environmental systems and societies standard … systems... · environmental systems and societies...

13
8810-6301 13 pages N10/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX Tuesday 2 November 2010 (afternoon) ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 1 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all of the questions in the spaces provided. You may continue your answers on answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided. At the end of the examination, indicate the number of answer sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet. 1 hour Candidate session number 0 0 © International Baccalaureate Organization 2010 88106301 0113

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Page 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD … systems... · ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD LEVEL ... The map in Figure 4 below shows plate movements and three biodiversity

8810-6301 13 pages

N10/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

Tuesday 2 November 2010 (afternoon)

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIESSTANDARD LEVELPAPER 1

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your session number in the boxes above.• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answer all of the questions in the spaces provided. You may continue your answers on

answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided.

• At the end of the examination, indicate the number of answer sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet.

1 hour

Candidate session number

0 0

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2010

88106301

0113

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1. Figure1belowshowstheglobaldistributionofphysicalandeconomicwaterscarcity(shortage).

Figure 1

Key:PhysicalwaterscarcityMorethan75%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanuses.

ApproachingphysicalwaterscarcityMorethan60%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanuses.

EconomicwaterscarcityWaterresourcesareabundant.Lessthan25%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanusesduetoeconomicconstraints.

LittleornowaterscarcityLessthan25%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanuses.

Nodata

[ComprehensiveAssessmentofWaterManagementinAgriculture.2007.WaterforFood,WaterforLife:AComprehensiveAssessmentofWaterManagementinAgriculture.London:Earthscan,andColombo:InternationalWaterManagementInstitute.]

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 1 continued)

(a) WithreferencetoFigure1,

(i) determinethemeaningofwaterscarcity.

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[1]

(ii) describethepatternofglobalwaterscarcity.

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(Question 1 continued)

(b) (i) Constructadiagramtoshowthewatercycle(hydrologicalcycle). Labelstores,flowsandprocesses. [3]

(ii) Annotatethediagraminpart(b)(i)toshowtwoexamplesofhowhumanswithdrawwaterfromthecycle. [1]

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2. Thediagrambelowshowstwobioticcomponentsofthecarboncycle:aplantandabird.

(a) Annotatethediagramtoshowtheinputsandoutputsofcarbonthroughphotosynthesisandrespiration. [2]

(b) Outlinetwoexamplesofatransformationofcarbonandtwoexamplesofatransferofcarbonwhichoccurduringthecarboncycle.

Transformationofcarbon:

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Transferofcarbon:

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[4]

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3. Figure2belowshows thatsustainabledevelopmentmaydependon the interactionbetweenthreedifferentpriorities.

Figure 2

Social

Sustainabledevelopment

EconomicEnvironment

[Source:adaptedfromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:Sustainable_development.svgAuthor:JohannDréo;date:March92006/translatedJanuary212007.]

(a) Statewhatismeantbythetermenvironmental value system.

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[1]

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(Question 3 continued)

(b) WithreferencetoFigure2opposite,completethetablebelowto

(i) identifythepriorityforeachsectorofsociety. [1]

(ii) describe an example of howaconservationbiologistandabankermaysupportsustainabledevelopment. [2]

Priority Example

Self-reliance soft ecologist ..................Communitycooperativesetuptoselllocalproduceandshareproductioncoststoincreaseprofits.

Conservation biologist ..................

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Banker ..................

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(c) Explainwhysustainableenergysourcesarenotalwaysadoptedbysocieties.

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[2]

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4. Figure3below is agraph showing thewater contentof threedifferent soils (A,BandC) asrainfallincreases.

Figure 3

SoilA

SoilB

SoilC

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0Rainfall/cm3

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Watercontentofsoil/cm

3cm

–3

(a) DescribethetrendinwatercontentforSoil Aasrainfallincreases.

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[1]

(b) IdentifywhichofthethreesoilsA,BorCmatchthesoiltypeslistedinthetablebelow. [1]

Soil type Soil A, Soil B or Soil C

Sandsoil

Claysoil

Loamsoil

(c) Definethetermgross primary productivity.

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[1]

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(Question 4 continued)

(d) Suggest,giving reasons,whichof the soil types in the tableoppositewill support thehighestprimaryproductivity.

Soilwithhighestprimaryproductivity: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reasons: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[2]

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5. ThemapinFigure 4 belowshows platemovements and three biodiversity hotspots inAsiaandAustralasia. Hotspotsare regionswithespeciallyhighbiodiversity.

Figure 4

I

II

III

N

Key:

I Himalayas

II Philippines

III South-westAustralia

biodiversityhotspot

plateboundary

platesmovingapart

platesmovingtogether

[Source:adaptedfromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Pacific_centred.svg]

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(Question 5 continued)

(a) Definethetermbiodiversity.

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[2]

(b) Explain how theplatemovementsshowninFigure4oppositemayhave contributed tothebiodiversityof thehotspot regions.

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[4]

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 5 continued)

(c) Figure5below is a photographof aClouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), oneof theHimalayanspeciesthatislistedas“vulnerable”ontheRedList.

Figure 5

[Source:photographtakenbyNancyVandermeyofEFBC’sFelineConservationCenter,RosamondCA.Photographreproducedwithpermission.]

(i) Outline four factors that are used to determine the conservation status of anorganismon theRedList.

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[2]

(ii) With reference to the case history of a named critically endangered speciesor endangered species, describe the human factors that have led to itsconservation status.

Nameofspecies: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Descriptionofhumanfactors:

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[2]

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6. (a) Describeonedirectmethodofmonitoringpollution.

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[2]

(b) State,givingareason,whethertroposphericozoneisanexampleofpointsourcepollutionornon-pointsourcepollution.

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[1]

(c) State the name and identify the source of one of the chemicals which causesstratospheric ozone depletion.

Nameofchemical: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sourceofchemical:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[1]

(d) EvaluatethesuccessoftheMontrealProtocolinreducingozone-depletingsubstances.

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[3]

(e) Explainhowdepletionoftheozonelayerisanexampleofpositivefeedback.

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[3]

1313