラセンタ)注射剤使… NIHONSEIYAKU 2005-034

    ホーム!新着情報f窓口一覧lよくあるご質問に意見lリンク集蓼サイトマップ

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    医薬食品局血液対策課

    課長関 英一 (内) 2900

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    ヒト胎盤エキス(プラセンタ)注射剤使用者の献血制限について

    平成18年8月23日に開催された薬事・食品衛生審諌会血液事業部会安全技術調査会において、ヒ ト胎盤エキス(プラセンタ)注射剤を使用した方の献血を制限する措置を日本赤十字社が実施すること

    が7承された。

    1.経緯等 (1)変異型クロイツフェルトヤコブ病(vCJD)は、献血の際に血液から検査する方法が未だ実用化し

    ていないため、例えば、欧州滞在歴のある方などvCJD伝播のリスクが否定できない方につい て、問診により献血制限を行う暫定的な措置を講じてきているところである。

    (※)暫定的な措置の内容

    ・平成17年2月に国内でvCJD患者が確認され、英国滞在歴を有していたことを踏まえ、同 年6月より、特定の期間に1日以上英国滞在歴のある方の献血を制限。

    ・輸血及び臓器移埴(ヒトの臓器に由来するもの)を受けた方からの献血を制限。

    (2)ヒト胎盤エキス(プラセンタ)注射剤を使用した方の取扱いについても、安全技術調査会におい て平成16年10月から審議されてきたところであり、今般、以下の措置を講じることとしたものであ る。

    2.新たな措置の内容 (1)同注射剤によるvCJD感染事例は報告されていないが、輸血や臓器移植と同様にヒト由来の臓

    器から製造されていることから、VCJDの伝播の理論的なリスクが否定できないため、念のための 措置として、その使用者について問診により献血を制限することとする。

    (注)ヒト胎盤エキス(プラセンタ)注射剤については、国内では2製剤が薬事法の承認を受けて いる。 [り メルスモン(注射薬)(メルスモン)

    効能■効果 更年期障害・乳汁分泌不全

    [2]ラエンネック(注射薬)(日本生物製剤)

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    ※ 美容形成(シミ・シワ・ ニキビ等)に一部使われていることも知られている。

    (2)日本赤十字社においては、1ケ月後を目途に措置を実施する予定である。

    →関連資料…峯を幽液婁美都会安全技術調査会

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    別紙3-1

    識別番号・報告回数 報告日 第一報入手日 新医薬品等の区分

    回 年月 日 2006年2月28日 該当なし 総合機構処理楠

    一般的名称 E皿elgingviraldiseasesand 公表国 infectious disease risks TappeT.札L. 米国

    研究報告の公表状況 Haemophilia12,(Suppl.1).3-7

    販売名(企業名) (2086)

    西ナイルウイルス感染症,鳥インフルエンザ,重症急性呼吸器症候群(S膿S)に特に重点をおいた「新規感染症」の概念,及びそれに 使用上の注意記載状況・

    関連すると思われる血液製剤とその使用患者の安全性について取り上げている。1992年以来,米国の医学研究所(IO械=ま「新規感染症 その他参考事項等 は,新型の,または再興する,または薬剤耐性の感染症であり,ヒトへの確患率が過去20年以内に増加しているか,近い将来増加す BⅥ.-2006-0220-1

    る恐れがある疾患」と定義している。海外旅行や国際商取乱人口統計学上及びそれに付随した行動の劇的な変化により感染因子は

    研 究 世界的に蔓延し,加速している。 報

    告 の

    要 るよう療育している。

    報告企業の意見 今後の対応

    血薬分画製剤を介した西ナイルウイルス感染は現在までにまっ 現時点で新たな安全対策上の措置を講じる必要は無いと考える。引き続 たく報告されていない。また,2003年5月1日のFDAガイドラ インでは,血紫分画製剤に使用する血奨プールに対しては西ナイ ルウイルスの検査は必要ないとしている。さらに,弊社のウイル ス不活化処理は血紫プールにおいて,西ナイルウイルスを不括化 させるのに十分であることが証明されている。インフルエンザウ

