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REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

THE PROJECT “POLLUTION CONTROL IN AGRICULTURE”

Report No. 5

ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Performed by: Filip Zubatii - Expert in Agronomy Dr. Alexandru Prisacari - Expert in Training/Development

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Contents: Introduction Project justification Analysis of existent agricultural practices Selecting criteria of farms and farmers Proposals concerning organisation of the model fields Monitoring and evaluation system Training / Development program on environmentally-friendly agricultural practices Model field (MF) Financing opportunities of MF Creation of MF on arable aria Creation of MF on administration of grasslands Creation of MF on the orchard and winegrowing plantations Elaboration of the Training / Development Program on environmentally-friendly agricultural practices Recommendations for the Code of Good Agriculture Practices Appendix 1

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I. Introduction

In the XXI century the humankind is in a dilemma – how to increase food production in order to meet the population growth and at the same time not to allow the environment destruction and pollution. For this purpose systems and concepts of agricultural development are to be elaborated and implemented, which, regardless the social-economic system of the country or model of land ownership, must and can help increase the quantity and quality of agricultural and food products on the one side and be environmentally friendly, at the same time protecting the natural resources.

II. Project justification

Besides the objectives of Project “Agricultural Pollution Control” to reduce pollution from agricultural sources on the Moldovan territory of the Black Sea, it will benefit the global task of the humankind as mentioned above. Providing assistance to the Government of the Republic of Moldova in promoting adjustment of the national agriculture to the European community in implementing environmentally-friendly agricultural practices will finally ensure an increase in the productivity of agricultural land, securing and improving the living conditions of the populations. Creating model lots in the pilot area will initiate a public awareness campaign of the need to change the systems and ways of conducting the agricultural production and environment protection for the next generations.

III. Assessment of agricultural practices The existing land property of the communes situated in the Project area is kept by 14 305 share owners, that hold 13 112 land shares with a surface of 1.323 ha, including 0.95 ha – arable area, 0.12 ha of orchard, 0.25 of vineyard. There are 5 800 peasant farms, 3 peasant farms’ associations, one joint-stock and 9 leasing companies (Ltd). These data are shown in Table 1. Table 2 presents the provision of existing agricultural practices with seeds, planting resources, chemicals, mineral fertilizers , as well as the observance of agri-technical, technological and soil fertilizing requirements. Analyzing the available data we can conclude that in the Project area the use of certified seeds and planting resources varies in the limits of 10-50% for the peasant farms (with a slightly better position in the communes of Minjir, Lapusna, Carpineni) and 35-100% for the Ltd. companies (communes of Voinescu, Negrea, Carpineni). The supplies of chemicals reach 5-35% among peasant farms and 15-65% in the Ltd. companies (communes of Minjir, Negrea, Lapusna, Pascani), that of mineral nitrogenous fertilizers – up to 20% in peasant farms (Minjir, Pascani, Voinescu) and up to 35% in Ltd. companies (Minjir, Negre, Pascani). Among mineral fertilizers, only nitrogenous have been used with cereals (wheat). Peasant farms of the Project area have used only 29.1 tons of mineral fertilizers, while the Ltd. companies – 224.2. The available information shows that the organic fertilizers is used solely by the peasant farms In 2001, 2 480 tons of organic fertilizers were introduced into soil (commune of Voinescu, Sofia, Negrea). The weight of mineral fertilizers is more considerable within the Ltd. companies (lacking organic fertilizers), and that of organic ones - larger within the peasant farms (except 5 communes for which data are not available).In the majority of

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peasant farms (PF) a part of the manure from stables is used as organic fertilizer, the rest is transported to waste lots, becoming a source of water pollution. This situation could be settled through an adequate administration of manure. Having estimated the quantity of animal wastes, related to the existing number of animals in the communes (see Table 3) we have realized the fact that about 75 thousand tons of manure can be obtained. This quantity, used 40 tons per ha on average, once in 4 years could fertilize a surface of 1 892 ha of arable land. Optimal conditions concerning the fertilization with manure are insured in the communes of Sofia, Negrea and Pascani. The provision with tractors, lorries and agricultural machinery of the agricultural operations are shown in Table 4. Analyses prove that a tractor is used on average for an area of 360 ha of agricultural lots, a seeder – for 115 ha, which seems to be sufficient. The situation is similarly alarming in agricultural machinery supply. From the agri-technical point of view, the Ltd. companies seem to respect the crops’ rotation (30-85%, communes of Pascani, Negrea, Minjir) as compared to the PF (20-80%, Voinescu, Minjir, Negrea). The crop rotation is missing, except for the communes Minjir (3 crop rotation, Ltd.) and Pascani (1 crop rotation, Ltd). As a result of the insufficient level of the agricultural machinery and non-observance of the crop technologies in the area the average harvest is poor: corn – 3.1 t/ha; wheat – 2.6 t/ha; peas – 1.8 t/ha; sunflower – 1.4 t/ha; vegetables – 10.8 t/ha; fruit – 6.7 t/ha; grapes – 4.1 t/ha. The vegetables and perennial plants (alfalfa, trefoil, esparcet etc) which will ensure sufficient fodder and a protection against soil erosion. The corn is prevailing among crops (49%), wheat (26%) and sunflower (17%). From annual vegetables – peas makes 2.8%, beans – only 0.2% of the cultivated area. It is worth mentioning that the percentage of crops that need cultivation is rather high (66%). Taking into consideration the weight of the plants within the structure of the agric ultural lots, their positioning facilitate soil erosion. Practicing such a structure of crops is inadmissible from the agri-technical and environmental points of view. This analysis is represented in Table 5. The misuse of natural pastures is also harmful. During our visits in the fields we have noticed fallow pastures – either on the slopes or in the meadows of Lapusna (raion). Thus the areas favourable for crops are being destroyed, favourizing the soil erosion process, discharge of fertilizers (nitrogenous and phosphorous) into the river, raise of the phreatic waters, soil gleization, marshy fields. As a result the natural ecological system is unbalanced. In the communes of the project area 5 703 ha of the land is used as natural pastures, which could ensure the grazing of 11 406 of cattle. Meanwhile there are only 8 309 cattle in the communes, which requires, in compliance with maximal norm of 2 cattle/ha, only 4 155 ha of pasture. We thus hope to create optimal conditions for an adequate administration of the pastures, owing to the fact that the actual maximal load is 3.0 and 2.4 cattle/ha respectively. The state of affairs in the agricultural sector of the project zone is mainly affected by the economic crisis facing the whole country and the key problems are as follows; a) the allotment of land shares (the average amount in the pilot area is 1.3 ha), in 3-5

sectors situated at a long distance one from the other is hindering the observance of the agri-technical and technological requirements (crop rotatio n, lengthwise operations on the slopes, irrational use of the machinery);

b) it lacks a n accessible system of supply quality seeds varieties and certified planting material, chemicals and mineral fertilizers;

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c) Many localities do not store the manure for fertilizing purposes, throwing it away on unauthorized waste lots and causing excessive pollution of the environment;

d) In the majority of the situations the obtained agricultural crops are sold at ridiculous prices or misused in private households; the selling prices are far under the producing costs;

e) Neither the farms nor their associations or the mayors keep registers of multi-field system in order to observe the impact of the crops and the used agri-technical proceeding on the lots.

