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Entrepreneurship Education: Substance

and Challenges

17thDecember, 2013

Paper Published in 10th Biennial Conference on Entrepreneurship

Volume 1 & 2, Bookwell Publishers, Delhi ISBN: 978-93-80574-48-6

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Entrepreneurship Education: Substanceand Challenges

Presentation is all about:

different models of entrepreneurship education (EE)

themes of entrepreneurship education

Identification and classification of EE challenges & Issues

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Entrepreneurship Education and Training

Entrepreneurship Education vs. Entrepreneurship Training

Entrepreneurship Education

As a course

As concentration area / specialization

As a program of academic study (EEP)

Entrepreneurship Education vs. Training

Why and How to Differentiate

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Definition of EntrepreneurshipAdopted by HEIand Impact on EE

Two Extremes

Converting ideas into action to Lifelong competence developmentVenture Creation vs. Entrepreneurial Mindset Development Dimension

Definition and Impact

In terms scope, objectives, spectrum of activities

HEI Specific

Maturity of HEI and EE Program Substance

Institution wide definition, scope and program objectives

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Entrepreneurship Education

Program Objective (s) and Focus of EE

Spectrum from

Developing entrepreneurial mindset to setting up enterprises

and businesses

Objective Decides

Courses, pathways in EE programs and finally who, what, why

and how of EE programs

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Entrepreneurship EducationHistorical

Perspective Schumpeter (1934) - entrepreneurial manifestations and economic

transformation David McClellands work

Entrepreneurship Training and EE Movement

USA as frontrunner in embracing EE

Some course on Entrepreneurship at HBS in 1947

Katz (2003) - chronology of EE University of Southern California (USC) - launched first MBA concentration

in entrepreneurship in 1971 followed by first undergraduate concentration in1972

By 1980s - 300 universities offering courses in entrepreneurship and smallbusiness in USA

Number reached 1050 schools by 1990s (Solomon, et al., 1994)

Research on EE offered by universities (Zeithaml & Rice, 1987)

Spread of EEEurope, UK based business schools and universities

EE at School level - EU

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Evolution of Entrepreneurship Education

A course on Entrepreneurship

More electives

Concentration Area / Specialization

EE Program

Journey from Business Schools to Other Institutes

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Entrepreneurship EducationIndian

Experience - 1 Movement

Research, Policy interventions, design and development of EDPs and REDPs forentrepreneurship development (1970s)

CED, Gujarat - Role of Gujarat State, Birth of EDI

EElimited to short duration entrepreneurship training programs

Different mandate of IIMs IIM-A as frontrunnerLimited to courses on entrepreneurship, family firms, small

businesses and new venture creation

Entrepreneurship subject / paper at UG & PG Level Business and Management Programs at UG and PG level in early 1990s

Sensitizing youth towards entrepreneurship as career

Development of project profile as learning outcome and evaluation component

Spread of EE beyond Exposure of Entrepreneurship to Engineering, technology and design students through

some workshops, seminars or graded courses

1998EDIs one year full time PGDBEM program

Embedding entrepreneurship as a course in many education programs

Current statusPrograms & Courses

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Entrepreneurship EducationIndian

Experience- 2 Enablers

Textbooks by Indian Authors (Context, Culture, Complexity) Case books (Entrepreneurship, SME specific)

Role of media (Magazines, Business Newspapers, Business News Channels)

Private Universities and Institutes MBA or PGDMEntrepreneurship and Family Business

Implanting entrepreneurship into plain vanilla MBA Some cases degree / qualification awarding role

Few innovative approaches / experiments ISBs MFAB (Management Program for Family Enterprises)

AMSOM, Ahmedabad Universitys EMBA Program

NMIMSMBA (Family Business) TISS MA in Social Entrepreneurship

JGI-IDEA program (Global Entrepreneurship Program)

Some attempts to combine prediction logic with creation logic

Society of Entrepreneurship Educators (SEE)

EE beyond HEI level to school level syllabus

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Program

Objective (s)

Design, Delivery

& Evaluation

Definition of

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship EducationFramework,

Structure and Format1

Pedagogical

Tools /

Teaching

Approach

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Structure and Format3 Dilemma between breadth vs. depth of the curriculum

Standardization vs. customization

Theories Applications & Practicespart of EE programs

Field work and internshipsChallenges and Nature

Common Part - business, Entrepreneurial and managerial skills Model based on business plan, business life cycle stages

Functional format of programs vs. business as an integrated process

Interweaving domain knowledge and functional understanding of the

business and management EE based on the various stages of venture development .

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Structure and Format 4 Pedagogical tools and learning methods

classic to social science education and management education

like lectures, readings, workbook exercises, case based class

discussion, discussions with experts, guest speakers, individual

coaching, role plays and sometimes team based projects.

Development and writing of a business plan an integral part

Premise - Learning integration and connect different parts of the business

while developing a business plan

Supported by field based project work facilitating start up of a venture

Outside classroom learning Interviewing entrepreneurs for creation of entrepreneurs profiles,

shadowing an entrepreneur, extended interactions with entrepreneurs,

internship with start ups and entrepreneurial firms

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Structure and Format 5 Assessment and Evaluationof EE program participants

Different methods of assessment and evaluation

Conventional assessment methods like written examinations are found to be

better to assess the understanding and acquisition of key concepts

Assessing some of the practical skills and entrepreneurial behavior and attitude

which cannot be assessed based on the written examinations.