    イルス及びコロナウイルスに関しても同様に,弊社のウイルス不 ノ 括化処理またはウイルス除去処理により安全性が確保されてい

    る。

  • BYL・2006-0220-1 へ ′ J ノ・

    肋g椚Oタカ〟由(之00‘),1ユ,(5uppl,1),シ7

    Emergingviraldiseasesandinfectiousdiseaserisks

    M.L.TA王〉PER

    肋政則仲卸血相如拙助川旬助川叫摘両町肋00捌闇坤瑚摘か如い化∽

    containmentchallenges.Rapid screening test$for other newly described pathogens such as WNV requl托血efbrdevelopmentamdmaァbe<100% reliable.Theimportanceofvigilanceinthedetection andcontrolofnewlyrecognizedinfectiousthreats canJlOt be overs亡reSSed.Thepresence ofinfectious agentsin the blood supply could agam have a signi丘caJltimpacton血e safeuseofboth blood andblood-derivedproductsinthecaEeOfpatients with haemophilia,aS did the humanimmunoこ de点ciencyviruSiLlthe19gOs,EJ71ergingpathogens wi11condnuetobearealityreq血ingtheco11abora- tiveeffortsofpubhchealthandiJldividualhealthcare providers worldwide to contmioutbreaks and preventtransmission・

    Keywords:avianinfluenza,haemophilia,lmman immunode丘ciency viruS,Pathogens,SeVere aCute resplratOrySyndrome,WestNilevirus

    SⅦn皿廻γ.N亡W匹thogensand an血iαObialィ郎is- tantfomsofolderp&thogenscontinuetoemerge, SOmewiththepot亡ntialforrapid,globalspreadand highmorbidityandJnOrtaiitY.Pathogenscazlemefge either血roughintroductionintoanewpopulationor Whentheinteractionwiththevectorchanges;emer- gencei6alsoin鮎encedbymicrobiologicaladapt・ adonandchange,globaltravelpatt子mS,domesdc

    andwildanlmalcontactandothervarlantSinhtman ecology and behaviotn Quick,decisive action to detec一之nd co此roIMVelpathogems,弧d thereby COntainoutbreaksandpreventhrthertfanSmission, isfrequendァ由比匹redbyimcompleteor血dequate dataaboutaneworre・七mergingpa血ogen.n托e examples ofpathogens thatare ctdrentCauSeS for humanheal血concernareavianin瓜uenza,WestNile ViruS(ⅦNV)and the sてVere aCute reSPiratory

    Syndrome(SARS)coronav)ruS.Pathogens directlY Orindirectly tranSmitted by aerosolized droplets, SuChasavianinfluenzaandSARS,pOSeCOnSiderable

    influenza.Italsolaysthefoundationfordiscussions abouttheimplicationsofemerginginfectiousdis- easesforthesafetyofthebloodsupplyandfbrthe careofpatientswho dependonthesafetyofthe bloodsupply,SuChasthosewithhaemophilia・

    Infectiousdiseaseoutbreaksofthelastdecade

    Inthelastdeeade血erehavebeenanumberofmaior globalinfectiousdiseaseoutbreaksthathavehadthe potentialtobemajorhealththreats・Manyofth占se rapidlyspreadingviruSeS,lnCludingSARSandavian in鮎enza,appeartOhaveo工藤natedaszoonosesin Asia川・TheseやSeShavealsodemons仕atedan extraordinarycapacltytQ誓OVequickly(andoften S?rrePtitiously)betweenanlmaiandhumanpopula一 亡10nSandacrosscontinents.

    De点nitionofanemerginginfectiousdisease

    Dehinganemerglnginfectiousdiseaseisno【neCeS- sarilvstraightforward・Morbidityandmortaiityfrom

    5

    Introduction

    Theemergenceofnewinfectiouspathogensandthe recurrenceofoldefpa血ogensinu山quese仕ingshave becomecommontopicsinthemedica11iteratureand laymedia,indicatinganincreasingconcernamong healthca∫e PrOViders and the genefalp11blic alike.