As a result of the assessment of the current situation in agriculture (project area), we have considered as main directions of activity in implementing the environmentally-friendly agricultural practices the following: 1. Raising awareness of the agricultural producers over the necessity to use

environmentally-friendly agricultural practices, which will ensure sustainable crops over years, with a positive impact on soil conservation and decrease in water pollution (seminars, info materials, model fields);

2. An adequate administration of the organic and mineral fertilizers, as regards the technologies and ways of application in view of the relief, variety of soil, level of phreatic waters, agricultural crop etc.;

3. Rational use of lots, observing the agri-technical and technlogical requirements of agricultural crops cultivation: • observe crop rotation • implement crop rotation in view of the geomorphologic features of the agricultural

lots (fodder, field, mixed, particular-type, multi-field system etc.); • choose the optimal variant of soil proces sing through alternation or combination of

the classical and minimal systems for the purpose of improving the structure and the properties of the soil, humidity conservation and reduced discharge of fertilizers (nitrogenous, phosphorous) into the waters;

• use scattered and successive (doubled) crops to cover the agricultural lots freed early to retain nitrogen and minimize erosion.

4. Efficient administration of natural pastures and creation of crop rotations of pasture and

fodder, observing the maximal specif ic load of pasture and terms of use: 5. Correct irrigation of crops with unpolluted water, applying adequate norms and

methods, hindering soil erosion. IV. Selecting criteria of farms and farmers participants in creating model fields of environmentally -friendly agricultural practices are as follows: 4.1 The agricultural lots or other fields, will be included in the category of model field, on condition that: - the owner is an authorized land holder; - the lot have been cultivated for the last 3 years, with obvious results; - the land owner has a minimum of agricultural machinery; - the farm is registered and the appropriate taxes are paid to the authorized bodies. 4.2 In order to avoid conflict situations, the land-owner and the manager of the Project conclude an agreement on their joint activity, with the stipulation of the rights and duties of the parties. The agreement is authorized in appropriate procedure. 4.3 The area of the field can not be less than the agri-technical norms on the implementation of this type of crop rotation.

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V. Proposals concerning the organization of the model fields

Once the areas and the farm fields of the participating households are determined, the organization of the soil rotation is set out, taking into consideration the natural, economic and organizational factors, as well as agri-biological requirements for the plants. Field, fodder, anti-erosion and ecological crop rotation are to be implemented in the orchards on the model areas. The elaboration of the crop rotation will be determined in conformity with a sketch of territorial organization. The number of the lots and their area will be determined in view of the following: - the structure of the crops and the planned harvest; - cost-efficient grouping of crops; - propitious conditions of the field for certain crops; - relief and positioning of the fields; - crops system Other characteristic elements for crop rotation implementation will be further determined in strict observance of the project needs and with the agreement and understanding of the owner of the agricultural lots. Monitoring and evaluating system of viable agricultural practices will be focussed on determining the cost-effective agri-technical procedures and applied technologies, in terms of minimizing soil erosion, and aimed at evaluating the quantity changes of fertilizers, which by drain or levigation can reach the waters. The monitoring system will be based on quantity evaluation of fertilizers through soil tests at the beginning of project implementation and periodically in the course of activities, in view of weather conditions and existing crop rotation. Soil specimens are compulsory after every abundant rain that can significantly increase the transportation of polluting agents. To be able to estimate the impact of the existing practices, it is necessary to carry out soil tests, similarly to the model field, on neighbouring lots in compliance with the same methods. For the purpose of evaluating the quantity of the eroded soil, soil collecting tanks will be placed at the pouring system, for both CD and the neighbouring lots. We can thus estimate the soil losses and the quantity of fertilizers washed away. At the same time, this method will enable us to evaluate the used procedures by contrasting the data obtained on the model fiel and neighbouring lots. We will carry out contrasting observations on the types (shallow, straight) of erosion through their photographic fixing. All the observations and obtained analyses will be fixed regularly in a register and will serve to create demonstrative materials in the framework of training programs. Owing the fact in implementing this Program not only analytical tests of the soil will be carried out, but as well as those of the waters, it is recommended to appoint a chemist who will apply new methods, modern equipment and necessary reagents.

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Training/ development Program on agricultural, environmentally-friendly practices Purpose. Raising agri-ecological awareness of the agricultural producers in the pilot area through training / development programs will enable a rapid implementation of environmentally -friendly agricultural practices. As a result of these practices implementation we will ensure stable harvests over years, conservation and increase in soil fertility and, finally, reduced pollution of waters with fertilizers. Objectives. To implement the environmentally -friendly agricultural practices, the following activities are necessary: • establish model fields for the purpose of promoting environmentally-friendly

agricultural practices; • elaborate training / development programs on the administration of fertilizers (both

mineral and organic), based on model and test principles; • design the training / development agri-ecological programs for the agricultural

producers concerning the necessity to use the environmentally-friendly agricultural practices (seminars, information materials, advertising);

• replicate the experience of agri-ecological training and demonstrate environmentally -friendly agricultural practices in the framework of “Raising Awareness and Replication Strategy Program of the Project”; cooperation with the Agricultural Consultancy and Training Agency (ACSA, training / development programs).

Model field General concept. A key element of the agri-ecological training is the model field (MF) used as a means of sharing the scientific and leading experience results. The purpose of MF is to convince of the priorities of the best agri-technical elements and environmentally-friendly cultivation technologies in view of geo-morphological features of the agricultural lots in the pilot area. Machinery and establishing procedure. When establishing the MF the following criteria of the selected area and participating firms must be taken into account: • choose the lot in view of the productivity level of crops; • establish the size of the MF and its location in the field; • select the crop rotation, crops and cultivation technologies; • select soil processing techniques and fertilizers administration systems • evaluate the existing implements and necessary equipment; • accessibility of roads; • identify the producer, estimate the contribution and responsibilities (contract system) • analyze the results and present the MF. For the purpose of introducing environmentally-friendly agricultural practices, 8 MF and 2 model objects (MO) will be established. Four MF (crop rotation) will be located on arable fields in view of the slope inclination: 1-30 ; 3-50 ; 5-70 ; over 70 . It is also planned to establish 2 MF as an anti-erosion location of the slope area (over 70 ) and the valley of the Lapusna river, reserved as grasslands. On fruit and wine growing (orchards and vineyards) fields with high slope (over 70 ) 2 model lots will be presented in terms of anti-erosion arrangement. The MO will be presented through the 2 platforms (communal, individual household) of manure storage, built in the first year of project implementation. This is for the purpose of agricultural producers training in administration the manure and other

