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Chapter IV- Environment Analysis and Destination Development in Sikkim

Chapter- IV

Environment Analysis and Destination Development

in Sikkim

4.1 The Relationship between Tourism and Environment

4.2 Destination Environment and Sikkim

4.3 Destination Environmental Analysis and han!e

4.4 Tourism Development "nitiatives and Environmental #erspe$tives

4.% "mportan$e o& Environment Analysis and "ts 'uture "mpli$ations

4.( on$lusion

00




4.1 The Relationship between Tourism and Environment

f all the political, economic and social revolutions of the last century,

none has so fundamentally changed human values and behavior as the

environmental revolution (Mc Cormik,1995,p.11. Concern over the

relationship bet!een humanity and the environment has, since the late 19"0s,

remained high on the international political agenda. #ttention is not only paid to the

e$ploitation and degradation of the global ecosystem but also to the socio%cultural,

political and economic systems underpinning e$cessive or inappropriate resource use.

Conse&uently, the competing perspectives on the means of achieving a moresustainable future for the planet and its inhabitants have fuelled !hat has no! become

a !eary intellectual debate ('outhgate and 'harpley, 00) p. *1.+nvironment is

the sum total of all conditions and influences that affected the development and life

of organisms.- he term /environment is not much different in tourism from its

generic meaning as used in any other subects. 2ut tourism is environment%related

and dependent as people visit a destination mainly for the distinct environment, if it is

leisure tourism and even for other purposes the environmental features of the area are

also e$tensively related. 'ystematically defined, tourism environment is that vast

array of factors which represent external (dis)-economies of a tourism resort: natural

… anthropological, economic, social, cultural, historical, architectural and

infrastructural factors which represent a habitat onto which tourism activities are

grafted and which is thereby exploited and changed by the exercise of tourism

business. (E, !""#$ %) #ccording to Mathieson and 3all (194) p. 9, if tourism is

to be successful and sustained, it re&uires the protection of the scenic and historical

heritage of destination areas and in the absence of such attractive environment, there

!ould be little tourism. 6anging from the basic attractions of sun, sea and sand to the

unbounded appeal of historic sites and structure, the environment is the foundation of

the tourist industry. he follo!ing diagram !ould better e$plain the environmental

aspects of tourism.

7

Page 101




'i!ure 4.1) #otential A$tor *roups Related to Tourism and Environmental

#oli$ies

'ource8 #dapted from 2ill. B. and Hashimoto A., “Actors, Networks and TourismPolitics” in 2uhalis . and Costa C. (00", eds, ourism Management ynamics8 rends,

management and tools-, +lsevier 2utter!orth%:einemann, 7$ford, pp. 15

Many research studies have represented environment for tourist destinations in a

different !ay as economic, social, cultural and environmental inclusion has been

influencing and significantly increasing the scope and range of tourism environment

!ith its conventional and natural trends. :olden (00 discussed tourism

environment by considering different and distinct perceptions of tourists !hich is also

effective in the narro! sense of each and every destination. his approach also tends

to the fullness but in many cases loses its clarity and significant presence of other

interest groups involved in tourism environment. 'o, the destination environment

Page 10

ourism and +nvironmental

;olicies in a ouristestination

<ational #ctors

=roups <ational

environmental

<=7s

<ational tourismorgani>ations

=ovt. ministries

<ational ministry

?ocal #ctor =roups

?ocal communities?ocal tourism

businesses

ourism employees

?ocal =ovt.?ocal environmental

<=7s

@nternational #ctor

=roups <ational tour

operations

@nternational tour

operations@nternational

environmental <=7s

+A




(#dapted from :olden, 000) p.B9%50 to the tourists and tourism industry is

e$pressed through different perceptions as given here under.

'i!ure 4.2) Destination Environment to Tourists and +ther *roups

'ource8 #dapted from :olden et.al. ( 00

;robably the single greatest concern for every country is the impact of tourism on its

environment (<aisbitt, 199B, p. 1B0. 'o far, the travel and tourism industry has taken

little active part in framing the environmental policies so vital to its o!n interests

(+conomist @ntelligence Anit, 199. 3ahab ( 195, B9 claims the genuine

environment al!ays attracts more tourists than the imitation the creation of

artificial environment, similar to those !hich the tourists have at home, does not

promote tourism in the long term-. 7n the other hand, mass tourism is economical

and socio%psychological (as many people seem to enoy being a mass tourist and

full%fledged alternative tourism can not replace conventional tourism as it is more

realistic to concentrate efforts in attempts to reform the !orst prevailing situations,

not the development of alternatives. he more sensitive approach to tourism

development strives to satisfy the needs of local people, tourists, and the resource

Page 10*

estination

+nvironment as

setting for action

estination

+nvironment as a

social system

estination

+nvironment as

emotional territory

estination

+nvironment

as self

Dunctional role8

support specific

activities, a placefor hedonism etc.

@nteractive role8

a place for

socialinteraction

+motional role8

evokes feelings

of !ell being,

pride etc.

@dentity role8 the

environment

becomes part ofthe self

ourist has

conscious andunconscious

disregard for

environment

ourist focuses on

social interaction8

environment is

irrelevant to

e$perience

ourist involves

himselfEherself in

environment8

ga>ing, paintingetc.

ourist integrates

!ith place) adapts

behavior to blend

!ith environment




base in a complementary rather than a competitive manner. 'o, each destination is

not only uni&ue !ith respect to its physical resource base, but also for different

perceptions and outlook of that resource base !ith respect to the different groups and

stakeholders both !ithin and e$ternal to the destination. @n other !ords, even !ithin

particular destinations numerous environments potentially e$ist. Drom the vie! of

management, each destination is a sort of business unit or strategic business unit

('2A or, more precisely, a corporation comprising numerous business units. #ll the

facilities, attractions and other organi>ations that collectively supply tourist services

and e$periences in the destination are, in a sense, different divisions !ithin the overall

destination business and ensure parado$ical competitive and cooperation. +ach

destination (including those in the travel and tourism sector E corporationE strategic business unit ('2A is intended to follo! a strategic management process that seeks

to achieve a /goodness of Ft bet!een their resources and the e$ternal environment in

order to remain competitive and proFtable. 'o, !hile framing strategy for a

destination, its mission, vision, capacities, resources, structure and system must play

an interactive role !ith !hat do !e mean by the term /destination environment.

estination development plan or process should ade&uately contribute to destination

needsEcommunity developmentEsustainable development issues as an interactive

process of destination capitals and &'estination resource pulls !ith e$ternal forces

and tourism development opportunities. 2ut the concept of environmental

management of a destination development program deliberately deals !ith specific

issues or factors from !ithin a holistic environmental perspective. 7ther!ise,

comprehension of actual intricate environmental conditions !ould remain

undisclosed and misleading results may come out. Dollo!ing diagram discussing the

relationship of social goals, economic goals and environment and resource goals and

their logical relationship is given here under for the better destination environmental

analysis of 'ikkim.