    Thepresenceofinfectiousagentsintheblood$uPPly, for example,hashad-andcould againhave-a

    profou皿din且uenceon血esa鈷u5eO‖)0血bloodand blood-derivedpEOductsinthecareofpatientswith haemophilia・Thsarticiepて0Videsanoverviewof

    emerglnginfectiousdiseaseslngeneralanddisctlSSeS someexamplesofviralpathogensthatarecurrentlY causeforconce叫imcludingW’estNilevirus(Ⅵ7NV), SeVereaCutereSPiratorysYndrome(SARS)andavian

    Correspond亡nCe:MichaelL.Tapper,MD,DivisionofInfectious DiseasesandHospital,Epid亡miolo臥LenoxHiuHospital,100 Ea舐77tムS打亡et,NelVYork,NYlOOユ1,USA. Tei∴÷1ヱ124343440;hx:+121243ヰ2674 e-mail‥mtaPpeご@1eno血Ji.ne亡

    ⑥ヱ006Blackwel=袖blishingLfd

    -197-

  • 4 M.L.TAPPER

    eme喝hg由良ctiou5disease$打eundersぬOd亡Obea COn血ual血reat,㌍t血eexactna餌reof血atthreatis notwe11d血id.Onewidelyacceptedde血idonwas

    proposedinlタ,2bァ血InstituteofMedi血e(IOM) intheUSA,Wbchde鮎edanemergi喝infectious

    di紀a紀aS a neW,re-emer由ng,Or血ug-reぶiぬnt

    infectionwhoseincidenceinhtmnshasincreased withinthepasttwodecadesorwhoseiLICidencehas 血ea加edto血⊂reaSeWi血h血enearhture【礼

    8a8ed on thisde血ition,a SPeCtrum Ofpotential

    infectiousdiseases♭ecomesapparent・

    Potendalh鳥山ious血seasetkeats

    Acon血uum血沈S如けpesofpa血ogenstbat亡merge

    andiJlfectnewpopulations.Thecon血uumincludes infectiousdiseasessuchasSARSthatappeartobe newlyintroducedtohumanSfromanimalsasweuas bio飢glJleered organismsthat produce diseasein 皿bres∝nWayS,S血asthetransmi£Sionofanthrax bycontaminatedmai1intheUSAin2001.Outbreaks Ofdiseaseonce[houghttobewellcontrolledmaybe associatedwithabreakdownincorepublichealth measuressuchas treatmentofestablishedinfection (e.g.tubefCulosis)or routine childhoodimmuniza-

    tions(poliomyelitis)The continuum of potemial disease thre且tS alsoincludes new antimicrobial_

    resistant forms ofestablished pathogens,SuCh as methicillin-reSistantStaphγlococcusaureus.haddi・ tion,SCientjsts continue-O reCOgnize previously Lmidenti丘edinfectiousoriginsofsomechronicdis- ease5,SuChasLpneborreliosis【3】.

    FactorsconmibutingtoemergiJlginfec(ions

    lm1992theIOMidenti丘ed numerous tactors that COntribute to emerginginfectious diseases,a1lof Whichmayimpactthesafetyofthebloodsupply【2]・ ThesefactorslnClude:

    1humandemographicsandbehaviou∫; 之亡eChnologyandindustry;

    3economicdevelopmentandlanduse; 4intemationaltraveland⊂OmmerCe; 5microbiologicaladaptationandchange; 6』reakdownofcorepublichealthmeasures.

    In2003,theIOMpublishedanupdatetothel?92 reportinwhichadditionalcontributingfactorswere identiSed【3]:

    5wafandhmine; 61ackofpoliticalwi11; 7intenttohafm.