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organic material, which result from the agricultural activity. The terms for establishing the model fields and objects are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Terms for establishing model fields and objects Model Fields

1 year 2 year 3year 4year 5year

1. Soil rotation with 6 plots, 1-30 slope

E D D D D

2. Agricultural-fodder crop rotation, with skipping plots, 3-50 slope

E D D D D

3. Agricultural-fodder crop rotation, with skipping plots, 5-70 slope

E D D D D

4. Agricultural-fodder crop rotation, with skipping plots, over 70 slope

E D D D D

5. Hay-field + pasture, over 70 slope

E E D D D

6. Hay-field + pasture, meadow E E D D D 7. Wine-growing plantation, over 70

slope E E D D D

8. Fruit-growing, over 70 slope

E E D D D

Model Object 1. Storage platform for manure,

individual households

E D D D D

2. Storage platform for manure, communal

E D D D D

E – establishing the model field or object D- demonstration of the model field or object Financing possibilities of MF. The MF is established on a special contract with the farmers within the pilot area and is supported financially, only in part, covering the promotion costs. The farmers, on whose lot a MF will be established will thus cover 50-80% of the production costs, still they must be assured that the promotion of new elements will bring sustainable profit and an improved ecological condition in the area. The establishment of the MF on arable fields. The 4 MF on arable fields represent 4 soil rotations of various crop structures. The area of each MF is of 6 ha. The crop system in these crop rotations is presented as alternative strips (plots) of crops, placed lengthways of the level. The processing of the soil is an anti-erosion system (minimal operations), lengthways of the level and foresees the following elements: ploughing with a reversible plough with subsoiler, reverting the furrow, once in 4 years (introducing organic, mineral fertilizers); annual ploughing without reverting the furrow with a plough without mould

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(partial and superficial use of vegetal wastes); soil fissuring in the spaces between the rows; deep stair breaking up in strips; The following 3 variants are proposed for this system of soil processing; • without using the fertilizers (witness); • introducing organic fertilizers in a standard amount of 40t/ha of manure, half-fermented

once in 4 years (with corn); • introduce organic fertilizers (manure, in a standard amount of 40t/ha once in 4 years

with corn) and mineral fertilizers (annually) in view of certain crops requirements and their succession in soil rotation.

In fact, each lot in a soil rotation (alternative strip) will be divided into 3 plots. The nitrates will be used solely as a supplement fertilizer for the crops in spring-summer time, for the purpose of preventing the levigation of the acid nitrogen outside the system. Phosphates and potassium will be used during the main soil processing (autumn). To estimate the nitrates, mobile phosphates and unsteady potassium concentration soil tests will be carried out on each plots of the first and last lots (3-5 tests repeatedly, 3 times). Tests taken thrice a year: in autumn, 2 weeks before sowing the autumn crops at a depth of 60 cm for nitrogen and 30 cm for phosphorus and potassium; in spring, before the sowing and, in summer, during the vegetation, at a depth of 1m for nitrogen and 30cm for phosphorus and potassium. To estimate the quantity of the eroded soil after the snow melting, abundant rains and surface spillage, tin or other reservoirs will be built within each MF of 5x1x0.5m, for soil collecting. The reservoirs will be placed at the edge of the lot, one for each 3 plots (a total of 12 tanks for the 4 MF). The 4 reservoirs will serve as witnesses, one for each MF, located similarly, in the vicinity of the MF, where the classical soil processing prevails. The collected soil will be tested for water content, it will be weighed and the soil losses will be estimated for 1ha. As a result of the chemical tests on the collected soil, the type and quantity of washed away fertilizers will also be estimated (3 tests, 3 times repeated). The pesticides and herbicides with crops will not be used in crop rotation for the purpose of reducing the soil and water pollution with various chemical compounds. Respecting crop rotation and the processing technologies, use of sorts and hybrids of increased strength will not allow, in our opinion, an abnormal development (above the damaging level) of diseases and pests. Mechanic and manual hoeing will be applied to fight the weeds. Model Field no.1 The field is an agricultural crop rotation with a 1-30 slope. The crop rotation includes 6 crops: winter wheat, peas for beans, summer wheat, corn for grains, sunflower. The area of the lot is 6ha, and of a plot – 1 ha. The weight of the hoeing plants is of 50%. After the winter wheat harvest the area will be sowed with early hybrids of corn as a successive crop (double). The soil processing will be carried out in wide strips (of 25cm) while sowing. The investment expenditures for the establishment of MF are presented in Table 2 (the first and second years).

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Table 2 The investment expenditures for the establishment of MF, the first and second years

Items MDL/item Total/MDL No. Item measure First Secon First Secon First Secon

1 Seeds ^ 552 552 4,2 4,2 2340 2340 2 Organic fertilizers t 53 - 20 - 1060 - 3 Mineral fertilizers t 0,91 0,91 1845 1845 1679 1679 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 1,3 - 120 - 156 - 5 Use of mineral fertilizers ha 2 2 150 150 300 300 6 Disking ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 7 Deep strip breaking up ha 6 6 65 65 390 390 8 Plough reverting furrows ha 6 - 300 - 1800 - 9 Plough without reverting furrows with ha - 6 - 300 - 1800 10 Cultivating ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 11 Sowing ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 12 Fissuring after sowing in strips ha 3 3 75 75 225 225 13 Rearing between rows ha 3 3 150 150 450 450 14 Fissuring when cultivating between ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 15 Soil processing in strips+sowing the ha 2 2 150 150 300 300 16 Harvesting ha 8 8 300 300 2400 2400 17 Transportation hours 25 25 20 20 500 500 18 Manual hoeing worke 60 60 20 20 1200 1200 19 Loading/unloading t 24 24 20 20 480 480

Chemical tests on soil : -nitrates tests 86 86 27 27 2322 2322 - mobile phosphorus tests 62 62 27 27 1674 1674

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- changeable potassium tests 62 62 13 13 806 806 Total 21682 20466 Model Field no.2 is an agricultural-fodder crop rotation with a 3-50 slope, with 5 crops including a skipping crop (alfalfa): alfalfa, corn for grain, peas for beans, winter wheat, sunflower. The area of the crop rotation is 6ha, of a plot – 1.2ha. The weight of hoeing plants is of 40%. After the winter wheat harvest the area will be sowed with early hybrids of corn (double crop). The soil processing will be carried out in wide strips (of 25cm) while sowing considered as optimal. The investment expenditures for the establishment of MF are presented in Table 3 (the first and second years). Table 3 Investment costs for the establishment of MF no.2, the first and second years.