Page 10B




E,hibit 4.1) Relationship between So$ial !oals- E$onomi$ *oals and

Environment and Resour$e *oals

'ource8 #fter 'adler G 3right (199*

@n the conte$t of 'ikkim, integrated land use planning and suitable use of unused

land, implementation of en /6%3ord guide to corporate actions1 ( Middleton,1994)

p. 1**%1B0, updating environmental la!s, control of air and !ater pollution,

population stabili>ation and human settlements, use of non%polluting rene!able

energy system are important issues to be considered. hus a destination area !ould be

!ell advised to retain those elements or priority issues !hich made it distinctive, and

to present its cultural heritage in such a !ay that it !ould be both meaningful for

themselves and convenient for the visitor. Conservationists and some resource

managers no! claim that the tourism industry runs the risk of spoiling its main

1 en /6%3ord guide to corporate actions comprises 6ecogni>e, 6educe, 6efuse, 6efuse, 6eplace,

6etrain, 6e%engineer, 6eplace, 6eeducate, 6e!ard

Page 105




attraction% the natural environment. @t is also ackno!ledged that there !ill,

increasingly, need to be some trade%offs bet!een tourism and the environment.

:o!ever, it becomes difficult to limit visitors once a location has gained a reputation

as an attractive destination (avis G 3eiler, 199) p. *1*. 2udo!ski (19, * feels

that for the maority of cases the relationship bet!een tourism and conservation is

usually one of coe$istence moving to!ards conflict, mainly because of an increase in

tourism and the shrinking of natural areas.- Harious proects and environmental

studies conducted so far e$hibit the same relationship !ith respect to the important

destination specific forcesE variablesE attributes. Mercer (00B) p.B"" suggests that

/arguably biodiversity decline is the most serious global environmental problem and

is representative of an emerging set of ne! problems in tourism management that isthe subect of ongoing, and at times acrimonious debate. 3eaver et.al.(000

identifies three key elements in terms of the management implications of socio%

cultural and environmental impacts of tourism. he first is that all tourism%related

activity causes a certain amount of stress and the critical issue is !hether proactive

management strategies can be used to reduce the level of stress to acceptable levels.

#cceptability is influenced by the perceptions of the benefits received from tourism.

he second point is that stress is linked to carrying capacity, !hich varies from site to

site and, in some cases, can be manipulated through adaptive measures. :o!ever,

ecosystems, societies and cultures all have different levels of resiliency and

adaptability. heir third key point is that carrying capacities are difficult to measure as

stress and its impacts are incremental and long term in nature.

2udo!ski (19" suggested that three basic relationships typically interacting !ith

the ecosystem, societies and culture are%

Page 10"




E,hibit 4.2) Di&&erent "ntera$tions amon! E$osystem- So$iety and ulture

on&li$t Tourism and the environment is in

$on&li$t when tourism has a detrimental

impa$t on the environment.

oe,isten$e Tourism and environmental $onservation

$an e,ist in a situation where the two have

relatively little $onta$t- be$ause either

both sets o& supporters remain in isolation

or there is a la$k o& development or

administrative barriers. owever- the

situation /rarely remains stati$-

parti$ularly as an in$rease o& tourism is

apt to indu$e substantial $han!es0

udowski 1(- p. 2.

Symbiosis Tourism and environmental $onservation

$an be mutually supportive and bene&i$ial

when they are or!ani5ed to ensure that

tourists bene&it and the environment

improvements in mana!ement pra$ti$es.

This relationship may have e$onomi$

advanta!es and $ontribute to the 6uality

o& li&e in host $ommunities.'ource 8 :all, C.M. (1994. @ntroduction to ourism8 evelopment, imension G @ssues. ;% "

3hile analy>ing the relationship bet!een tourism and environment in 'ikkim the

total area covered by the Ministry of +nvironment and Dorest i.e. the ratio of the

reserve forest to the total area and its interaction !ith different stakeholders need to

be taken care. he fragility of the ecosystem, disruption of breeding habits, changes

in flora and faunal species composition need to be measured !ith its specific impacts

Page 10




on tourism. #naly>ing the impacts of tourism on the biological, economic, socio%

cultural environment needs is an e$tensive research.

4.2 Destination Environment and Sikkim

estination environment in 'ikkim is discussed in this chapter under three subheads

vi>. ecological environment, social environment and economic environment.

E$olo!i$al Environment o& Sikkim

'ikkim includes the lesser :imalaya, Central :imalaya, and the ethys :imalaya. @t

is essentially a mountainous state !ithout flat land areas. he mountains rise in

elevation north!ard. he northern portion of the state is deeply cut into steep

escarpments, and e$cept in the ?achen and ?achung valleys, is not populated.

'outhern 'ikkim is lo!er, more open, and fairly !ell cultivated. his configuration of

the state is partly due to the direction of the main drainage, !hich is southern. he

physical configuration of 'ikkim is also partly due to geological structure. Maor

portion of the state is covered by ;re%Cambrian rock and is much younger in age. he

<orthern, +astern and 3estern portion of the 'tate are constituted of hard massive

gneissose rocks capable of resisting denudation. he central and 'outhern portion is

formed of comparatively soft, thin, salty and half%schistose rocks, !hich denudes very

easily. he trend of the mountain system is in a general east%!est direction. :o!ever,

chief ridges run in a more or less <orth 'outh direction. he 6angeet and the eesta,

!hich form the main channels of drainage, run nearly <orth%'outh. he valleys cut

by these rivers and their chief feeders are very deep. he valleys are rather open

to!ards the top, but usually attain a steep gorge like structure as !e approach the bed

of the rivers. here are 140 perennial lakes of different altitudes. here are many hot

!ater springs in the state. hese are ;hur%cha%chu, 6alang cha%chu, Iumthang,

Iumesamdong . he perpetual sno! line in 'ikkim may be appro$imately at 5500 m.

Page 104




Table 4.1) 'eatures o& #hysi$al Environment o& Sikkim

Resour$es 'eatures

Rivers Two ma7or river systems ori!inatin! &rom !la$iers-

Ran!it 89est Sikkim- and Teesta 8:orth Sikkim.E$olo!i$al 5ones Alpine 8;4-<<< m- sub=alpine 83-<<<=4-<<< m- $ool

temperate 82-2<<=3-<<< m- warm temperate 81-4<<=

2-2<< m- and subtropi$al 83<<=1-4<< m.