    Manyof血e紀血α0指areinterdependent.hterna- tional仕avelandcommerceamdb肌an血mog∫aph- icsandbehaviour,forexample,areCIo$elyrelated andhaveundergoneeonsiderablechangeinthelast CentWy.0ver血ela鑓1JOyears as the global pop山adomhas血creased血matically,thel巳呼hof time required to⊂ircumnavigate the globe has decreased dramatically(Fig.1)[4].lnternadonal traveland commer亡e have affected the size and

    mobility of human POPulations,briJlglng SOme envifOnmentS,htmansaJldothefanimalspeciesinto contact with each o血erfor the丘rst time.These

    dはngingbum弧demogほp山田mayenableanin良c- tiousagenttobecozneadaptedtoanddisseminated Wi血inanewhostpopulation,0氏enresul血gman expansio?Oftheagent’sgeographicrange【5]LThe

    combinatlOn Ot these factors has accelerated the glo♭alspreadofin免αiousagents,

    RouteoftransmissionofemerginginfectiotlS di$eaSe

    Emergenceofarlinfectiousdiseasecanoccureither throughitsintroductionintoanewpopulation or when theintefaCtionwith the vector ot a disease Changes.ThelattefSCenarioisthelikelymannerin which viruses such as WNV and Lyme borreliosis havespread[5].TheWNVstrainfoundintheUSA, fof eXanple,is believed to・have spreadfromthe MiddleEastandbeavariantOftheviruSfirstisolated in1937intheWestNileDistrictofUgandainAfrica. ItisuncertainhowVNVspread【OtheUSA.Ithas been hypothesiヱed thatthe strainin the USA was

    亜規珊瑚卸即湖

    (f)登喜勺Q

    T--) 空室雪雲善幸喜草号室

    一Lロ ■ヽ一 d「 }、一 )」 1 0

    _三

    \二〒〒 ぢ’㌔鞄脚 ▼ ■ ■‾ ■ ■

    淘r SuSCePtibilitytoinLection; andwea止er;

    1▲ つム 3 4

    climate

    Changingecosystems; povertYandsocialinequa廟T;

    Fig・1.Sp亡亡d ofglobal亡ra、relin r亡1ation to worid population

    growth【41.

    肋即乃0坤J∫d(ユ00軋1ヱ,(Suppl.1),j-7 ⑥200‘Blackwe呈1Ⅰ〉ublishingL亡d

    -198-

  • EMERGfNGINFECT‡OUS DISEASE RISKS 5

    years,血ev血sspread血roughoutthenor血easte∫n Pa正Ofthecoun叩andsubsequentlyspreadwestto the MississippiRiveE and southinto Florida.By ヱ00ヱ,⊂揖eSWerebehgreportedacros$mO$tOfthe Midwest,andby2005everystateinthecontinental USAhadreportedca$eSOfWNVinhuJnaJIS,birds, mammalsormosquitoes【7】.

    Shce之00ヱ,払1lowingrepo正SOfは且nSfusion一之SSO- CiatedⅦNVinfections,theUSbloodsupplyhasbeen 5Creened fo∫血evirus.AぶOf15,Novemberユ005, 382presumptivelyviremicblooddonorshadbeen identi丘edandreportedto血eUSCenter$forDisease ControlandPrevention(CDC).ThesedonofSWere generallyasymptomatic brWNVin丘dion atthe timeofblooddonadonbuttestedseroposltlVeWhen pooledsampleswerescreenedusingnuclei⊂ampli£一 cationtechnology(NAT).Someoftheseindividuals SubsequentlydevelopedclinicalsymPtOmS【8l・

    SevereacuteresplratO叩Syn血ome

    At the outstt of the SARS epidemicinAsia,a number of small mammals commonly maintained inopenfoodmarketsinCantonwerefoundtobe infected with the SARS coronaviruS.More recent

    data have suggestedthat certain$PeCies of bats native to China may bethe de丘nitive host ofthe Virusi几natWe【外