Items MDL/unit Total/MDL No. Item measure First Secon First Secon First Secon

1 Seeds kg 423 399 5,8 4,6 2460 1860 2 Organic fertilizers t 32 - 20 - 640 - 3 Mineral fertilizers t 0,98 0,71 1845 1845 1808 1310 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 0,8 - 120 - 96 • 5 use of mineral fertilizers ha 2,0 1,6 150 150 300 240 6 Disking ha 6 4,8 150 150 900 720 7 Deep strip breaking up ha 6 6 65 65 390 390 8 Plough reverting the furrows ha 6 - 300 - 1800 - 9 Plough without reverting the furrows, ha - 4,8 - 300 - 1440 10 Cultivating ha 6 4,8 150 150 900 720 11 Sowing ha 6 4,8 150 150 900 720 12 Fissuring after sowing in strips ha 3,6 2,4 90 90 324 216

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13 Rearing between rows ha 2,4 2,4 150 150 360 360 14 Fissuring when cultivating between ha 4,8 4,8 150 150 720 720 15 Soil processing in strips+double crop ha 1,2 1,2 150 150 180 180 16 Harvesting ha 7,2 7,2 300 300 2160 2160 17 Transportation hours 20 40 20 20 400 800 18 Manual hoeing worke 48 48 20 20 960 960 19 Loading/unloading t 19 39 20 20 380 780

Chemical tests on soil: - nitrates tests 86 86 27 27 2322 2322 - mobile phosphorus tests 62 62 27 27 1674 1674

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- changeable potassium tests 62 62 13 13 806 806 Total 20480 18378 Model Field no.3 is an agricultural-fodder crop rotation with a 5-70 slope, with 5 crops including a skipping crop (alfalfa): alfalfa, winter barley, corn for grain, peas for beans, winter wheat. The area of the crop rotation is 6ha, of a plot – 1.2ha. The weight of hoeing plants is of 20%. After the winter wheat harvest the area will be sowed with fodder pea as a green fertilizer (double crop). The soil processing will be carried out while sowing. The investment expenditures for the establishment of MF are presented in Table 4 (the first and second years).

Table 4 The investment expenditures for the establishment of MF (the first and second years).

Items MDL/item Total/MDL No. Item measure First Secon First Secon First Secon

1 Seeds kg 600 576 4,6 3,7 2736 2136 2 Organic fertilizers t 32 - 20 640 - 3 Mineral fertilizers t 1,0 0,73 1845 1845 1845 1347 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 0,8 - 120 - 96 - 5 Use of minera l fertilizers ha 2,0 1,6 150 150 300 240 6 Disking ha 6 4,8 150 150 900 720 7 Deep strip breaking up ha 6 6 65 65 390 390 8 Plough reverting the furrows ha 6 - 300 - 1800 - 9 Plough without reverting the furrows, ha - 4,8 - 300 - 1440 10 Cultivating ha 6 4,8 150 150 900 720 11 Sowing ha 6 4,8 150 150 900 720 12 Fissuring after sowing, between strips ha 4,8 3,6 90 90 432 324 13 Rearing between rows ha 1.2 1,2 150 150 180 180 14 Fissuring when cultivating between ha 2,4 2,4 150 150 360 360 15 Soil processing in strips+sowing the ha 1,2 1,2 150 150 180 180 16 Harvesting ha 7,2 7,2 300 300 2160 2160 17 Transportation hours 21 40 20 20 420 800 18 Manual hoeing worke 24 24 20 20 480 480 19 Loading/unloading t 21 40 20 20 420 800

Chemical tests on soil: - nitrates tests 86 86 27 27 2322 2322 - mobile phosphorus tests 62 62 27 27 1674 1674

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- changeable potassium tests 62 62 13 13 806 806 Total 19941 17799

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Model Field no.4 is an agricultural-fodder crop rotation with over 70 slope, with 5 crops including a skipping crop (alfalfa): alfalfa, winter fodder, corn for grain, peas for beans, winter wheat. The crops will be separated by weed strips 3.6m wide (esparcet 60% + bromegrass 40%). The area of the crop rotation is 6ha, of a plot – 1.14ha and 0.3ha of weed strips. The weight of hoeing plants is of 20%. After the winter wheat harvest the area will be sowed with early hybrids of corn (double crop). The soil processing will be carried out while sowing. The investment expenditures for the establishment of MF are presented in Table 5 (the first and second years).

Table 5 Investment expenditures for the establishment of MF (the first and second years).

Items MDL/item Total/MDL No. Item Measure first Secon First Secon First Secon

1 Seeds kg 602 559 5,2 3,6 3141 2066 2 Organic fertilizers t 30 - 20 - 600 - 3 Mineral fertilizers t 0,95 0,69 1845 1845 1753 1273 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 0,76 - 120 - 91 - 5 Use of mineral fertilizers ha 1,9 1,5 150 150 285 225 6 Disking ha 6 4,9 150 150 900 735 7 Deep strip breaking up ha 6 6 65 65 390 390 8 Plough reverting the furrow ha 6 - 300 - 1800 - 9 Plough without reverting the furrow ha - 4,6 - 300 - 1380 10 Cultivating ha 6 4,6 150 150 900 690 11 Sowing ha 6 4,6 150 150 900 690 12 Fissuring after sowing, in stripes ha 4,6 3,4 90 90 414 306 13 Rearing between rows ha 1,1 1,1 150 150 165 165 14 Fissure when cultivating between rows ha 2,2 2,2 150 150 330 330 15 Soil processing in stripes+sowing ha 1,1 1,1 150 150 165 165 16 Harvesting ha 6,8 7,1 300 300 2040 2130 17 Transportation ore 50 70 20 20 1000 1400 18 Manual hoeing worke 22 22 20 20 440 440 19 Loading/unloading t 50 70 20 20 1000 1400

Chemical tests on soil: -nitrates tests 86 86 27 27 2322 2322 - mobile phosphorus tests 62 62 27 27 1674 1674

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- changeable potassium tests 62 62 13 13 806 806 Total 21116 18587

Table 6 Investment expenditures for the establishment of MF no.1-4 on arable fields, a total for

5 years Thousand MDL Total,

thousand No. Model field

l year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year MDL SUS 1 MF no. l 21,7 20,5 20,5 21,7 20,5 104,9 7,78 2 MF no.2 20,5 18,4 18,4 20,5 18,4 96,2 7,13 3 MF no.3 19,9 17,8 17,8 19,9 17,8 93,2 6,91 4 MF no.4 21,1 18,6 18,6 21,1 18,6 98,0 7,27 5 Total, thousand MDL 83,2 75,3 75,3 83,2 75,3 392,3 - 6 Total,thousandi SUS 6,17 5,58 5,58 6,17 5,59 - 29,09

