Enzymes are used everywhere

Enzymes are used in a wide range of application in daily life.

Animal feed

BiofuelAlcohol Detergent

Leather Juice

Enzyme Technology

Enzymes are natural proteins acting a catalysts speeding up all the biochemical processes in life.

Cut (degradation)

Build (synthesis)

Change (modification)

Sources of enzymesThere are three major sources of enzymes :

Plants ( 4%) (papain, bromilain)

Animals ( 8%) (renet)

Microorganisms (>80%) (yeast, fungi and bacteria)

Biocatalysis.Wiley-VCH Weinheim, chapter 3, pp. 43-44

Types of Enzymes Used in Industries

Hydrolases

Oxidoreductases

DNA manipulatingenzymesOther enzymes

Enzyme in biotechnology industryEnzyme in biotechnology industry

Enzymes play an important role in today’s biotechnology industry ranging from conventional industries to modern bioindustries.

A wide variety of industrial processes and products are conducted by a range of enzymes.

Global enzyme market statusGlobal enzyme market status

According to Freedonia, Global enzyme market value grows 7.6%/ year to US$ 6 billion in 2011

Food Industry

-Baking

-Food processing

-Juice making

-Beer and wine making

-Diary and Cheese making

-Medicine and cosmetics

Enzymes Used in Food Industries

• Enzymes used in food industry are subjected to strict regulations (must be proven to be safe)

Enzymes in Baking Industry

Enzymes in Baking Industry

Amylase Starch small

sugarsamylase

Enzymes in Baking Industry

Produce sugars for yeast during dough making

Amylase

Starch sugars CO2 dough rise

amylase

yeast

Additional enzymes

• Xylanases– Affect water absorption and improve strength of gluten (protein

network elasticity)– Improve quality (good texture)– Better dough handling

• Lipases– Provide emulsifying effect create fine texture and crumb

• Proteases– Reduce gluten for making biscuits and cookies

Advantages of Using Enzymes in Baking

• Desirable texture• Longer shelf-life, anti-staling• Better dough handling

Starch-processing Industry

Starch short carbohydrate mixes sugars

amylase (thermostable)

amylase

High Fructose Syrup• Glucose isomerase:

– Convert glucose to fructose from starchy materials to produce high fructose syrups

High fructose syrup = enhanced sweetness and lower calories compared to sucrose

Glucose Fructose

Glucose isomerase

Meat Tenderizer

• Papain ( a protease found in papaya) is used as meat tenderizer to soften meat for cooking

Enzymes Used in Juice Making

Fruits contain pectins

Pectins: components of fruit pulp and cell wall

: glue cells together

: can form gel and can make juice cloudy and sticky

Components of Some Fruits

Fruit Fruit cell compositionpectin hemicellulose cellulose glycoprotei

ns

cherry 0.51 0.06 0.17 0.32

pineapple 0.21 0.35 0.27 0.12

mango 1.02 0.23 0.59 0.32

apple 0.54 0.34 0.70 0.15

pear 0.42 0.22 0.40 0.12

Enzymes Used in Juice Making

Pectinases: digest pectins Helps release more juice Reduce juice cloudiness and

stickiness Are especially necessary for

production of clear concentrated juice

Give smooth textures, while preserve color and vitamins

Enzymes Used in Juice Making

Xylanases and -glucanases Helps further release more juice

reduce juice cloudiness and stickiness

Some amylases are used if fruits contain starch (e.g. some variety of apple)Combinations of these enzymes are used to get

more juice which are stable and contain good taste.

Enzymes for Beer and Wine Making

Grain (e.g barley) Malt

Dried and roasted

Crushed

Mixed with heated water

Activated various enzymes

Boiled with hops (add flavor, aroma, bitterness)

Fermented with yeast

alcohol

Enzymes for Beer and Wine Making

• Protease at 49-55C Removes cloudiness formed during beer processing and storage

• -glucanase (heat-stable) at 60C :Degrades celluloses, helps saccharification (get sugars), and reduces viscosity

• Amylase (heat-stable) at 65-71C :Breaks down starch and releases sugars in malt

Enzymes Used in Cheese Making

• Rennet is a type of proteases which solidify milk

• Cut casein proteins in milk into smaller pieces• Produced from stomach of cows

Enzymes Used in Cheese Making

Lipases

• Lipases are used for enhancement of cheese flavor

• Lipases releases free fatty acids from fats gives flavor

Proteases

• Short peptides containing hydrophobic amino acids give bitter taste

• Proteases can degrade bittering peptides into amino acids

• Proteases are used to reduce bitterness in cheese

Protease Usage in Dairy Products

• Make creamier yogurt products• Used to hydrolyze whey proteins to make

dairy products less allegic

Baby Food

• Trypsin (a protease) is used to predigest proteins in baby food make the food easier to be digested

Lactase Usage in Diary Products

• Hydrolyze lactose from milk into galactose and glucose sugars

• Useful for lactose-intolerant people• Make ice-cream creamier and sweeter-tasting

Edible Oil Industry

Lipase

Omega Fatty Acids

-Have high value

-Reduce bad cholesterol

-Polyunsaturated fat

Lipase

Specific lipase can change low-value fat to high-value fat

lipase

Omega-3inexpensive lipids

Artificial Flavors

Chemical Odor

Diacetyl Buttery

Isoamyl acetate Banana

Cinnamic aldehyde Cinnamon

Ethyl propionate Fruity

Limonene Orange

Ethyl- (E, Z ) -2,4-decadienoate Pear

Allyl hexanoate Pineapple

Ethyl maltol Sugar , Cotton candy

Methyl salicylate Wintergreen

Benzaldehyde Bitter almond

Some lipases are also used to make flavor esters from alcohol and fatty acids

Phospholipase

Phospholipases are used for

-de-gumming of oil refined oil longer storage and better processing

-treatment of egg yolk mayonaise and other products

Enzymes in Cosmetics and Medicine

Enzyme Reaction Treatment

Collagenase Collagen hydrolysis Skin ulcers

Glutaminase L-Glutamine H2O L-glutamate + NH3 Leukaemia

Lysozyme Bacterial cell wall hydrolysis Antibiotic

α-Lactamase Penicillin penicilloate Penicillin allergy

Streptokinase Plasminogen plasmin Blood clots

Trypsinpapain

Protein hydrolysisInflammation

Breaking down venom

Urokinase Plasminogen plasmin Blood clots

e.g. protease from spider’s stomach is used in facial cream!