    SevereacuteresplratOrySymdromewas鮎strecog- nizedinHanoi,ⅥetnaminFebruary2003,although itisnowbelievedtohaveoriglnatedintheGuang- dongProvinceinsoutheastChinainNovember20O2 【10].InlateFebruary2003,the丘rstcaseofSARSin HongKongwasreportedina physicianfromthe GuangdongProvince,WhotravelledtoHongKong fora wedding.While staying ovemightinalocal hotel,itappearshetransmittedtheviruStO12people onhis幻oor.Su♭sequentgenera亡ionsofinfectionfrom thephysician(who diedina HongKonghospital ユ血ysa氏era中Vingatthehotel),hi=elativesand

    othersstayinglnthehotelinvoIvedmorethan95 healthcareworkersandlOOclosecontactsintheclty ofHongKongnl】. Theglobalspreadwasrapid.Otherinfectedhotei

    guestssubsequentlytravelledtoVietnam,Where37 healthcare workers and21close contacモS became

    infected,and亡O Singapore,Where34healthcare workers and37close contacts wereinfected【11]. Another returned to Canada,Where a cluster of infectionscommencedinalocalhospital,involving family members,healthcare workers and other patients・Ultimately,0Ver ZOO peoplein Canada wereinfected,aPPrOXimately one-third of whom diedFIZ】.

    肋eJ770P柑f♂(ヱ006),12,(Suppl・l),j-7

    transportedin aninfected birdillega11yimporfed

    丘om血eMiddleEastorCen加1Europewhere血e

    disease had previously been endemic・Mosquito

    transmission subsequently sesulted in uansmission to birds,horses andhumansintheUSA.Af(erits 血itialappearanceinNewYorkCi吋inlタタタ,WNV

    SPreadtothelower4gstatesintheUSin<2years[6】.

    Recentin鎚cdo耶血;eaSeCOnCemS

    New,emefglnginfecdousdiseasesanddiseaseagents COn血ue to be discovered and described.While

    incomplete,thelistinTablelprovidesanindication Of the vari吋弧d qua血ⅣOf pathogens tbat

    COn丘ontpublichealthof6cialsandpresentpotendal

    th托atStOhu皿弧heal血【3】.

    1ⅣestNilev血s

    Inlタタタ,血e鮎s亡毘SeS Ofl貯NVimfecdon were

    recogni2iedinNewYorkCity.Overthenextseveral

    Tiblel・Par血11istof亡me巧inginfe血ousdiseasesa刀ddiぶea5e一

    也u∫mgag亡n臨書.

    mS

    Tub亡r⊂ulo由

    Dengue

    Malarla(re5i5tantf〉血一肌OJf〟川舟J亡如用叫

    SeY亡reaCu比re§plratOry叩n血ome Cho】亡ra

    Meningoc∝⊂dm亡血由ds Cryptosporidiosis

    Filov血ses(Eb01a瓜4arburg) 上密0′好上山ク配〟”OPんf血

    Lym亡血sease

    Poliomyelitis

    Toximprodudmgs加ptOC∝⊂iand5叫〉わJo亡0亡⊂以5〟灯甜5

    Hum弧Her卿S-8 pafVOVku5お1タ

    Hcpatids C

    Ar亡naV辻use5(hssa)

    q′亡Jo申Or昔叩ね方gⅣ∫由

    Hantavirus(SinNom♭re)

    Newv鮎iantqD(BSE〉 Bunyadmses(R近Valley)

    Rotavirus

    占∫亡ふgrf⊂ん由亡0/fOIJ7:H7

    如打0狩eJJ♂んe乃5gねg(catscrat⊂らdiseas亡)

    Commu山年a明uiredMRSA

    Aviani月旦uenza(H∫Nl)

    W巳StNile virus

    g丘J〝壬0†1e〃dg乃ー訂土方fd豆

    AmS,aCquir亡dimmunode占ciencysyndrome;BSE,bovine

    5POngiform 亡nCepbaiopa血y;q工),Cr亡utZ缶1d可akob

    di5eaSe;HⅣ,humanimmunode鮎i亡nCy Virus;九iRSA,

    1コ亡dici11in-reSis亡antぶた呼あγわ⊂OCC〝∫〃灯e椚.

    ヰDataadapt亡dfromSmolinskigfdJ.閏.