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Establishing MF for pasture administration purpose. 2 MF will be established (no.5 and 6) wich will include the slope area (over 70 ) and meadow (Lapusna raion (district), with an area of 12 ha each. The slopes will be used to sdemonstrate the re-sowing through soil fallowing in strips (50m). In the first year 50% of the area will be fallowed, and the other 50% - in the second year. In the meadow, the fallowing of the soil (first year) and re -sowing (second year) will be carried out on the whole area of the MF. The structure (%) of the weeds mixture used on pastures is as follows: - MF no.5 (slope): couch grass (Agropyrum cristatum) 40%; bromegrass (Bromus

inermis) 20%; alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 30%; esparcet (Onobrychis viciifolia) 10%; - MF no.6 (meadow): oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius) 40%; trefoil (Lotus Corniculatus)

40%; orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) 20%. The fallowing will be carried ut with the reversibil plough with subsoiler. At the same time the fertilizers will be introduced at a standard of 50 t/ha (half -fermented manure) and minerals (P120 K90) Nitrates will be used only in spring, while sowing (N45). A correct administration of the established pastures as MF will be promoted on following conditions: the use of grasslands as hay fields for the first 2 years and only after that - as pastures; the allotment of grasslands for the purpose of sustainable pasture; stop the autumn pasture at least 3-4 weeks before the customary winter frosts, resume the pasture in spring when the weeds reach 10-15 cm of height; stop the pasture when the weeds are of 4-5 cm height; forbid the pasture after rains and whenever the soil is over-watered; ensure the pasture of a species of animals and the observance of the pasture loading (2UVM /ha). The investment expenditures for the financing of the model fields no.5 and 6 and the total cost for the 5 years of the project are presented in Tables 7, 8 and 9. Table 7 The investment expenditures for the financing of the model fields no.5 (slope)

Items MDL/item Total, MDL No. Item measure First Secon First Secon First Secon

1 Seeds kg 300 300 25 25 7500 7500 2 Organic fertilizers t 300 300 20 20 6000 6000 3 Mineral fertilizers t 5,7 5,7 1845 1845 10516 10516 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 6 6 120 120 720 720 5 Use of mine ral fertilizers ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 6 Disking ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 7 Plough reverting the furrows with ha 6 6 400 ^400 2400 2400 8 Deep stripe breaking up (autumn) ha 6 6 185 185 1110 1110 9 Cultivating ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 10 Tavalugirea soil before and after ha 12 12 75 75 900 900 11 Sowing ha 6 6 150 150 900 900 12 Fissuring after sowing between stripes ha 6 6 65 65 390 390 13 Deep fissuring between stripes after ha 6 6 90 90 540 540 14 Mowing herbs ha 6 12 150 150 900 1800 15 Transportation ore 3 33 20 20 60 660 16 loading/unloading t 3 33 20 20 60 660 Total 34696 36796

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Table8 Investment expenditures for the establishment of model field no.6

(meadow)

Items MDL/item Total, MDL No. Item measure First Secon First Secon First Secon

1 Seeds kg - 360 - 30 - 10800 2 Organic fertilizers t 600 - 20 - 12000 - 3 Mineral fertilizers t 9,8 1,6 1845 1845 18081 2952 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 12 - 120 - 1440 - 5 Use of mineral fertilizers ha 12 12 150 150 1800 1800 6 Disking ha 12 - 150 - 1800 - 7 Plough reverting furrows with subsoiler ha 12 - 400 - 4800 - 8 Deep breaking up between stripes ha 12 12 185 185 2220 2220 9 Cultivating ha 12 - 150 - 1800 - 10 Tavalugirea of the soil before and after ha - 24 - 75 - 1800 11 Sowing ha - 12 - 150 - 1800 12 Fissuring after sowing, in strips ha - 12 - 65 - 780 13 Deep fissuring in strips after mowing ha 12 - 90 - 1080 14 Mow of weeds ha - 12 - 150 - 1800 15 Transportation hours - 6 - 20 - 120 16 Loading/unloading t - 6 - 20 - 120 Total 43941 25272

Table 9 The investment expenditures for the establishment of MF 5 and 6, a total for 5 years

Thousand MDL Total, thousand

No. Model field

First year

Second yea

Thi

Fourth year

Fifth year

MDL SUS

1 MF no.5 (slope) 34,7 36,8 19,4 21,5 18,0 130,4 9,67 2 MF no.6 (meadow) 43,9 25,3 22,5 15,4 16,3 123,4 9,15 Total, thousand MDL 78,6 62,1 41,9 36,9 34,3 253,8 - Total, thousand SUS 5,83 4,60 3,11 2,74 2,54 - 18.82 Establish MF on fruit-wine growing fields, situated on high slopes (over 70 ) they will be apportioned with an area of 2 ha each (MF no. 7 and 8). Key demonstration elements consist in carrying out anti-erosion works: - Plough including the subsoil (reverting the fallows) and introduce organic fertilizers at a

standard rate of 50 t/ha once in 5 years; - Break up the soil in strips at 40-50cm depth, every second space between rows; - Fissure the soil at 20 cm depth with a superficial processing of the soil at every second

space between rows; - Sowing perennial grain and leguminous herbs at every second space between rows

(1.5-2.0); - Sowing perennial grain and leguminous herbs of (marginal?) zones and linking roads; The composition (%) of the mixture of utilized herbs is as follows: couch grass (Agropyrum cristatum) 30%+ bromegrass (Bromus inermis) 30%+trefoil (Trifoliul repens)40%.

15

Investment costs for the establishing of model fields no.7 and 8 and total costs for 5 years are shown in Table 10, 11, 12. Investment costs for the establishing of wine -growing model field no.7

Table 10 Investment costs for the establishing of wine-growing model field no.7, the

first two years

Items Total/MDL No. Item measure first secon

MDL/item first secon

1 Seeds kg - 30 30 - 900 2 Organic fertilizers t 100 - 20 2000 - 3 Fungicides kg 140 140 11 1540 1540 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 2 . 120 240 . 5 Use of fungicides ha 6 6 150 900 900 6 Disking ha 1,7 - 150 255 - 7 Plough reverting the furrows with ha 1,7 - 400 680 - 8 Deep soil breaking up in stripes ha - 0,7 65 - 46 9 Cultivating ha - 1.7 150 - 255 10 Tavalugirea soil before and after ha - 1,8 75 - 135 11 Sowing herbs between rows ha - 0,5 150 - 75 12 Sowing herbs on marginal and road ha - 0,4 150 - 60 13 Fissuring +cultivating between rows ha 1,3 1,4 127 165 178 14 Mowing the herbs ha - 0,9 150 - 135 15 Mulcing soil ha - 0,6 150 - 90 16 Harvesting ha 2 2 300 600 600 17 Transportation hours 16 20 20 320 400 18 Loading/unloading t 8 10 20 160 200 19 Total 6860 5514