Terrain >ostly slopin! land only with s$ar$e &lat lands in

valley. These are mar!inal lands

'orest ?ush !reen board=leaved mi,ed &orests in subtropi$al

and temperate 5ones. Silver &ir and rhododendron

&orests in the sub=alpine 5one

@ni6uespe$ial &lora Rhododendrons- or$hid- medi$inal plants- and a

lar!e variety o& wild edible plants apart &rom plants

o& a$ademi$ interest.

"ssues o& $on$ern and

reassessment

Spe$i&i$ habitat de!radation and loss have $aused a

threat to)

1. 9ildli&e su$h as Red #anda- Thar8s- and >usk

Deer- et$.

2. #lant diversity su$h as medi$inal plants 8A$onitumsp- :ardosta$hys 7atamansi- #i$rorhi5a kurrooa-

Swertia $hirata- #odophyllum he,andrum- wild

edibles 8>a$hilus edulis- assia butera$ea-

Elaeo$arpus sikkimensis- Elae!nus lati&olia- et$.-

wild or$hids- and some spe$ies o& rhododendron.

#oli$ies and e,e$ution reation o& natural $onservation areas su$h as the

Ban$han7un!a :ational #ark- Shin!ba

Rhododendron San$tuary- Byon!nosla Alpine

San$tuary'ource 8 Envis entre Sikkim on E$otourism

'ikkim houses flora and fauna of all the three main regions i.e. tropical, temperate,

and alpine >ones. 'tate has not e$perienced a single case of la$ity and to compromise

9




on this critical issue. :o!ever, other issues related to carrying capacity !hich include

the physical burden of these forces as a pressure on land and other natural resources

are &uite gigantic. #ll these incur a huge development and environmental cost to the

'tate !hich many other 'tates in @ndia do not have to incur. his also means that a

significant portion of the developmental resources are spent to maintain this supreme

national interest. he onus of protecting and conserving the significant portion of the

fragile +astern :imalayas including the mountain range and its environment has been

!ith the people and =overnment of 'ikkim. he protection of bio%diversity and the

for!ard and back!ard linkages e$hibiting from it to the entire :imalayan community

and the plains land have never been &uantified. :o!ever, many &uarters are not able

to appreciate the !ork 'ikkim and 'ikkimese are doing for the sustainability of theregion. his makes 'ikkims development options and maneuverings very limited.

he basic statistics of flora and fauna of 'ikkim is given here under.

Table 4.2) 'lora and &auna o& Sikkim

Type :umber

Mammals 1BB species

2irds 550 species

2utterflies and Moths "50 species

6eptiles ** speciesDrogs 1" species

7rchids 550 species,95 =enera6hododendrons *" species, B5 varieties

Dlo!ering ;lants 7ver B000 species

Derns and #llies *00 speciesConifers 9 species

Medicinal plants <ot enumerated'ource 8 E$onomi$ Survey 2<<(=<- *ovt. o& Sikkim

here are " !ildlife sanctuaries in the state !hich are set aside for protection and

conservation of the endangered flora and fauna. Dollo!ing figure is given here under !ith a detail structure.

Table 4.3) 9ildli&e San$tuaries in Sikkim

0




:ame o& San$tuary and ?o$ation Si5e o& the San$tuary

Shin!ba Rhododendron San$tuary-

:orth Sikkim

'ambon!lho 9ildli&e San$tuary- East

Sikkim

Byon!nosla Alpine San$tuary-East

Sikkim

>oinam 9ildli&e San$tuary- South

Sikkim

arsey Rhododendron San$tuary- 9est

Sikkim

#an!olakha 9ildli&e San$tuary- East

Sikkim

43.<< s6.km.

%1.( s6.km.

31.<< s6.km.

34.3% s6.km.

1<4.<< s6.km.

2<C.<< s6.km.

'ource 8 www.std$.or! 2<1<

So$ial Environment o& Sikkim

he present multiethnic society of 'ikkim is the result of the perpetual co%e$istence

of different aboriginal and migrated communities for a long period of time. he

society of this small beautiful land is a oint e$uberance of 2uddhist%:indu%?epchaculture though the influence of increasing Christiani>ation is prevalent. he residents

in this land are having a huge impact of the mountains and as such they are peace%

loving, painstaking, honest, hospitable, and happy !ith their basic needs and

aspiration. @t is praise!orthy that the standard of living of the people has been

improving rapidly !ith the adoption of modernity. ?iteracy rate of 'ikkim !ith

"9."4J (001 is above the national average of "5.*4J supported by the monthly

e$penditure of 6s. 9"0 per student is far above the all @ndia average of 6s. 10 per

student ('ikkim :uman evelopment 6eport 001. he teacher student ratio of 1819

at the primary level is considered to be better than the all @ndia ratio of 18B" in 1995.

+ven though the state performs !ell on its =ender evelopment @nde$ (=@ the se$

ratio is found to be negative at all levels e$cept in the middle 'chool. he drop out

Page 111




rate at school level is high and it is higher for girls because of their early marriage.

7ver "0J of rural !omen and 0J of urban !omen get married before they are 0

years old. he median age at marriage is 19.4 yearsKmore than * years higher than

the national average of 1".B years. 'ome 9 per cent of !omen have access to money

as against the national average of "0 per cent and 4 per cent in <agaland. Married

!omen (B per cent, do not need permission to visit friends and relatives, the

proportion is B per cent for @ndia as a !hole. 7nly 11 per cent of ever%married

!omen have been beaten or physically mistreated since the age of 15 yearsKthe

lo!est proportion in the <orth%+ast. he proportion for all @ndia is 1 per cent. @n

1991, +ast district reported a literacy rate of "5.1 per cent in the age group of greater

than seven. 3est district reported the same rate of only B5." per cent in !hich ruralfemale literacy rate !as only *B.4 per cent. #gain, the urban male literacy in +ast

district !as significantly 45. per cent in the same year. 'tudies have sho!n that

Damily :ealth and +ducation are positively linked !ith the level of Mothers

education. 'ikkims health standards have improved significantly over the last 15

years. 2etter health and Medical Dacilities have hindered the infant mortality rate

from 44 per 1000 in 1944 to 51 per 1000 in 199 against the national rate of 1 per

thousand. he birth rate of 199 !as 19.4 per 1000 and the death rate !as ".5 per

1000, !hich are lo!er than the all @ndia average of . and 4.9 per 1000

respectively. he state also pays for secondary and tertiary health and treatment in

and outside the state. #ccording to 001 Census, the se$ ratio in @ndia is 9** Demale

per 1000 males, in !hich 'ikkim has lo!er of 45 Demales per 1000 Males. 'ikkim

reports a :uman evelopment @nde$ (:@ value of 0.5* for 1994Klo!er than all

@ndia :@ of 0.5"*. :o!ever, both per capita income and the :@ value fail to

capture the true vulnerability of the people, the insecurity of the population, and the

challenges for ensuring sustainable human development. espite the relatively high

levels of per capita income, the proportion of population living belo! income poverty

has gone up from *" per cent in 194L4 to B1 per cent in 199*LB. here is, ho!ever,

a large disparity in the prevalence of income poverty bet!een rural and urban areas.

