enzymes in detergent industry

8/8/2019 Enzymes in Detergent Industry

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ENZYMES USED IN CLEANING

Pushneet Sahdra

Tejaswita Sachdeva

CONTENTS:


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History

Introduction

Understanding enzymes

How it works?

Work use areas

Production of enzymes

Composition of an enzyme detergent

Protein versus genetic engineered enzymes Detergent enzymes

PROTEASES(SEBRITEBP)

AMYLASES(SEBRITEBA AND SEBRITEA)

LIPASES(SEBRITEL)

CELLULASES(SEBRITECOLOR) Miscellaneous detergent enzymes

Enzymes formulation

Production of enzyme based detergents

Enzyme stabilization

Application of enzyme based detergents

Benefits of enzymes

Conclusions

Bibliography


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What is an enzyme?

picture 1

picture 2

Enzymes are proteins, composed of hundred of amino-acids, which are produced byliving organisms. They are responsible for a number of reactions and biological activitiesin plants, animals, human beings and micro-organisms. They are found in the humandigestive system to break down carbohydrates (sugars), fats or proteins present in food.The smaller pieces can be absorbed into the blood stream.

Each enzyme is a made of a sequence of amino acids (like pearl on a string, picture 1)folded into a unique three-dimensional structure that determines the function of theenzyme. Even the slightest change in the sequence of the amino acids can alter theshape and function of the enzyme.

Only a small part of the enzyme participates in the catalysis of biochemical reactions:the active site (picture 2). Enzymes are therefore very specific (e.g. a cellulose can onlydegrade cellulose).

Enzymes are essential for all metabolic processes, but are not themselves livingmaterials. They are distinguishable from other proteins because they are known asbiological catalysts (substances which speed up reactions but which do not get used upthemselves).


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UNDERSTANDING ENZYMES

Enzymes are proteins created by living cells that exist in organisms such as plants, animals and bacteriaand are used to digest waste. When added to organic material like dirt, grease and oil, they immediatelygo to work breaking down the organic material within these substances. This natural dust to dustprocess that constantly occurs in our environment keeps waste material from overrunning us. The four basic enzymatic systems are those that break down fats and greases (lipase); proteins (protease);cellulose such as wood, cotton and paper (cellulase); and carbohydrates and starches (amylase). Dirt haslayers of fine film composed of substrate such as grease, oils, fats, bacteria, germs, dust mites, non-organic material and organic microorganisms. These films are bonded to each other and to the surface byamino and fatty acids (organic acids composed of proteins, fats or fatty oils). Most cleaners emulsifysome of these dirt films but may not break down the lower levels held together by amino and fatty acids.Usually the top layers of the films are removed but some of the lower levels are left to collect bacteria. Asa result, re-soiling can occur much faster.

HOW THEY WORK

When activated, enzymes attack or digest the amino and fatty acids that bond the films of dirt together.They also emulsify them so they can be completely removed from the surface. Researchers believe thatin the activation process, when the substrate and enzymes come in contact with each other, the enzymesphysically curl and twistin what is called a conformational change. This physical change initiates thecontact between the enzyme and substrate which is necessary to catalyze the reaction. A catalyst is asubstance that speeds or slows a chemical reaction without being involved in the reaction itself. Putanother way, enzymes are chemical catalysts that accelerate the natural biodegrading, or breaking down,of organic substrate, which comprises most soils. Enzymes dissolve and break down protein and organicmatter, diminishing odors caused by staining agents such as urine, feces, vomit, pet odors, spoiled foodsand mildew. Enzymes are derived from living organisms and are harmless to humans, animals, marinelife and general ecology. They are non-toxic, non-irritating, non-gaseous, non-flammable, non-pathogenicand typically safe to use. There are thousands of different enzymes, each having specific, individualcharacteristics. Since an enzyme that breaks down proteins (protease) will not react on fats or oils, andeffective enzymatic cleaning system must contain enough different classes and types of enzymes toassure proper catalytic reaction. In concentrated form, this greatly speed up the natural dust to dustprocess. One way to demonstrate the effectiveness of enzyme digesters is to mix warm water and theenzyme product in a small cup (per recommended dilution ratio). Then place a few pieces of dry cat foodinto the cup. After 10 to 15 minutes, the cat food will be totally dissolved. This breakdown of protein willdemonstrate, and help you more fully understand, how the chemical works on other microscopic bacteriaand proteins.

WORK USE AREAS

Drain Openers . Follow label for correct mixing instructions, then pour into clogged drains Always start byworking on lower level floors drains first. If your workers start at the upper levels, the dislodged anddissolved protein will further plug lower level plumbing. It is best to use drain openers at night or over a


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weekend to give the enzyme several hours to do its job. Enzymes are not fast acting like acid-type drainopeners and they require a few hours to work properly; however, they are much safer for workers andplumbing.

Carpets . Enzymes work well for blood stain removal and they are very effective in reducing (or in mostcases, eliminating) odors caused by urine, vomit and other organic-related odors. When odors are in

carpet backing, use a carpet syringe and inject 1 ounce of undiluted enzymes through the backing ontothe sub-floor. Several injections are required to cover a large area. Each injection should cover a 3-footdiameter area. Enzymes can be used on all other water-safe fabrics that contain odor or stains caused bythe same organic matter that also stain carpeting.