Table 11

Investment costs for the establishing of fruit-growing model field no.8, the

first two years

Items Total/MDL No. Item measure first secon

MDL/ item First secon

1 Seeds kg - 24 30 - 720 2 Organic fertilizers t 100 - 20 2000 - 3 Pesticides kg 92 92 31 2856 2856 4 Use of organic fertilizers ha 2 - 120 240 - 5 Use of pesticides ha 6 6 150 900 900 6 Disking ha 1,7 - 150 255 - 7 Plough reverting the furrows, with ha 1,7 - 400 680 - 8 Deep soil breaking up in stripes ha - 0,7 65 - 46 9 Cultivating ha - 1,7 150 - 255 10 Tâvalugirea soil before and after ha - 1,6 75 - 120 11 Sowing herbs between rows ha - 0,5 150 - 75 12 Sowing herbs on marginal and road ha - 0,3 150 - 45 13 Fissuring +cultivating between rows ha 1,5 1,4 127 191 178 14 Mowing herbs ha - 0,8 150 - 120 15 Mulcing the soil ha - 0,5 150 - 75 16 Harvesting ha 2 2 300 600 600 17 Transportation ore 24 30 20 480 600 18 Loading/unloading t 12 15 20 240 300 19 Total 8442 6890

16

Table 12

Investment expenditures on establishing fruit-growing model fields. Total for 5 years

thousand MDL Total, thousand No Model field

1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year MDL SUS

1. MF no.7(wines) 6,9 5,5 4,4 4,4 4,4 25,6 1,90

2. MF no.8(orchards) 8,4 6,9 5,8 5,8 5,8 32,7 2,42

Total, thousand MDL 15,3 12,4 10,2 10,2 10,2 583 -

Total, thousand SUS 1,13 0,9 0,76 0,76 0,76 - 4.32

Forthe establishment of MF no.1-8, the total investment expenditures over 5 years will amount to 52.23 thousand USD (see Table 13)

Table 13

Investment expenditures on establishing model fields no.1 -8. Total for 5 years

Thousand USD No Model field

1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year Total

1. MF no. l 1,61 1,52 1,52 1,61 1,52 7,78

2. MF no. 2 1,52 1,36 1,36 1,53 1,36 7,13

3. MF no. 3 1,48 1,31 1,32 1,48 1,32 6,91

4. MF no.4 1,57 1,38 1,38 1,56 1,38 7,27

5. MF no. 5 2,57 2,73 1,44 1,59 1,34 9,67

6. MF no. 6 3,25 1,88 1,67 1,14 1,21 9,15

7. MF no. 7 0,51 0,41 0,33 0,33 0,32 1,90

8. MF no. 8 0,62 0,51 0,43 0,43 0,43 2,42

Total 13,13 11,10 9,45 9,67 8,88 52,23

17

Time estimates necessary for the implementation of the model fields and objects are shown in Table 14

Table 14

Model fields Model objects no.1-2

Total Activities

no. 1-4 no.5-6 no.78 1 Preparing stage of the MF 24 10 8 - 42 2 Establishing MF 72 16 12 - 100 3 Observations and field

registrations 25 10 16 - 51

4 Presenting MF and MO 2 2 2 2 8 5 Analyzing the results and

sharing accumulated experience

2 2 2 2 8

Total 125 40 40 4 209 Implementation Schedule

Months Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Identify the agricultural producer

+ +

2 Establish MF + + + + + 3 Field data and

observations + + + + +

4 Presenting MF and MO + + + + 5 Analyze the results and

share experience + +

The analyses of existing agricultural practices allowed us to conclude that the farmers in the pilot area do not have sufficient agricultural machinery. The machinery that ensures a good processing and conservation of the soil is especially missing (reversible plough, scarifier, fissurer), sowing machines which ensures a precise sowing, mineral fertilizers distributing machines etc. In view of these facts the procurement of a set of agricultural machinery and equipment (in addition to the existing) will ensure the establishment of MF in compliance with the requirements and promoted elements. The specification of the agricultural machinery and the prices are shown in Table 15.

Table 15 Agricultural machinery and equipment necessary to establish the model fields

Prices No Equipment and machinery units

MDL USD

1. Tractor MTZ-82.1 1 188,797 14.000

2. Tractor T-70 1 163.600.2 12.132

3. Tractor "Vladimiref -T-25A 1 52687.5 3.907

4. Plough reversible portable PR-3-35 1 17358 1287.2

18

5. Milling machine rotative FR-1.4 1 22000 1631.4

6. Harrow with disks portable GDP-3 1 18900 1401.5

7. Sowing universal SPP -29 1 34500 2558.3

8. Sowing-cultivator SZS-2.1 1 30500 2261.7

9. Fissurer SCP-3-70 1 16500 1223.5

10 Mowing Machine State Chancellery -2.1 1 10000 741.5

11 Drainage system PRVN-2,5A 1 12000 889,8

12 Watering-system “Futura”16 1 44510 3300.6

13 Mineral fertilizer distributor MÎS-400 1 6500 482

TOTAL

617353,2 45816,5

Elaboration of the Training / Development Program On environmentally-friendly agricultural practices

The elaborated Training / Development Program will be applied for the purpose to train the regional and local consultants, who act within the Agency of Consulting and Instructing in the field of Agriculture (ACIA), and the farmers from the pilot aria as well. The given program includes 3 types of training: - initial (basic) training; - annual retraining / sizing up conference - special training (presentation both of model fields and of demonstration objects) Within the first year of activity the initial training program will involve 12 regional and local consultants of ACIA from the pilot aria (Lapushna district). Starting with the second year, after the model fields and the demonstration objects are created, in the training program (3 types) will participate about 362 regional and local consultants ACIA (Table 16). The duration of the initial training will be of 5 days (40 hours) and will be carried out in the second and the third months. The special training (within the sixth and the ninth month) will last 4 days (32 hours). The annual retraining during 2 days (16 hours) will be organised in the eleventh and the twelfth months. According to the volume the training program includes 88 hours (11 days).