@n 199*L9B, for instance, only 4 per cent of the urban population lived belo! the

Page 11




poverty line. he corresponding figure for rural areas !as more than five times higher

Kat B5 per cent. here has been a considerable e$pansion in the physical

provisioning of basic social services. Much of the provisioning of health care is by

the public sector. 2ut the health status of people needs considerable improvement. @n

1994L99, "1 per cent of !omen !ere reported suffering from anemia. he national

average is 5 per cent. 'imilarly, per cent of children belo! * years !ere found to

be anaemic. :o!ever, a small population si>e dispersed over hilly tracts makes the

provisioning of such services very difficult. #s a result, the reach of health services

remains limited. #ccording to <D:'%, during the late period of the last decade of the

t!entieth century only B per cent of children bet!een 1L* months !ere fully

immuni>ed, * per cent of births !ere delivered in a medical institution, *5 per centof deliveries !ere assisted by a health professional. =angtok, the capital city, has

benefited the most from the rapid e$pansion in economic and social opportunities.

+&ual gains are yet to reach in all places !ith a decentrali>ed and improved manner.

espite being more affluent, =angtak is not !ithout its set of human development

concerns. he &uality of life is constrained by severe problems of over%cro!ding,

congestion, and different types of pollution. 3omen enoy relatively greater freedoms

than other parts of the country. #ccording to the Census of @ndia 1991, around *4 per

cent of !omen participated in the total !orkforce of 'ikkim against the national

average of 0 per cent only. #nother striking feature of 'ikkim is the absence of

gender differentials along many indicators of human development. @n 1994L99, for

instance, 4*. per cent of boys and 4." per cent of girls bet!een "L1 years attended

school. <evertheless, !omen still face une&ual opportunities in a variety of spheres.

3omen still remain largely involved in traditional but unpaid tasks of community life.

=irls are typically denied the opportunity to pursue higher education since it often

involves moving out of the village, district, and even the 'tate. 'ocio%cultural and

family considerations often deny !omen the opportunity to pursue employment

outside the 'tate. he 'tate remains e$tremely dependent on agriculture !hich, for

instance, accounts for nearly B0 per cent of =ross omestic ;roduct (=; at current

prices. @n 1991, "5." per cent of the main !orkers !ere dependent on agriculture,

Page 11*




either as cultivator or as agricultural laborers. Dood production has been declining in

recent years. #gricultural productivity is stagnant, dependency on rain fed agriculture

remains high, shifting cultivation is still prevalent on a large scale, land holdings are

small and dispersed, and production technology is outdated in most parts. :o!ever,

there is a great deal of scope for commercial cropsKcardamom, oranges and flo!ers,

but the full potential is yet to be tapped. he potential of agriculture to absorb young

people is limited. here has been an impressive gro!th in incomes in 'ikkim in

recent years. +ffective policies have been put in place to ensure that the benefits of

gro!th reach the people and they are able to secure many of their basic social and

economic rights. 2et!een 1944L91, the government consciously stepped up

investments in the social sectors, particularly those related to health and education.he 'tate has a traditional culture of collective decision making and dispute

resolution. <evertheless this community participation needs to be strengthened in

order to ensure the success of the development proectsKthrough all their phasesKas

they have an impact on the environment and therefore on the lives of the people.

Community participation in development proects !ill also influence structural

reforms positively and help improve the &uality of life in the 'tate. 'ikkim has the

potential to become the first /poverty free 'tate in @ndia by assuring every citi>en

social ustice, e&uality and a decent standard of living. o achieve this, concerted

public action is needed to focus on ensuring balanced development, enlarging

employment opportunities, safeguarding environmental resources, and putting in

place a responsive system of governance. he 'tate =overnment has taken several

steps to ensure sustainable development !hich does not have to imply the destruction

of natural resources and significant and e&ual socio%economic and cultural

development. #nother important social practice in 'ikkim is ho! they get their

drinking !ater collected and purified. @t is found from the empirical evidence that tap

!ater is the main source of drinking !ater in rural and urban 'ikkim follo!ed by

spring !ater !hich is used more in rural 'ikkim though the use of tap !ater remains

more high all over 'ikkim. Dollo!ing is the source of drinking !ater in all four

districts in 'ikkim

Page 11B




Sour$es East 9est South :orth Total

6ural Arban 6ural Arban 6ural Arban 6ural Arban 6ural @rban

Tap B.4 49.9 45. ".B 4 "1."0 "*."0 91.B0 .40 C4.%<

:atural

Sprin!

0.0 4.10 10.B 15.10 15.50 *1.10 **.10 ".90 1.10 12.3<

+thers %.2 1.< 3. C.%< (.%< .3< 3.2 1.(< %.1< 3.2<

Table 4.4) Sour$e o& Drinkin! 9ater in Sikkim

'ource 8 *yatso and a!dass- 1C

:ote) 'i!ures indi$ate the per$enta!e o& respondents $olle$tin! their drinkin! water &rom nearby

sour$e.

# significant number of rural people dont purify !ater at all !hile the ma$imum

number of citi>en in rural and urban areas purifies !ater through boiling. he use of

flush toilet in urban 'ikkim is 4.9J !hile 9.10J of the urban population does not

have any latrine. More than *0J of the rural population has no latrine at all. 2esides,

most of the sheds for the livestock are unhygienic and in deplorable condition. he

over all health services in 'ikkim is +astL'ikkim centric !ith only one of its 'tate

referral hospital and ma$imum number of community health centres and primary

community health centres. he &uick air transport service is in vogue for emergency

and critical cases of patients. Dollo!ing is the table given here under sho!ing the

distribution health services in all four districts of 'ikkim.

E$onomi$ Environment o& Sikkim

@n the 10th Dive Iear ;lan draft document of the Anion =overnment, !ith a gro!th

rate of 4.* percent in the 9 th Dive Iear ;lan (199%001 'ikkim !as second to

only ;ondicherry, Chandigarh and elhi. he 'tate !as ahead of many other !ell

performing states. he gro!th estimates in the last four years of the 10th Dive Iear

;lan do indicate that 'ikkim has not only maintained gro!th regime achieved

in the <inth Dive Iear ;lan but also strived to enter into a higher and double digit

Page 115




gro!th rate in the 10th ;lan. his !ould certainly help achieve the national goal of 4

percent gro!th rate for the 10th ;lan period (00%00. here has been a steady

increase in the share of the tertiary sector also, !hich recorded an increase from

B1.9 per cent to B9.B per cent during the same period. 3ithin the tertiary

sector also, sub%sectors like transport, banking, insurance, communications and

public administration are accounting for a much larger share of the 'tates =;.

