environment present

8/2/2019 Environment Present

1/52

TOPIC: ENVIRONMENT

PREPARED BY:

THUNISHAA D/O VEERAPPEN

EE LI ZAN

LOH MIN CEK

KHOR JOO HUAT

JASINTHA D/O JAYADURAI

PENDIDIKAN ALAM

SEKITAR

damaialam.clanteam.com


2/52

Vision 2020

ensure that her invaluable resources are

not wasted. The land must remain

productive and fertile, the atmosphere clearand clean, the water unpolluted, the forest

resources capable of regeneration, able to

yield the needs of the national development.

The beauty of the land must not be

desecrated: for its own sake and for its

economic advancement



3/52

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?

Environment has two components:

Biotic Abiotic

livings factors (the nonliving chemicalother organisms in and physical factors

an organisms

environment)



4/52

environment

The natural environment, encompasses all living and non-livingthings occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof.

Complete ecological units that function as natural systems

without massive human intervention, including all vegetation,microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere and naturalphenomena that occur within their boundaries.

Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lackclear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well asenergy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, notoriginating from human activity.



5/52

What is ECOLOGY?

Scientific study of the interactions between

organisms and their environment

enormously complex because interactions

between organisms and their environment are

two-way: organisms affected by environment, but their activities also can

change the environment

e.g. photosynthesis by plants, nutrient cycles by animals



6/52

Four increasingly comprehensive levels of study

ORGANISM

POPULATION

COMMUNITY

ECOSYSTEM



7/52

organisms

Any form of living things

Deals with behavioral, physiological andmorphological ways in which organisms adapt

to their environment.



8/52

population

A group of interacting individuals belonging to

the same species inhabiting a particular

geographical area at the same time.



9/52

community

All organisms inhabiting a particular area

biological community. It is a complex interacting network of plants, animal and

microorganisms

studies involve ways in which predation, competition,

and other interactions among organisms affect

community structure and composition.



10/52

Interactions

between species

Interspecific Intraspecific



11/52

Interspecific interaction

Positive Neutral Negative

Commensalism Competence Predation

Mutualism Parasitism

Ascaris suum

Symbiosis



12/52

ecosystem

includes all abiotic factors in addition to the

community of species that exist in a certain

area

i.e. energy flow, nutrient cycling, etc...

Ecosystem ecology looks at energy

transformations and biogeochemical cycling

within ecosystems.



13/52

ECOSYSYTEM

BIOTIC

BIOGEOCHEMICAL

CYCLES

ABIOTIC

WATERFLORA FAUNA AIR

FOOD WEB

INTERACTION

LAND

TERRESTRIAL

ESOSYSTEMAQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

ECOSYSTEMS HAVE

ENERGY FLOWS

ECOSYSTEMS CYCLE

MATERIALS



14/52

Biotic components

Primary Producers

Herbivores

Omnivores Carnivores

Detritivores

etc



15/52

Abiotic components

Sunlight

Temperature

Precipitation Water or Moisture

Soil or Water Chemistry

etc



16/52

Food chains

SNAKECHICKENGRASS WORM



17/52

Food Webs

SNAKE

BIRD

CHICKENGRASS WORM

HORSE

LION

DOG

CAT

TIGER

GRASSHOPPER

TERRESTRIALECOSYSTEM



18/52

SEA OTTERSEA URCHIN

ALGAE

SMALL FISH

BIG FISH

SHARK

RAY

MOLLUSCA

STAR FISH

HARLEQUIN

SHRIMP

TURTLE

Food WebsAQUATIC

ECOSYSTEM



19/52

Food chain and food web always begin withproducers (plants).

Energy enters the biological system as lightenergy, or photons, is transformed into chemicalenergy in organic molecules by cellular processes

including photosynthesis and respiration, andultimately is converted to heat energy.

This energy is lost to the system as heat at eachtrophic level as heat when consumers burn foodduring cellular respiration.



20/52

Elements such as carbon, nitrogen, or phosphorusenter living organisms in a variety of ways.

Plants obtain elements from the surrounding

atmosphere, water or soils. Animals may also obtain elements directly from the

physical environment, but usually they obtain thesemainly as a consequence of consuming other

organisms.