Restrooms . When mopping, mix enzymes with warm water to the correct dilution ratio and mop floors.Do not rinse floors, but air dry, allowing the enzymes time to react with bacterial matter. Enzymes will beabsorbed into the floor mortar joints, allowing deep odor removal. Remember that you cannot use anenzyme digester at the same time that a disinfectant cleaner is applied. The residue of the disinfectant willkill the live organisms of the enzymes. Use one or the othernever both digester and disinfectanttogether. You can also spray enzymes on and around urinals and other odor-producing fixtures. Regular applications of enzymes will eliminate the source of the odor. When spraying, use a stream, not a mist.Enzymes applied as a mist can easily be inhaled into the lungs. Enzymes are living organisms and could

cause medical problems if inhaled.

Cost Effectiveness . Enzymes are not costly; however, care should be taken to correctly use theseproducts. You need to identify specific areas that are present or potential problem areas. You can thenwork the enzymes into your present program at proper frequencies to ensure desired results. Usingenzymes in a haphazard manner with no scheduled routine will not only waste product, but also moreimportantly will waste valuable labor. Enzymes are economical and safe to use within a wide work-usearea. They can be injected directly into mattresses to reduce urine smells or poured into kitchen or restroom drains to unclog grease or hair deposits. The primary caution is not to permit inhalation of sprayed (misted) product. Some good candidates for bacteria / enzymes digesters are health carefacilities, schools, industrial plants, health clubs, correctional facilities, offices, restaurants, and foodservice operations. The list can be expanded to include any and all areas that have stains and odors from

protein or organic matter. Work use areas for enzymes are expanding, and new applications open updaily in the sanitary maintenance field. Enzymatic cleaners are new technology that allows for many usesby cleaning professionals

Production of enzymesEnzyme molecules are far too complex to synthesize by purely chemical means, and so the onlyway to make them is to use living organisms. The problem is that enzymes produced by micro-organisms in the wild are often expressed in tiny amounts and mixed up with many other enzymes and proteins. These micro-organisms can also be very difficult to cultivate under

industrial conditions, and they may create undesirable by-products.Modern industrial cultivation of enzymes begins with fermentation of a vial of dried or frozenmicro-organisms called a production strain. This production strain is selected to produce largeamounts of the enzymes of interest. The production strain is first cultivated in a small flask containing nutrients and agar. The flask is placed in an incubator which provides the optimaltemperature for the previously frozen or dried cells to germinate. Once the flask is ready, thecells are transferred to a seed fermenter, which is a large tank containing previously sterilized


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raw materials and water, known as the medium. Seed fermentation allows the cells to reproduceand adapt to the environment and nutrients that they will encounter later on. The cells are thentransferred to a larger tank, the main fermenter, where temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen arecarefully controlled to optimize enzyme production. Additional nutrients may be added toenhance productivity. When main fermentation is complete, the mixture of cells, nutrients and

enzymes, referred to as the broth, is ready for filtration and purification.


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Protein versus genetic engineered enzymes

Protein engineering is technique used to alter the gene encoding for an enzyme in order tochange or obtain new properties. The genetic integrity of the organism producing the enzyme isnot changed.

Each enzyme consists of several hundreds of amino acids located in such a delicate three-dimensional structure. This structure determines the properties of the enzyme such as reactivity,stability and specificity. Based on protein engineering, scientists can construct slightly alteredenzymes by modifying the gene encoding for the enzyme.

Engineered organisms then produce the modified enzyme which is subsequently tested toevaluate whether the structure/function models have been correct. Such innovative methods haveled to the discovery of detergent enzymes which are much more active, efficient and / or robustin terms of pH, temperature and / or chemical stability ( e.g. vs bleach).

Genetic engineering is the alteration of the genes of the organisms. The genetic integrity of theorganism producing the enzyme is changed for ever. Usually such enzymes are used in aconfined environment and are sometimes engineered in a such way that they can not survive inthe natural environment.Such alterations can be effected by breeding and by mutation - thenatural processes that for billions of years have formed the basis for the evolution of neworganisms. The process whereby genes mutate to achieve small (but sometimes beneficial)alterations is called mutagenesis.

P&G now can screen for wild-type microorganisms / genes in line with the identified consumer need, e.g. an alkaline cold wash enzyme. "Compressing" the above mentioned natural evolution

process into a short-term period, i.e. a limited number of cycles of directed evolution is a major challenge in using mutagenesis to improve a strain of micro-organisms / a gene. Key is to startfrom the right substrate screen. Thousands up to millions of mutants therefore have to be testedto find the optimal strain. Nowadays, this classical method of screening micro-organisms for

beneficial mutations has become a high-tech process. To be able to test this massive amount of mutants, which are only available in microgram quantities, efficient automatic system areavailable which are capable of simultaneously scanning dozens of plates filled with mutantstrains of micro-organisms. Without the need for human intervention, robots measure the enzymeactivity produced by the individual mutants in a highly efficient manner. What once took years isnow achieved in a few days. Such robots are capable of discovering hundreds of new, interestingmutant strains of micro-organisms / genes that research scientists can further test andcharacterize using other systems.


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Bibliography

12. www.Chemical Function Definitions - Enzymes.com13.www. Enzyme and Bacterial Cleaning Chemicals.com

14.www. Enzymes in washing powders Biotech Learning Hub

15. www.Understanding Enzymes Used In Cleaning.com

16.Book- Chemistry Of the Textile Industry(page-157-160)

enzymes in detergent industry

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