;ublic administration alone contributed to the e$tent of *0 per cent. ;lan allocations

in different plans have recorded very significant umps. he allocations to different

sectors have also been as per the priority discussed and declared by the

=overnment and also the needs and aspirations of the people of 'ikkim at large.

he 'tate has been raising the issue of the inustice done to 'ikkim in the

a!ard by the1th Dinance Commission. he a!ard of 6s 144." crores as against

the proection for post%devolution non%plan revenue deficit grant of 6s "41.50 crores

for 005%010 and the abrupt !ithdra!al of subsidies in the po!er and

transport sector have made it e$tremely difficult to both carry for!ard the reform

process and achieve a higher gro!th regime of 10 percent. his has naturally tended

to eopardi>e the implementation of the plan and other development programmes.

Anlike all the other <orth +astern 'tates !hich have received more than !hat they

received under the 11th Dinance Commission a!ard, 'ikkim !as a!arded a

strikingly lo!er amount of 6s 144." crore as against the a!ards of 6s 4B1 crores by

the 11th Dinance Commission.

4.3 Destination Environmental Analysis and han!e

ourism is an industry but it is also a form and agent of development and change and

must be recogni>ed as such. @f, controlled and managed properly, it can be a non or

lo!%consumptive utili>er of resources and can operate on a sustainable basis.

:o!ever if developed beyond the capacity of the environment, the resource base, and

the local population to sustain it, it ceases to be a rene!able resource industry and it

instead becomes..a boom%bust enterprise. (2utler 199, p.*B. 2eyond its economic

Page 11"




importance, tourism development can promote the preservation of cultural and social

values, including historical places of interest that might other!ise be lost. his is

particularly true for nature tourism because it promotes culturally and ecologically

sensitive travel. +nvironmental strategies for tourist destinations are implemented by

putting +nvironmental and #ccessibility 'trategies together (Murphy, ;.,194*) p. "0%

4.- 2ecause accessibility, very often, resurrects the place itself but at the same time

degrades !ilderness of that area and as such the core point of strategy is ho! to seek

balance bet!een tourism development and conservation. ;ractically !e have to

consider the balance among tourism, conventional economic development, and

conservation !hich are interrelated, interdependent, and intricate and in some cases

inter%contradictory. 2y grouping these forces !e get some factors initiating changes!hile others are resisting the same. :ere lies the introduction of a detailed macro and

micro environmental analyses and conse&uent change management and development

of proactive future strategies, based on sustainable use. otler (194, p. 4B argued

that if an organi>ation is going to adapt to changing circumstances, it must figure out

!hat it must adapt to. 'o, keeping in vie! all these forces, !e can prepare a /force

field as introduced by urt ?e!in. :ere !e are modifying ?e!ins model !ith

respect to a destination although the basics are the same.

'i!ure 4.3) >odi&ied ?ewin0s >odel with respe$t to a Destination

Page 11




urt ?e!in introduced a hree%'tep Model of understanding change that !e can

discuss !ith respect to a destination as there is a little difference in the concept of

change for an organi>ation and that of the destination.#ccording to ?e!in (19B

organi>ational (destination changes could be understood in terms of three

consecutive processes8 unfree>ing i.e. shaking up the organi>ation to adopt or accept

ne! change, moving i.e. bringing about the re&uisite change (structural change or

change in internal system etc., refree>ing i.e. cementing in or locking in the changes

and prevent the organi>ation from going back to its old days. nfree*ing involves

introducing measures that !ill enable employees to abandon their current practices or

cultural norms in preparation for the change. @n many organi>ations nothing has

changed for many years and unfree>ing is necessary as a /shaking%up phase. he

impetus for unfree>ing can come from either inside or outside the organi>ation itself.

Changing market conditions, for e$ample, sometimes give employees !arning that

change !ill be imminent. # particular market crisis may precipitate the e$pectation

amongst employees that change must happen as a result. @nternally, a management

shake%up, a profit !arning or talk of restructuring may bring about similar

e$pectations. +oving to the new level involves bringing about the re&uisite change

itself. he time period given over to this phase varies !idely. 'tructural change can

usually be brought about relatively &uickly. Changes in internal systems sometimes

take longer (such as the introduction of ne! &uality or information systems, !hilst

changing culture can take years. efree*ing is necessary to /lock in the changes and

to prevent the organi>ation from going back to its old !ays. #gain, !e !ould usually

Page 114




take cultural changes to re&uire more /cementing in than some other changes and

some resolve might be re&uired on the part of senior management. #gain the pace at

!hich change happens can usually be divided into t!o categories step and

incremental (see +$hibit 1*.5. here are t!o factors that determine !hich is the most

appropriate (Nuinn and Hoyer, 1994.

E,hibit 4.3) Step and "n$remental #a$e in the han!e o& +r!ani5ational

8Destination Environment

'ource 8 South!ate- .- Sharpley- R. Tourism- Development and the Environment. "n Sharpley

R. and D.. Tel&er 8 Ed.. 82<<2. Aspects of Tourism: Tourism and Development, Concepts and

Issues 8p. 231=2(2.#ll broad issues of the macro destination environment should be categori>ed. 7ne of

the !ell accepted techni&ues is '++; ('ocio%emographical, echnological,

+conomic, +nvironmental and ;olitical #nalysis for a destination. 3hile discussing

'++; #nalysis it should be noted that some factors are generic and others are

typically oriented to travel and tourism. ;eattie and Moutinho (000 provided a

revie! of some of the maor environmental influences in travel and tourism using an

e$tended frame!ork, !hich they termed 'C+;@C#? analysis. his acronym stands

for 'ocial, Cultural, +conomic, ;hysical, echnical, @nternational, Communications

and infrastructure, #dministrative and institutional, ?egal and political. ?ock!ood

and Medlik (001, 2ulhalls (001, Hogel (001, Cooper and =ilbert (1994 and

'C+;@C#? #nalysis stands for 'ocial, Cultural, +conomic, ;hysical, echnical, @nternational,

Communication and @nfrastructure, #dministrative and @nstitutional, ?egal and ;olitical #nalysis !ith

e$hibited factors.