These materials are transformed biochemically withinthe bodies of organisms, but sooner or later, due toexcretion or decomposition (process by bacteria),

they are returned to an inorganic state.

The elements are cycle endlessly between their bioticand abiotic states within ecosystems (BiogeochemicalCycles).



21/52

photosysnthesis



22/52



23/52

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical cycles describe the ecosystem

by the transfer of elements through the system.

By examining the cycles we can look at the

fluxes of nutrients (sources and sinks) and

better understand human-caused imbalances.



24/52

The Hydrologic Cycle

Over 71% of the earths surface is covered by

water:

Oceans contain 97%.

Polar ice caps and glaciers contain 2%.

Freshwater in lakes, streams, and ground water

make up less than 1%.



25/52


Distribution of water is not static:

Heat

Evaporation

CloudsPrecipitation

Evaporation

Consumed by organisms

Groundwater

Surface water



26/52

Hydrologic cycle



27/52


Turnover time is the time required for the

entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed.

Atmosphere 9 days

Rivers 12-20 days

Oceans 3,100 years



28/52

Phosphorus Cycle

Global phosphorus cycle does not include

substantial atmospheric pool.

Largest quantities found in mineral deposits and

marine sediments.

Much of this in forms not directly available to plants.

Slowly released in terrestrial and aquatic

ecosystems via weathering of rocks.



29/52

Phosphorus cycle



30/52

Importance of P

transformations

It has been suggested that the level of available phosphorusduring soil development is the primary determinant interrestrial net primary production:

P is present in low concentrations in rocks.

N is abundant in the atmosphere.

Other essential plant nutrients (e.g., S, K, Ca, Mg) are moreabundant than P.

Bacteria that fix N2 gas to biologically available N requireP.



31/52

Nitrogen Cycle

Includes major atmospheric pool - N2.

Only nitrogen fixers can use atmospheric supplydirectly.

Energy-demanding process. N2 reduced to ammonia (NH3).

Once N is fixed it is available to organisms. Upon death of an organism, N can be released by fungi and

bacteria during decomposition.



32/52

Nitrogen cycle



33/52

N2 NH3

Animals

NH4

SOM

N2O

NO2

Plants

NOx HNO3

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Atmosphere

Terrestrial

Aquatic(same species &

reaction asterrestrial)

NOx

N stocks can be defined by:

Physical location Atmosphere, Land, Ocean

Chemistry

Reactive vs. Nonreactive

Organic vs. Inorganic

Ecological effects

Fertilizer, greenhouse, acid rain,

smog

Source Biological, Anthropogenic,

Geochemical



34/52

Important N species

Non-reactive (99%) N2, N in recalcitrant minerals

Reactive

Ammonia (NH3)

Ammonium (NH4

+)

Nitrate (NO3-)

Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2-, NO3

-)

Nitric acid (HNO3)

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Organic N (urea, proteins, nucleicacid, SOM, PON, DON)

N2 NH3

Animals

NH4

SOM

N2O

NO2

Plants

NOx HNO3

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Atmosphere

Terrestrial


reactionasterrestrial)

NOx



35/52

Important N reactions

Biological

1. Nitrogen fixation

2. Assimilation

3. Mineralization

4. Nitrification

5. Denitrification

Abiotic in atmosphere

Fixation by lightening

N2O reactions

NOx reactions

Anthropogenic

Fixation by Haber-Bosch

Fixation by fossil fuels

Burning organic matter

N2 NH3

Animals

NH4

SOM

N2O

NO2

Plants

NOx HNO3

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Atmosphere

Terrestrial


reactionasterrestrial)

NOx

2

3

5

44

1 1


Biological reactions: Fixation


36/52

Who:Rhyzobiumbacteria,Azobacterbacteria,

cyanobacteria

What:

2N2 + 3H2 + energy 2NH3, NH3 + H2O NH4

+ + OH-

Where:symbiotically in plants

and free living, low O2

Why:essential bioelement But expensive 8-12 g of

glucose per 1 g N fixed!Animals

NH4

SOM

NO2

Plants

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Biological reactions: Fixation

(BNF)



37/52

Animals

NH4

SOM

NO2

Plants

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Biological: Assimilation

Who: Plants and certain bacteria

What:

NH3 or NO3 + Organic matter Organic N

Where: aerobic & anaerobic environments

Why: essential bioelement


Biological: Mineralization


38/52

Who: Aerobic & anaerobic organisms of all kinds What:

Organic-N NH3

Where: aerobic & anaerobic environments Why: byproduct of organic matter degradation

Animals

NH4

SOM

NO2

Plants

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Biological: Mineralization(ammonification)



39/52

Who: chemoautotrophic bacteria

What: NH4

+ + 3O2 2NO2- + 2H2O + 4H

+ + energy (Nitrosomonas)

2NO2- + O2 2NO3

-+ energy (Nitrobacter)

Where: aerobic environments (surface layer of sediments)

Why: ammonium is used as a source of energy N is oxidized (N3- N3+ N5+ ) O is reduced

Animals

NH4

SOM

NO2

Plants

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Biological: Nitrification



40/52

Who: Pseudomonas denitrificans

What: C6H12O6 + 4NO3 6CO2 + H2O + 2N2 + energy

(N2O = intermediate and byproduct)

Where: anaerobic environments

Why: NO3- = best available e- acceptor Nitrogen is reduced (N5+N0 )

Animals

NH4

SOM

NO2

Plants

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Biological: Denitrification


Atmospheric: Fixation by


41/52

What: N2 + 3O2 + energy 2NO3

Where: atmosphere

Animals

NH4

SOM

NO2

Plants

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

NOx

Atmospheric: Fixation by

lightning


A h i N fi i


42/52

Who: Bacteria in crop plants

What:

2N2 + 3H2 + energy 2NH3

Why:green fertilizer

Soybeans

Rhizobiumnodules in pea

roots

Rice

Anthropogenic: N-fixing crops


Anthropogenic: Haber Bosch
http://www.postech.ac.kr/life/pfg/rice1.jpghttp://www.postech.ac.kr/life/pfg/rice1.jpghttp://www.ecol.kvl.dk/~sto/gf/images/rhizobium%20pea.jpg


43/52

Who: Human beings

What: N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Where: Industry

Why: Fertilizers and munitions

Animals

NH4

SOM

NO2

Plants

N2

NO3

N2O

NH3

Anthropogenic: Haber-Bosch

fixation


A th i R l th b ti


44/52

Who: Human beings What: Burning and respiration

Organic-N in fossil fuels, plants, SOM NH4, NOx

Where: Automobiles, industry, forests, agri. lands, drained

wetlands

Why: Byproduct (acid rains)

Anthropogenic: Release thru combustion

and respiration


Anthropogenic: Fixation thru


45/52

Who: Human beings

What: Abiotic fixation N2 + O2 + energy 2NO

2NO + O2 2NO2 NO2 + H2O HNO3

Where: Automobiles, industry, forests Why: Byproduct (acid rains)

Anthropogenic: Fixation thru

combustion


At h i Abi ti ti


46/52

NOx Acid formation

SOx + H2O H2SO4

NOx + H2O HNO3 Tropospheric ozone formation

NOx + O2 + hydrocarbons + sunlight O3

NH3

NH3(g) + H2O NH4+ + OH- N2O

Greenhouse gas

Stratosphere destroys ozone

Atmospheric: Abiotic reactions

Emissions of N and S oxides in U.S.

EmissionsinU.S

.(milliontons)

Yeardamaialam.clanteam.com


47/52

Carbon Cycle

Moves between organisms and atmosphere as

a consequence of photosynthesis and

respiration.

In aquatic ecosystems, CO2 must first dissolve into

water before being used by primary producers.

Although some C cycles rapidly, some remains

sequestered in unavailable forms for long periodsof time.


Carbon cycle


48/52

Carbon cycle



49/52


R l f C b C l t


50/52

Relevance of Carbon Cycle toClimate Change

CO2 in atmosphere is increasing 0.4% a year (=40% in 100 yr.)

Increasing CO2 causes increased temperatures.

(Greenhouse effect)

Heat captured by the atmosphere:

1. CO2 = 50%

2. CH4 = 20%

3. CFCs = 15%

4. NO2, H2O, O3 = 15%


Interaction between biotic


51/52

Interaction between biotic

AND ABIOTIC



52/52

THANK YOU

damaialam clanteam com

environment present

Documents