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EEIssues and Challenges 1

Student

Engagement /

Student

SpecificCompetent

Entrepreneurship

Educators

Assessment / Life

beyond EE

Delivery /

Pedagogy

Design / Content

EE Challenges

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Entrepreneurship EducationIssues and

Challenges 4

Dearth of entrepreneurship educators

Very few people are formally educated and trained to

become entrepreneurship educators (trainers are many)

Dilemma of entrepreneurship educators when it comes to

research and publication as well as the future growth Dilemma between researches in the disciplinary area vs.

research in the entrepreneurship area.

Natural tilt towards publishing in the discipline specific

publications rather than specific entrepreneurship journals

Adoption of ICT in EElate entrant to distance education

programsvery few online learning platforms

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Entrepreneurship EducationIssues and

Challenges 5

Entrepreneurship educators

How to sensitize towards needs of the entrepreneurship learners and

challenges of EE programs

Challenge - How to foster creativity and innovation with risk taking

abilities

How to develop entrepreneurship educators with personalcharacteristics and personality traits that exhibit problem solving, sense

of initiative, decision making, leadership, risk-taking and creativity

Developing Entrepreneurship Educators

Ability to use active learning and experiential learning methods

focusing on building team for start-ups, client acquisition in initial days,

communication and negotiation skills, project management

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Challenges as Entrepreneurship Educators

How to become well-conversant with different pedagogical tools

Thinking creativelyhow to use resources available

Building personal network and establish rapport with different

sections of society to become effective in and outside classroom

Flexibility in teaching approach

Figuring out and trying out which teaching method would work better

while delivering a particular course

Challenges for new entrant in the field of EE

Relevant teaching material, content, pedagogical tools, experiential learning,

active learning, teaching resources

Case material for start ups and business entry stage of enterprise

Uniqueness of EE

Equipping new entrants to deliver inside and outside classroom.

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Ending Remarks 1

Radical shift towards the treatment and approach of EE

Embedded approach of active learning

Innovation and creativity in course delivery and program design.

Emergence of Dream FactoriesStart up Schools (Venture Studio Like)

Use of live and multimedia cases - Exercises and simulations

Entrepreneurship educators with similar traits and attitudes of an

entrepreneur Zealous people with optimistic & encouraging attitude with ability to inspire

Self-motivation and confidence of entrepreneurship educators

Open to new ideas and able to think in cross-functional and multidisciplinaryway

Seamlessly blending or implanting entrepreneurship courses

Attracting and developing Entrepreneurial educators

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Ending Remarks 2

Choice of definition, scope, objectives and approach(s) of EE

Focus on entrepreneurship competencebeyond knowledgeacquisition

Learning that use realistic learning from real-life world

Entrepreneurship educators

Motivator, counselor, consultant and a facilitator

Assessment and Evaluation Wide range of innovative evaluation components and parameters

Assessment componentsAs Pedagogy and evaluation element

Role of administrators Recognizing and rewarding entrepreneurship educators - entrepreneurial in

terms of using experiential learning, active learning and using assessmentcomponents that involve risk taking, innovation and creativity

Students acceptance and receptivity for different learning experience

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Selected References 1

Awasthi D. (2011), Approaches to Entrepreneurship Development: The Indian

Experience Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research Winter & Spring, 1(1),pp.107-124.

Donald F. Kuratko (2003), Entrepreneurship Education: Emerging Trends and

Challenges for the 21st Centurey, Coleman Foundation White Paper Series for the

U.S. Association of Small Business & Entrepreneurship

Gartner, W.B., Vesper, K.H. (1994), "Experiments in entrepreneurship education:successes and failures", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.179-87.

McMullan, W.E., Gillin, L.M. (2001), "Entrepreneurship education in the nineties,

revisited", in Brockhaus, R.H., Hills, G.E., Klandt, H., Welch, H.P.

(Eds),Entrepreneurship Education: A Global View, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot,

pp.57-77.

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Neck Heidi and Greene Patricia (2011), Entrepreneurship Education: Known

Worlds and New Frontiers, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 49, Issue1, pp. 55-70

Plaschka, G.R. & Welsch, H.P. (1990) Emerging Structures in Entrepreneurship

Education: Curricula Designs and Strategies. Entrepreneurship Theory and

Practice, 14(3): 55-71.

Robinson, P. & Hayes, M. (1991) Entrepreneurship Education in Americas MajorUniversities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(3): 41-52.

Ronstadt, R. (1987) The Educated Entrepreneurs: A New Era of Entrepreneurial

Education is Beginning. American Journal of Small Business, 11(4): 37-53.

Sexton, D.L. & Upton, N.E. (1984) Entrepreneurship Education: Suggestions for

Increasing Effectiveness. Journal of Small Business Management, 22(4): 18-25.

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Sexton, D.L. & Upton, N.E. (1987) Evaluation of an Innovative Approach to

Teaching Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 25(1): 35-43. Solomon, G.T., Fernald, L.W. (1991), "Trends in small business management and

entrepreneurship education in the United States", Entrepreneurship Theory and

Practice, Vol. 15 No.1, pp.25-39.

Solomon, G.T., Weaver, K.M, & Fernald, L.W., Jr. (1994) Pedagogical Methods of

Teaching Entrepreneurship: An Historical Perspective. Gaming and Simulation,25(3): 338-253

Vesper, K.H. & Gartner, W.B. (1997) Measuring Progress in Entrepreneurship

Education. Journal of Business Venturing May: 403-421

Vesper, K.H. (1986) New Developments in Entrepreneurship Education. In D.L.

Sexton & R.W. Smilor (Eds.), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, pp. 379-387. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

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Questions and Deliberations?

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Thank you

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