Page 119




Hanhove (001 also give some interesting and delicate insights in discussing the key

macro environmental factors affecting the travel and tourism industry. @n her analysis,

#uliana ;oon (199* e$plained the issues of radical changes and found out that a ne!

tourism !as developing to replace the old tourism based on mass tourism. he five

key forces (consumers, technology, production, management and /frame conditions

!hich had served to create mass tourism in the first place !ere themselves changing

to create the ne! tourism. he ;orter (1940 model emphasi>es the competitive forces

of enterprises and (to a lesser e$tent of destinations, and the related generic

competitive strategies. ;orter (1990 model emphasi>es the home environment and

related determinants.

estination environment changes !ith the passage of time and so the planning process. ;lanning process generally changes from active to reactive as tourism

develops into mass tourism (2utler 199) p.*9. here is a need to continually revie!

strategic obectives because the environment is al!ays changing. he purpose of

strategy is to make an organi>ationE destination to fit into its environment. 2y

achieving this, the probabilities that it !ill survive and prosper are enhanced. here

are a number of areas of !hich !e need to be a!are in order to effectively implement

a strategy for a travel and tourism destination. @mplementation of a destination

development strategy typically involves the (i ade&uacy of a destinations resource

base) (ii the readiness of the destinations culture and structure to undertake the

proposed strategy) (iii the management of any changes that are needed to implement

the strategy) (iv the e$tent to !hich the organi>ation positions itself in respect to its

geographic coverage and international presence.

@n implementing the strategic process it is necessary to be a!are not only of changes

occurring to the internal and e$ternal environment, but also of changes to the subect

matter itself.

3hile analy>ing the environment of 'ikkim as a destination, follo!ing factors !e can

consider to categori>e its features and to describe the strategic orientation.. hese are%

(i +conomic environment,

(ii ;hysicalE ecological environment,

Page 10




(iii echnological environment,

(iv 'ocial environment,

(v Cultural environment,

(vi ;olitical environment,

(vii ?egal environment.

#ll these issues are revolving around a typical geographical segregation vi>. !ithin

the destination and outside the destination, though this kind of specification is not

fully free from criticism. he follo!ing issues of discussing all the aspects of

environment should be discussed from !ithin the destination and outside the

destination but the actual fact is ho! the intricate issues involved in each aspect of

environment are interacting and synthesi>ing among themselves and integrating !ithother aspects. ;olitical environment accentuating the maor decisions relating to other

aspects of the environment is typically preceding and interacting !ith the socio%

cultural issues of the society but political ideology of a society is responsible for the

maor decisions of tourism development and management. +conomic environment is

also influenced by political aspects for the generation and distribution of financial

resources, institutionali>ed and structural issues of tourism in an economy. he

interaction of the economic issues from !ithin the destination and !ith the outside

the destination should be properly assessed to analy>e economic conditions and

related significant changes therein. ?egal environment is intended to be proactive,

futuristic and very often compared from one destination to another !ith reference to

these &ualities. ?egal environment has a conventional contradiction !ith the

development procedure and as such seeks a balance bet!een these t!o. 7f late, all

places accept the increasing contribution of technology as a key factor of all business

and economic activities and in tourism the technological environment has an

e$tensive role to play !ith respect to each element and ointly !ith all.

2roadly divided macro and micro tourism environment are significantly influencing

tourism development and impact assessment in 'ikkim. he opinion survey for hosts

conducted to analy>e economic, socio%cultural and ecological problems and prospects

associated !ith tourism environment and its development in 'ikkim. More

Page 11




specifically, the si$ broad areas or factors of tourism environment of 'ikkim vi>.

importance of guest%host relationship, need for outside investment for tourism

development, level and effectiveness of tourism legislation, type of tourists and its

compatibility, e$tent of alternative approaches taken by the government to utili>e

tourism as a community development tool, e$tent of sustainable practices follo!ed in

destination management !ere addressed in the survey. +ach one of these variables

!as ranked at five point scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. #

suitable nonparametric ruskal 3allis 6ank test !as used !ith the null hypothesis

that /individual !ise ranks are consistent and alternative hypothesis that /individual

!ise ranks are not consistent.

4.4 Tourism Development "nitiatives and Environmental #erspe$tives

he tourism policy of 'ikkim is revolving around sustainable economic practices and

the 'tate =overnment is strongly determined to develop and promote 'ikkim as an

ultimate eco tourism destination !ith &uality tourism practices from all concerned

issues. Dollo!ing are the initiatives contributing to sustainable tourism development

in 'ikkim.

ourist hotels and eco lodges are a priority for tourism sector in 'ikkim.

oday, 'ikkim can boast of more than a couple of three% star hotels. Dor the

high%income visitor, a five%star hotel is coming up at ;angthan in +ast 'ikkim

for !hich a memorandum of understanding !as signed. he numbers of

tourist hotels and available beds have increased manifold in the last ten years.

'ikkim @ndustrial evelopment @nvestment Corporation ('@@C7, in

association !ith the Holuntary :ealth #ssociation of 'ikkim (H:#',

promotes environment friendly tourism in t!o remote villages, /6ong in the

'outh istrict and /?ading in the 3est istrict. #n interesting finding from

these proects is that success in involving villagers in the development !ork

and effecting changes among the community is inversely related to

accessibility to government funding. @n /?ading, !hich is more remote than

Page 1




6ong, and thus had lo!er recourse to government resources, the proect !as

able to secure higher levels of village participation.

+co%tourism proect in #ssam ?ing>ey (near =angtok run by proect ++;

(hedi +co%tourism and +co%development ;romotion local residents offer

rooms in their homes for home%stays and !ork as guides for trekkers

traversing the hedi route and for day%long hikes through the village and

neighboring areas. 2y involving visitors in their traditional !ay of life, the

proect encourages the local 2hutia people to retain the traditional features of

their homes, local customs, and sensiti>es village inhabitants and visitors to

the importance of environmental preservation.

o promote village tourism, thirty model villages having all the basic andmodern facilities are being constructed in different parts of the 'tate. #ll these

!ill enable the visitors to enoy a first-hand experience of the rich heritage

and lifestyle of 'ikkim. he =overnment is ensuring that these model villages

should be included in every tourists itinerary.

o enable tourists to comfortably visit the old temples, monasteries, churches,

=urud!aras and mos&ues and other shrines in 'ikkim, pilgrim tourism is

being promoted vigorously. 'ikkim has immense potentialities for 2uddhist

tourism that can directly ensure foreign tourist arrival and increase per capita

spending. # ;ilgrim cum Cultural Center !as proposed on top of the hill at

'olophok !hich is 5 m a!ay from <amchi to!n in 'outh istrict. his hill

is opposite to 'amduptse :ill !here 'tatue of =uru ;adamasambhava e$ists .

he 'tate government has no! proposed to support at least one tourist centre

in each =ram ;anchayat Anit in the 'tate.

#dventure ourism is one of the prime tourist products of 'ikkim. #bout 40J

of the foreign tourists come to 'ikkim !ith their prime motivation to go for

trekking and biking on the mountains of 'ikkim and for 3ater 'ports in eesta

and 6angit.