    ⑥2005BlackweiユPubiishまngL【d

    -199-

  • ‘.M.L.TAPPER

    Avianin董henza

    AvianinAuenz&isam毎orpotentialthreattothe

    匹pulatiomsof血eworldandmaybe血esou∫CeOf 血enext鮎pandemic【13】.Tberew亡re血托emajor 8u pandemics h血ela$t Cemtu叩:血e so-Called ‘Sp弧血鮎,血1タ1さ-1タ1タ,pOte舶i姐yr尊pO耶ible forupto5OmiIliondeathsworldwide;theAsian鮎 in1957-1,58,reSpOnSibleforapproximately70000 dea血h血eUSA;and血eHongKong瓜l血1,‘8- 196,,reSPOnSibIefor34000deaths nationwide. Manyepide血olo由細believe血at血ebum弧pOp- ulationis overduefor a pandemic r14].Figure2 illu就rateS a time血e of血e亡mergenCe Ofseveral さ仕ainsof血ei皿fhenヱaV血8.

    Sincelタ18therehaYebe亡nanumbeEOf$hi鮎inthe

    imfhenzav血s’sbaema結1u血血andneura血ni血se COmpOnentS,始keyanbgens.m良能n押SOf血色em- a鎚1u血血(Hl-Hl∫)and血e晒Ofneuramimi- dase(NトN9)havebeenrecogniヱed.Combinations involvingsubtypesHITH3andNl」ヾ2havebeen responsiblcforbo血seasonalandepidemicoutbreaks inhumans.Thede血itivehostsofinBuenヱainnature arenon-domesticatedbirds,Particularlyducksthat Carry HIJl15typeviru$eS.Direct bird-tO-human (andtodate,rare

    【15)withincreasingfrequencyinthelasttwoanda halfyears.

    Mecha血smofin鮎enzaantigenicshift

    In叔uenzaviruSeSundergoconstantsubtleevolution andmutationoftheirprincipalproteins,aprOCeSS reterred to as antlgenic dri丘.Im addition tothis natura山yoccurrlngand randomprocess,inAuenza Strainsfromdifferentho$tSPeCiescanperiodica11y recombine.Swinemay$erVeaShostsforbo血human andduckinBuenzastrainsandhencecanfunctionas idealmlnngVeSSelsformajorantigenicrecom♭ina一

    tionandtheemergenceofnovelin血enヱaStrains・ Ⅶhensじd=血i丘sorrecombhationso⊂Curandr鮎ult

    h av血s wi血tbe capacityto m扇∬臨in ongomg 一泡nsmi鎚ion be亡Weem hu皿舶,a major pandemic myoc亡び【l‘】.

    In1997inHongKong,the丘rstevidezICeemerged that avian血那e$COuld dir∝dyinfed humans without goingthroughthisinterimmixing step 【15,1qJnl,,7,血WaSanOutbreakofh鮎enza ass∝iatedwi血anavlan(H5Nl)姐ininhumaサS

    thatwasprecededbyanoutbreakofthesamestraln 戸po山叩【17】・Ⅶ血s反d融samongl紬叩ital-

    1Zlations,H5Nlexhibitedumstn11ethalityandwas considered by50me pu仙c beal血 0氏chls and epidemiologi8tSaSapandemicwafningca比

    By D∝embe一之OO3,COn丘med case$Of avian induenlaamOnglmmanswerereportedinVietnam andThailand,andsinceJanuary2004,lmmancases havebeenreportedinVietnam,Thailand,Cambodia, IndonesiaandthePeople,sRepublicofChina・The total、numberofcasesasof17,November之005was 130,With67deaths[1g].Sustainedoutbreaksamong domesticpoultry魚ocksinAsiaptecededthesehuman CaSeぶ.

    Wbile the major ou血eakぶOf aviani亜uenza have occurred among domestic poultry 瓜∝ks, evidenceofavianin凸uenヱaViralinfectioninmigrat-

    ing birds throughoutAsia(and more recentlyin Europe)has also been demonstrated.It has been SuggeSted血atmigratory♭irds may beresponsible for[hewidespreadintroductionofavianinfluenza intootherbirdpopulations,bothdomesticandwild 【1タ】.

