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Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobilityWolfgang Fahrnberger - Chairman of the Management at NEOMAN Bus GmbH

VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger

Introduction


Agenda

1. Introduction

2. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - a necessity

3. Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date

4. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments

5. Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy

6. The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems

Agenda


Introduction


Primary energy consumption

3,9

1,31,01,91,7

0,60

1

2

3

4

5Tr

avel

coac

h

Die

sel

car

Gas

olin

eca

r

Trai

n <

200

km/h

Trai

n >

200

km/h

Dom

estic

fligh

t 500

km

l diesel equiv. / 100 km/occupantSource: ifeu, Heidelberg

Introduction


Average external costs of passenger transportIntroduction

52,5

22,9

37,7

76

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Car Bus Rail Air

€ pro

1.00

0 Pkm

Average external costs

Source: INFRAS/IWW


Reasons why environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility is necessary

Health hazards (diesel particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone)Climate hazards (greenhouse gases)Environmental hazards (NOx, SO2)

The finite nature of fossil fuels and the expected development of prices for such fuelsThe limited amount of space available for vehicle traffic (congestion/parking spaces)

Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity


A look at the world's two most populous countries

436

6 7,6

13101110

459,5

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

EU 25 India ChinaPopulation (millions) Autos/1,000 residents


Total: 1.12 billion autosTotal: 0.2 billion autos


Levels of fossil fuel reserves

400

120

70

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Kohle

Erdgas

Erdöl

Schwankungsbreite der betrachteten Quellen

1000

Zeit Jahre

Mittelwerte aus verschiedenen Quellen

Vorratsdauer

400

120

70

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Kohle

Erdgas

Erdöl


1000

Zeit Jahre


Vorratsdauer


1000

Zeit Jahre


Vorratsdauer



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

US

$ / B

arre

l

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2001

Cut-off point for cost comparison

with synthetic fuels

Actual development(January 2000 – June 2006)

Forecast 2001 (high)

Forecast 2001 (low)

Development of the price of crude oil (Brent)Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity


Future-viable mobility - demands to be placed on modes of transport and land-use and traffic planning

Low internal and external costs overall• Conservation of resources in production and operation

- Use of renewable energy sources to power drive systems

• Minimal pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions

• Conservation of space

Reliable in terms of time available for users

Demands on future modes of transport


What has been achieved to date with buses in terms of environmentally friendly mobility?

Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date


Buses by emission reduction categories Federal Motor Transport Authority 2005

Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher

51.1 %

28.9 %

20.0 %



Forecast for VDV fleet as of January 2006

Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher

28.9 %

2.0 %

53.0 %



Euro emission standards for trucks and buses

0

25

50

75

100

NOX HC CO Particulates*

[ % ]

Euro 0 (1998/99)

Euro 1 (1992/93)

Euro 2 (1995/96)

Euro 3 (2000)

Euro 4 (2005)

Euro 5 (2008)

- 87 % - 82 % - 88 % - 95 %

* The standard for particulates begins from Euro 1

Source: VDA-Jahresbericht “Auto 2004”



D 2066 LUH engine (E5 / EEV) - performance stages

Double EGR coolerincl. radiator

15501900

2100

1250

1750

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

199 310 257 287 316

270 228 350 390 430

Output (kW / hp)

Max

. tor

que

(Nm

)

Performance: D 2066 LUH (EEV)

Performance: D 2066 LUH (Euro5)

228310

Twin turbochargerCharge-air intercooler (engine-mounted)

264360

294400

338460

Air/water intercooler(engine-mounted)

199270



Evolution of bus engines

?

1897 / diesel 2003 / dieselD20 common rail

?

LPG CNG H2

Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments


Exhaust emissions with gaseous fuels(MAN engines)

- all MAN gas engines satisfy the EEV standards

- particulate emissions are less than 5 mg/kWh (limit 20 g/kWh)

0

1

2ga

seou

s em

issi

ons

[g/k

Wh]

HCCONO x

0,0 0,0

CNGλ=13-way cat. conv.

LPGλ=13-way cat. conv.

0.43.02.0

EEV limitsg/kWh

CNGlean mix3-way cat. conv.

H2λ=1Red. cat. conv.

NO x


HCCO


Total CO2 emissions from city buses

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

H2 electrolysis, renewable mix

FC, H2 from biomass

H2 CE, H2 from biomass

FC, methanol from natural gas

FC, H2 electrolysis, power grid Germ.

FC, H2 from natural gas

Methanol CEs, methanol from nat. gas

CNG CEs, natural gas Germ.

Diesel CE, Euro 3

[kg/100 km]

Vehicle drive system Energy supply

Foss

il fue

l pat

hsRe

newa

ble f

uel p

aths

CE combustion engineFC fuel cellCNG compressed natural gasH2 hydrogen



HyFleet:CUTECity buses with hydrogen combustion engine for Berlin



Hybrid fuel-cell busEnvironmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments


DE hybrid city bus being tested on Nuremberg's No. 36 bus lineRecoveryStart-stop automaticOperation of ancillary units as requiredBus leaves bus stop using electric motorDepending on bus line, fuel savings of 20 to 25%


2 x e-motor, 75 kW with transmission InverterDiesel engine 162 kW

with transmissionPSM generator

170 kW

www.ultracapbus.de

Electric ancillary components

UC moduleStep-up/

step-down converter

Components of the DE drive system with Ultracap storage



Fuel strategy

SunWindWater

Biomass

Natural gasCoal

Natural gas

Oil

Conventionalfuels

Increasing fuel consumption

Present Future

GTL

BTL

H2

CNG

Basis

CTL

Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy




Total reserves of fossil energy sources will last into the far future.

Production from fossil resources, especially non-conventional fossil resources, will make these fuels increasingly expensive.

Reducing CO2 emissions will become more and more important.

Synthetic fuels made from biomass (BTL) and hydrogen mustbe used as extensively as possible.

Synthetic fuels, especially hydrogen, offer great potential forsubstantially reducing emissions of all exhaust gas components.


Bus Rapid Transport (BRT)The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems


Requirements of coordinated land-use and traffic planning

The following points should be taken into account in the planning of future residential areas and in the renewal and revitalization of existing residential areas:

Preventing traffic in order to improve mobility for everyone

Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most environmentally friendly and promising modes of transport

Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most economical modes of transport

The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems


Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobility!

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