Page 1*




#mong domestic tourists also, the number of youths interested in adventure

tourism has been increasing every year. here is a huge market for adventure

tourism in 'ikkim. he 'tate =overnment has identified and promoted

adventure tourism in the five main routes !hich include Monastic trek- (51

kms, 6hododendron rek- (14 kms, hangchend>onga rek- (44 kms,

Coronation rek- ("0 kms and asturi 7rar rek- (4 kms.

he :imalayan Centre for #dventure ourism is being established at

Chemchey Hillage. he centre !ill further boost the activities of =overnment

in the adventure tourism sector. his !ill also add a ne! facet of mountain

tourism- in the overall tourism development interventions in the 'tate. hree

more peak !hich are belo! 0000 ft vi>., 2rum hangtse, ?ama #ngden andDrey peak have been opened for alpine e$peditions in 005.

# ne! adventure tourist comple$, the 6angit 3ater 3orld (633 at the

<:;C (<ational :ydle ;o!er Comple$ am at ?egship % the first of its kind

for boating and rafting in dam !ater L has been inaugurated. @t is a ne! tourist

spot that provides a maor employment opportunity for the local youth.

he 'urakund Mela near elhi attracts lakhs of visitors in Debruary every

year as it promotes crafts from all over @ndia. 'ikkim !as the theme of the

'urakund Mela in 00 !ith its crafts, folk arts, and heritage. <e! proects

like <agi ara ?ake evelopment, 'outh 'ikkim, and 3'# at 'imchuthang,

'outh 'ikkim and at 'ir!ani have been completed.

ouch screen kiosks have been installed at ;elling, ;emayangtse, 'iliguri,

olkata, elhi, 6angpo, and =angtok. 'upply of adventure tourism related

e&uipments and angling e&uipments has been made and a number of !ay side

amenities including cafeteria, public convenience, information centers, guest

houses, and village craft centre have been created .

# range of ne! tourist attractions including 1*5 ft statue of =uru

;admasambhava at 'amdruptse, 'outh 'ikkim and ashi Hie! ;oint, +ast

'ikkim, 3ater =arden, Martam, +ast 'ikkim, development of seven sisters

Page 1B




!ater fall at Menronggong in <orth 'ikkim, construction of tourist

comple$Etrekking camp at Iuksam and development of 6ock =arden at 6imbi

,3est 'ikkim has been constructed. 2esides cleaning drive of the e$isting

trekking trails and somgo ?ake, training on 3ater 'ports !as conducted by

<ational @nstitute of 3ater 'ports ( <@3' , =oa, for introduction of boating

at #ritar ?ake and Attaray in the near future.

he 'tate has organi>ed a ourism 7rientation ;rogram for transport operators

and ta$i drivers !ith a vie! to motivate them to enhance their professionalism

and make them reali>e the importance of their relationship !ith the tourists.

he government has no! declared that it !ill start !orking to make 'ikkim as

the- otal 7rganic 'tate-. # sub%committee of the 'ikkim 'tate ;lanningCommission has prepared a road map to achieve this goal.

# ask Dorce on +nvironment headed by irector of the Centre for 'cience

and +nvironment has been appointed. his ask Dorce !ill not only critically

evaluate the actions taken by the =overnment on the environmental front but

!ould also provide a road map for the sustainable development proect in the

'tate.

'tates forest cover has increased from B.* J in 1991 to B5.9 J in 005%0".

#doption and enforcement of the Dorest, +nvironment, and 3ildlife ;olicy in

1999 has been ensured. his has been a very significant step taken to protect

its environment and conserve forests and !ildlife. 'ikkim is perhaps the first

'tate in the country to adopt this all encompassing policy.

'mriti Han ('H- or Memorial Dorest concept by the Chief Minister, ;a!an

Chamling has been a grand success. 'mriti Hans- are located at various

places of social, religious, and other important areas as a part of =reen 'ikkim

effort by involving all segments of the society. ;eople from all !alks of life

responded to his call !ith great enthusiasm. Ander this program, social,

religious, educational institutions, defense, police, tourism, <=7s and

=overnment agencies have voluntarily come for!ard and undertook initiative

Page 15




for plantations in different parts of the 'tate in memory ( smriti) of their near

and dear ones.

=ra>ing for domestic and semi%domestic animals in reserve forest areas has

been restricted in many places of the 'tate, even at political risk.

2an on the use of non%biodegradable products like plastic bags to protect the

environment has increased but e$pected to receive threats from increased

tourism related activities. ?andscape and other beautification of numerous

parks, gardens and other aspects of urban areas including those of tourist

importance have been carried out throughout the 'tate for the purpose of

aesthetic and recreation as !ell as for education and a!areness.

he 'tate =overnment safeguarded the religious%cultural interest of the people

by scrapping the proposed 6athong%chu :ydel ;o!er ;roect.

;rotection of cultural ecology of the Mount anchenunga by banning

climbing e$peditions to this revered mountain.

Closing do!n of shooting range in the fragile region of <orth district

he 'tate =overnment has launched the =reen Mission !hich invited and

encouraged people to plant trees on the roads, vacant lands, nearby gardens

etc. to plant trees and other foliages. ;eople have over!helmingly respondedto these missions. his also covers urban areas of all four districts !here in

planting of ornamental trees and bushes !ere undertaken !ith a vie! to both

enhance scenic beauty and check soil erosion and landslides.

'tates forest cover has increased from B.* J in 1991 to B5.9 J in 005%0".

his is a maor achievement. @n order to deal !ith the issues related to the

intellectual property rights, the @ntellectual ;atent Committee and 'tate

@ntellectual ?a! Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister has

been set up.

'pecifically for eco%tourism development in the 'tate follo!ing initiatives are

being completed during the 10th ;lan period.

6ock =arden at Changaon, <amchi, 'outh 'ikkim,

Page 1"




+co%tourism ;ark at 6apdentse, =yalshing, 3est 'ikkim,

Creation of Oureli ara ;ark, 'ombaria, 3est 'ikkim

umrek ;icnic 'pot, 6angpo, +ast 'ikkim

Dorest :ouse at 'ombaria, 3est 'ikkim

@nspection hut at ;hurchachu, 6eshi, 3est 'ikkim

:imalayan Poological ;ark

2esides emphasi>ing on ;ro%;oor ourism (;;, the 'tate government has

been consistently trying to create a spirit of ;rivate%;ublic ;artnership !hile

developing and promoting tourism in the 'tate. @ts mission has been to take

create friendly atmosphere for tourists, develop human resources, and create

synergy among all players of tourism like government, local administration,local people, media, private developers and operators of facilities, tourists and

<=7s. he abiding principle is to regulate tourism so that the negative social,

economic, and environmental impacts are minimi>ed.