    Conclusion

    Newpathogenscontinuetoemerge,SOmewiththe potentialforrapid,globalspreadandhighmorbidity and mortality.Labofa亡OryteStSforviraldetection canbedevelopedonceaviruSisidentiBed,buttheir developmenttakestimeandtheirreliabilitymaYbe <100%.

    Pathogensspreadbyaerosolizeddroplets,SuChas avianinfhenza and SARS,POSeCOnSiderable con- tainment challenge戸,althoughneither pathogen

    appears to clearlylmPaCt thesafety oftheblood supply・InthecaseofSARS,Patientscanbescreened, buttheexactmodeofhurnan-tO-lmmantransmission

    remainunCertain・lmcontrast,raSOnably(although notunlVerSally)effective screenlng、eXists forsome newly described blood-borne pathogens such as WNV.Nonetheless,the hard-learnedlesson from thehumanimmunode丘ciencyviruS(HⅣ)experience inthe1980sisthattheimportanceofvigi1anceinthe

    ⑥ヱ006Blackw亡IIPublishingL亡d

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    Ⅸg・ヱ・Time肋e ofemer酢n∝Ofi姻u亡nねVims田山humam.

    呼i卯托COurte叩OftbGnte∬ゐrDi光aSeCon【rdandP托Ventiom)

    肋mpんi揖(ヱ006),1Z,(Suppl.1),ト7

    -ク〔∩-

  • EMERGrNGINFECTIOUS DISEASE RISKS 7

    insma山⊂arnivofeS.PんfJo5丁ナdJぴRぶ0仁lo搾dβ郎oJざcf

    ヱ004;35タ:1107-14.

    10WorldHeakh Organizadon.Severeacnterespl柑tOⅣ syndrome(SARSトmulti{OuntryOutbre象k-Update 24,Aprii8,2OO3.Published onhe at httpJ/ⅥWW・ who.int/csr/don佗003_04_08/e〟.Acces紀d October

    ヱ005.

    11CentersforDisease Controland Prevention.Update: outbreak of severe a⊂皿e reSpiratory syn血ome - worldwide,ユ003.朗MWR〟or占〟orねJⅥ花みRep 之003;5ヱ:Zヰ1-8.

    12VariaM,WilsonM,SarwalSetaE.hvestigationofa nos∝Omidoutbreakofsevereacutere5pi∫atOrySyn一 心ome(SARS)inToronto.C叫2003;1占,:ヱ85-92・

    13Centers for Disease Controland Prevention.The in瓜uenヱa(fh)扇ru5eS.JanuユⅣ15,之004.Published Onlineath任p〟w.cdc.go扉瓜扉about/鮎Ⅴ血ses加m・

    AccessedSep〔emberユ005.

    14CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevemion.Keyfacts about pandemicinfhmza.Octokr17,ヱ005・Pu♭ hshedonlineath托p〟www.cdc.gov/仙pande血此ey- facts.htm.Accessed December2005.

    15 Centers for Disease Controland Prevention.Avian

    in且眠nヱa h良ctiomim humans.0∝Ober17,2005. Published online at http:〟ⅣWW.Cdc.gov/flu/avian/

    gen-info/avian一触-humanS.htm.Accessed October ユ005.

    16World Health Organization.Avianinfluenza - facts由比Jamuary15,ヱ004.Publishedonlineath一年:〟

    www.who.int/csr/dorJ2004_01_15/en/. Accessed

    October2.00i.

    17WoodJM,MaiorD,NewmanRWetaL・Preparadonof

    vaccines agalnSt HJNlin8uenza.Vd亡‘∫”g 之002; 20(Suppl.2):S8斗・7・

    18World Health Orgamition.Cumuladve number of con鮎zned human cases oEavianinAuenza A/(H5Nl) repor【ed to WHO.OctoberlO,2005・Published onlineathttp〟www.who.indcsr/disease/avianJn鮎enza/

    coun画esJable_ヱ005_11_17/eI漬ndex.html■ A⊂CeS-

    sedNovember2005.

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