19

Table 16

The number of regional and local consultants ACIA involved in the training program

Years No. Training program 1 2 3 4 5

Total

1 Initial training 12 100 120 130 - 362 2 Annual retraining - 12 100 120 130 362 3 Special training - 112 220 250 130 712 Training program on environmentally-friendly agricultural practices No. The part and training topic Number of hours

1 2 3 I. Initial training

Total number of hours Including: - lectures and practical training - round-table discussions - sizing-up conferences

40

34 3 3

1 2 3 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3

Manure administration Manure storing and storage Composts preparation Vermi-composts preparation

6 2 2 2

2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Fertilisation of sloped agricultural lots Applying of organic fertilisers Correct use of mineral fertilisers Using of green fertilisers Round-table discussion, part 1 and 2

6 2 2 2 1

3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Anti-erosion organisation of agricultural lands Consequences of the soil erosion process Anti-erosion system for soil processing Methods of soil erosion control and prevention Round-table discussion, part 3

6 2 2 2 1

4. 4.1 4.2 4.3

Crop rotation and cultivation technologies Rational crop rotation as measure for soil amelioration and conservation Crop Rotation and its contribution to increase production on slopes Actual technologies for crop cultivation

6 2

2

2

5. 5.1 5.2

Integral crop protection Prevention and control of diseases and pests Weeds control of main crops

6 2 2

20

5.3 5.4

Use of pesticides on the slopes and environment protection Round-table discussion, part 4-5

2 1

6. Actual systems in agriculture 2 7. Legislative aspects on protection of environment in

agriculture and rural area 2

8. Sizing up conference 3 II. Annual Retraining

Total number of hours Including: - monitoring and evaluation of MF and OD - annual sizing up conference

16 8 8

III. Special training Total number of hours Including: MF Presentation OD presentation

32 24 8

The Training Program of regional and local consultants ACIA requires the sum in amount of 134,55 thousand US dollars (Table 17). The estimate is effected based on the following considerations: the training costs for one participant equal to 25.0 US dollars per day. This sum includes the fees for teaching stuff, dwelling and daily allowance, as well as the commuting expenses.

Table 17

Investment costs for implementation of the Training Program (thousand of US dollars)

Years No Training program

1 2 3 4 5 Total

1 Initial training 1,5 12,5 15,0

16,25 - 45,25

2 Annual retraining - 0,6 5,0 6,0 6,5 18,1 3 Special training - 11,2 22,0 25,0 13,0 71,2

Total 1,5 24,3 42,0 47,25 19,5 134,55 In order to replicate the training experience in the field of agricultural ecology there will be necessary to develop and publish the info materials (booklets, posters, folders). Thereafter, an evaluation study of both the existent informative materials and the exigencies of farmers will be carried out. The given study will assume the following activities: - formation of a workgroup for revising the existent info materials; - elaboration and distribution of the questionnaire; - collection and analysis of information; - elaboration of the necessary publications list for training the farmers and the consultants

ACIA; - elaboration of the publishing plan; - elaboration of distribution ways.

21

Carrying out the study is planned for the period of the 01-06 months of the 2003 year. After the list of publications is elaborated, it will be submitted to be published. The publications will be made on a contest base, including upon designation of the potential authors for elaboration and edition of the informative materials. In our opinion, it would be necessary to publish at least 10 booklets with circulation of 5000 copies for each, 6 posters with circulation of 3000 copies / each and 4 folders with circulation of 3000 / each. One booklet will comprise 50 pages of A5 demy (on average 3 printer's sheets), and the price of one copy will equal to 0,5 US dollars. The price of one copy of poster and folder will make up, correspondingly, 0,35 and 0,3 US dollars. The given prices have been estimated on the assumption of the average prices of editing info materials in the Republic of Moldova.

The Plan of editing the info materials

Years No Informative materials

1 2 3 4 5 Total

1 Booklets 3 5 2 - - 10 2 Posters 3 3 - - - 6 3 Folders 2 2 - - - 4 The investment costs for editing the informative materials amount to 37,9 thousand US dollars and are given in Table 18.

Table 18

Investment costs for editing the info materials (thousand U S dollars)

Years No Activities, informative

materials 1 2 3 4 5 Total

1 Evaluation study 3,0 - - - - 3,0 2 Booklets 7,5 12,5 5,0 - - 25,0 3 Posters 3,15 3,15 - - - 6,3 4 Folders 1,8 1,8 - - - 3,6

Total 15,45 17,45 5,0 - - 37,9 The synthesised budget for implementation of the Training / Development Program amounts to 270,5 thousand US dollars and is given in Table 19.

Table 19

The total investments costs for implementation of the Training / Development Program

(thousand US dollars)

Years No Expenditure for: 1 2 3 4 5

Total

1 MF creation 13,13 11,1 9,45 9,67 8,88 52,23

22

2 Acquisition of agricultural equipment

45,82 - - - - 45,82

3 Implementation of training program

1,5 24,3 42,0 47,25 19,5 134,55

4 Editing of informative materials

15,45 17,45 5,0 - - 37,9

Total 75,9 52,85 56,45 56,92 28,38 270,5

Recommendations for the Code of Good Agriculture Practices 1. Using the agri-forestry systems for protection of soil and waters. 2. Cultivation of 25-30 percents of the arable area with annual and perennial leguminous. 3. Using the minimal system of processing the soil alternatively with the classical one,

which will ensure the conservation of the fertile topsoil. 4. Establishing of special crop rotation, which will contribute to soil amelio ration and

conservation. 5. Fertilising of crops will be effected only with solid organic and mineral fertilisers.

Applying liquid fertilisers is forbidden. 6. The organic fertilisers allowed for application are the semi-fermented manure, the

compost, the green fertilisers, the vegetable remains and the bacterial fertilisers. 7. The necessary volume of manure and compost is maximum 10 tones per hectare, which

are applied as basic fertilisers only. 8. Dosage of chemical fertilisers according to the necessary nutritive elements of each

cultivated plant depending on both the agrochemical indexes of the soil and the preceding agricultural technology.

9. Applying nitrogenous fertilisers in spring and summer only, and phosphate and potash fertilisers - upon the main soil processing (in autumn).

10. Prohibiting the unilateral fertilisation with nitrogen and storage of any type of non-packaged fertiliser on the soil.

11. Applying of authorised pesticides, in minimal quantities. 12. Storing of chemical products and of their packs in special places. 13. Reasonable pasture, only in rainless and dry soil days. Observance of pasture load

(about 2 UVM/ha) Appendix 1 (see below)

23

Table 1

LAND PROPERTY AND ORGNIZATIONAL TYPES

Land Property

Organizational types of land property

The surface of plot of land

Nr.