'ikkim has taken up aggressive marketing strategy in @ndia and abroad to

promote 'ikkim as a brand name and the /Altimate +co ourism estination.

4.5 Importance of Environment Analysis and Its

Future Implications

/hink global and act local is a broad motto put for!ard by the several

environmental movements in the !orld. @t implies that there are many transnational

Page 1




environmental problems at the local or regional level, re&uiring cooperation bet!een

states and secondly, there are large%scale problems that re&uire local solutions based

on the decentrali>ed actions of many. #ll these are e&ually true for 'ikkim and it has

been empirically tested by a field survey at three different places vi>. =angtok,

<amchi and Mangan. he si$ broad areas or factors of tourism environment of

'ikkim vi>. importance of guest%host relationship, need for outside investment for

tourism development, level and effectiveness of tourism legislation, type of tourists

and its compatibility, e$tent of alternative approaches taken by the government to

utili>e tourism as a community development tool, e$tent of sustainable practices

follo!ed in destination management !ere addressed in the survey !ith a five point

scale for each &uestion. he result clearly sho!n the inconsistency and there by aregional disparity in this regard. #s a part of this result, the impact assessment

program for tourism should consider all the si$ statements and related disparities.

hese statements or &uestions !ere essentially asked to assess the prior reactions of

the local people. # process of environmental planning to protect environment of

'ikkim needs to be initiated !ith the e$isting proects and programs. 2ased on an

impact assessment and other important documents sho!ing the ecological, economic,

social and political future impacts, a Code of +thics needs to be prepared for the 'tate

and this Code of +thics for tourism in the state !ill ultimately signify the legislation

for tourism in 'ikkim. Dollo!ing is the document covering the areas of future

tourism legislation for 'ikkim.

E,hibit 4.4) Sustainability "ssues Relevant &or Sikkim

@llicit Delling

3ildlife ;oaching including <;C and Medicinal ;lants

2iopiracy

Page 14




;oaching incidences by #ssam 6ifles and =6+D

?ack of #!areness

;lantation in private lands

Dire!ood and fodder demand

@ncreasing demand for medicinal plants

emand for !ild edibles (ferns, nettles, roots, tubers fruits, flo!ers etc.

?andslide control

6e&uirement of seedlings

#lternative energy

6e&uirement of ?;=

6e&uirement for biogas

?ivelihood issues

+cotourism enterprise

?ack of capacity

?ack of publicity

@mprovement of trekking trails

#griculture and horticulture development

ecline in soil fertility

6e&uirement for food preservation and processing technologies

@ncreased introduction of e$oticE hybrid flora for commercial purposes) <o

state level gen bank

#nimal husbandry initiatives

:usbandry of high yielding livestock (local and e$oticE hybrid

ecline in yak breeds

ecline in indigenous sheep varieties

Mules for army and tourists, employment potential, especially during road

blocks

Page 19




@mprovement of e$isting breed of livestock for more meat, milk, etc. to

decrease the e$isting pressure on forests

<eed for better marketing of milk products from temperate and trans%

:imalayas !here yak, goat, sheep and co! population occurs

?ack of cheese processing plant in livestock dominated areas of trans%

:imalayas

Micro enterprise development

6evivalE protection of indigenous handicrafts and handloom

@nfrastructure development

Communication problems, damage to environment in trans%:imalayas

+ssential services

:ealth issues in remote areas encompassing nutritive foods including

traditional diet, medicinal plants conserving the use, traditional medicinal

systems, diverse agricultural produce, foods, from the !ild

@mprovement of drinking !ater source

Cultural and traditional kno!ledge conservation

6eduction of vehicular emissions

+fficient garbage management

2iodiversity conservation

'ource 8 Sikkim iodiversity Strate!y and Action "lan#

2ased on the above issues and other issues of sustainable development hypothetical

steps can be considered for the strategic implementation of tourism legislation

contributing to the sustainable tourism development. he environmental planning

should promote, support and help to raise funds for conservation and polluter%pays%

principle ( ;;; should be one of the important avenues therein. @t should be based on

the rules and regulations of the Ministry of +nvironment and Dorest, and other

internationalE nationalE state level organi>ations like @nternational +cotourism 'ociety

(@+', :imalayan +nvironmental rust( :+, @ndian 6iver 6unners #ssociation

Page 1*0




(@66#, :imalayan ourism 2oard (:2, ravel #gents #ssociation of

'ikkim( ##', 'ikkim #ssociation of #dventure our 7perators( '##7 etc. and

have proper coordination !ith the public sector and private sectors. #ll these planning

issues should consider that over 41J of the total geographical area under the

administrative managerial control of the Ministry of +nvironment and Dorest,

=overnment of @ndia. 7ver B5J of the total geographical area of the state is under

tree cover and nearly *BJ of the geographical area is set aside as protected area

net!ork in the form of national park and !ildlife sanctuary. =reater cooperationE

coordinationE integration and collaboration should be established bet!een 'ikkim

ourism evelopment Corporation ('C and all industrial representatives e.g.

##', '##7 etc. or giant industry houses like 6eliance, :yatt etc. Cooperationshould also be e$tended !ith registered <=7s and +co%clubs in the matter of

alternative tourism development and community benefits. Dunds to be raised from

institutionali>ed form of tourism and other related informal and subsidiary sectors in

'ikkim on the basis of polluter%pays principles ( ;;; and a maor chunk of collection

to be spent for the adoption and promotion of ( point !ise and targeted sustainable

practices already derived from the process ( 'tep one of environmental planning.

4.( on$lusion

Page 1*1




estination environment analysis of 'ikkim essentially dealt !ith conventional

models and literature !ith a distinct orientation of tourism and its relationship !ith

the bio%geography, geology and ecology. he scope for sustainable development

philosophy and its inclusion in e$isting tourism practices in 'ikkim is a comple$

process. he tendency to support through revie! of literature and consideration of

ma$imum possible key areas of concern are strategically sought to a respectable

number is inter%conflicting through inter%linkages. Drom the destination specific

environmental analysis, concerned areas are found out, screened and sorted out.

#gain the sorting process has interrelated and interdependent limiting factors.

estination environmental analysis has essentially forecasted conse&uent changes

also. @n doing so, various phases of development and related environmental issueshave been addressed several times. he present environmental analysis is supportive

to the reactive as !ell as proactive tourism development of destinations at various

phases in the 'tate. #t the time of sorting out viable key issues of sustainable

development, the differences and similarities of sustainable development and

sustainable tourism development have been taken into note of as the scope, range and

depth of sustainable tourism development vary. his analysis is also supportive to the

inception of generic environmental impact assessment ( +@# and capacity building

(C2 program for tourism in 'ikkim.

ent analysis and pestel

Documents