Commune

Total Nr. of owners

Total shares

Total Arable Orchards Vineyard

Farm

Association of

farms Joint Stock

Tenants (LTD)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 PASCANI

731

731

0.78

0.36

0.05

0.37

596 3

- -

2 LAPUSNA

2336

2229

1.22

0.77

0.10

0.35

2336

- - 1

3 SOFIA

1262

1279

1.21

0.70

0.20

0.31

830

- - -

4 NEGREA

754

772

1.20

0.70

0.15

0.35

190

- - 1

5 CARPINENI

3809

3711

1.83

1.45

0.13

0.25

437

- - 3

6 MINGIR

2300

1446

1.44

1.09

0.17

0.18

528

- 1

1

7 VOINESCU

1469

1329

1.14

0.977

0.003

0.16

658

- - 1

8 TOCHILE- RADUCANI

1644

1615

1.76

1.53

0.13

- 225

- - 2

9 TOTAL

14305

13112

-

-

-

-

5800

3

1

9

10 AVERAGE

-

-

1.323

0.947

0.117

0.246

-

-

-

-

24

Table 2 CARACTERISTIQUE OF AGRICULTURE EXISTING PRACTICE

PASCANI

LAPUSNA

SOFIA

NEGREA

CARPINENI

MINGIR

VOINESCU

TOCHILE- RADUCANI

NR Units

FARM LTD FARM LTD

FARM FARM LTD FARM LTD FARM LTD FARM LTD FARM LTD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Level of supply (%) with: -seeds and plant material

30

60 50 LI 25 25 85 40 75 50 50 35 100 10 35

- chemical substances

15 45 25 LI 15 20 30 10 20 35 65 15 LI 5 15 1

- mineral fertilizers

15 30 5 LI 6 2 35 5 5 20 35 10 LI 0 0

Observation of agrotechnical and technological requests: - the rotation of crop, % area

40 85 40 LI 50 50 80 50 60 65 70 80 LI 25 30

2

- number of crops

0 1 0 LI 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 LI 0 0

Fertilizing the soil: - with nitrogen minerals * total quantity, t

LI 125 2.5 LI 4.0 0.6 34.5 LI 20.4 LI 44.3 22 LI 0 0

* dose, kg/ha

LI 100 100 LI 66 100 150 LI 100 LI 97 135 LI 0 0

- manures * total quantity, t

LI 0 LI LI 940 40 0 LI 0 LI 0 1500 LI LI 0

3

* standard, t/ha

LI 0 LI LI 10 10 0 LI 0 LI 0 10 LI LI 0

25

Table 3

QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF AGICULTURE GARBAGE IN THE BASE OF ANIMAL’S NUMBER

N Animals

Period of shelter, days

Stable’s garbage animal (kg/ day)

Standard of staws, animal (kg/ day)

PAS CANI

LAPUSNA

SOFIA NEGREA CAPRINENI MINGIR VOINESCU

TOCHILE-

RADUCANI

Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Number of animals 1 Cows 1031 598 745 408 865 625 423 552 5247 2 Swine 1198 1200 710 439 2376 2054 402 890 9269 3 Sheets-shegats 1142 1570 1050 475 3863 2616 1109 2705 14530 4 Horses 351 133 237 92 183 104 66 104 1270 5 Birds 18000 24000 14150 6800 19800 13650 7600 11000 115000

Total quantity of stable’s garbage, t 1 Cows 180 45 8351 4844 6034 3305 7006 5063 3426 4471 42500 2 Swine 365 4 1749 1752 1037 641 3469 2999 587 1299 13533 3 Sheets+shegats 150 2 343 471 315 143 1159 785 332 811 4359 4 Horses 180 25 1580 598 1066 414 824 468 297 468 5715 5 Birds 365 0,14 920 1226 723 347 1012 698 388 562 5876 6 TOTAL 12943 8891 9175 4850 13470 10013 5030 7611 71983

Quantity of staws, t

1 Cows 180 3 557 323 402 220 467 338 228 298 2833 2 Swine 365 0,3 131 131 78 48 260 225 44 98 1015 3 Total 688 454 480 268 727 563 272 396 3848

Total quantity of stable’s garbage (g/g + staws), t

1 Total 13631 9345 9655 5118 14197 10576 5302 8007 75831

26

Table 4

SUPPLY OF EXISTING AGRICULTURE PRACTICE WITH TRACTORS , LORRIES AND AGRICULTURAL MACHINES

PASCANI

NEGREA CARPINENI MINGIR TOTAL

inclusively Nr UNITS

FARM

LTD

LAPUSNA

FARM SOFIA FARM FARM LT

D FARM LTD FARM LT

D

VOINESCU TOCHILE- RADUCAN

I Per commune FARM LTD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1

TRACTORS 87 18 79 65 17 14 99 74 70 46 32 43 644 492 152

2 LORRIES

50 19 32 28 20 19 100 48 67 47 13 28 471 338 133

3 AGRICULTURAL MACHINES Harrow, set

3 3 - - - 26 87 87 45 45 - 48 344 183 161

4 PLOUGHS

30 15 26 55 9 6 45 6 27 17 10 16 262 218 44

5 CULTIVATORS 15 15 20 - 4 4 24 15 24 24 8 15 168 110 58

6 MACHINES FOR PLANT’S PROTECTION (watering can)

13 13 10 2 2 2 18 18 8 8 5 12 111 70 41

7 SOWERS

14

9 20 5 4 4 33 33 16 9 2 8 157 102 55

8 COMBINES

8

4 7 3 4 4 19 18 7 6 4 5 89 57 32

27

Table 5

AREA (ha) AND MEDIUM HARVEST (t/ha) OF MAIN AGRICULTURE CROPS

PASCANI LAPUSNA SOFIA N EGREA CARPINENI MINGIR VOINESCU TOCHILE- RADUCANI N CROP

Area MH Area MH Area MH Area MH Area MH Area MH Area MH Area MH

TOTAL area, ha

Medium harvest,

t/ha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Maize 494 2.0 801 4.0 819 4.0 233 4.0 3600 2.2 500 3.5 777 4.1 548 1.4 7772 3.15 2 Autumn

wheat 215 2.2 130 2.0 60 2.5 472 2.9 1200 2.5 850 3.2 162 3.0 1081 2.2 4170 2.563

3 Spring wheat - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 67 0.9 67 0.9

4 Barley - - 120 2.0 - - - - - - - - - - 107 2.0 227 2 5 Oats - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 2.2 - - 9 2.2 6 Pea 165 1.4 62 2.0 26 2.0 12 1.5 - - 150 1.7 29 2.5 - - 444 1.85 7 Bean - - 12 2.0 2 2.0 - - - - - - - - 10 1.5 24 1.833 8 Alfalfa - - - - 0.5 30.0 10 28.0 - - - - - - - - 10.5 29.0 9 Potato - - - - 1.5 30.0 - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 30 10 Fodder-

Beet - - - - 1 35.0 - - - - - - - - - - 1 35

11 Sunflower 288 1.1 555 1.7 21 1.5 86 1.7 900 1.2 400 1.7 143 1.5 312 1.0 2705 1.425 12 Tobacco - - 30 1.5 - - - - - - 35 1.5 - - - - 65 1.5 13 Potato - - - - - - - - 5 10.0 - - - - 26 6.0 31 8.0 14 Vegetable 152 8.3 80 5.0 8 20.0 8 13.0 15 18.0 70 10.5 38 2.2 93 9.2 464 10.775 15 Fruits - - - - 217 4.0 108 6.3 - - 400 6.4 - - 176 10.3 901 6.75 16 Grapes 35 4.2 824 4.0 356 4.0 275 4.6 751 2.0 449 6.5 198 3.5 - - 2888 4.114

* MH – Medium Harvest