ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTIONScientific Revolution

1. Dawn of Modern Sciencea. The Old View

i. Geocentric Theory1. The belief that the

earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around the earth

2. 1st proposed by Aristotle and then expanded upon by Ptolemy

3. Supported by the Church

b. New Viewpointsi. Scientific Revolution

1. People began to challenge traditional authorities

2. Theories about the natural world and developed procedures to test those ideas

ii. Reasons for new ideas1. Exploration2. Scientists began to examine the natural

world

c. The Scientific Methodi. Scientists developed a new approach to

investigation and discovery, the Scientific Method

ii. Consists of 5 basic steps1. Identify a problem2. Form a hypothesis that can be tested

a. Hypothesis is a proposed answer to the research question and is based on previous knowledge

3. Performed experiments to test the hypothesis

4. Record the results of the experiments5. Analyze the results of the experiments

to form a conclusion that either proves or disproves the hypothesis

iii. Two Important Scholars1. Francis Bacon

a. Believed only true way to gain scientific knowledge was through observing, measuring, explaining and verifying

2. Rene Descartesa. Placed emphasis

on reasonb. Everything

should be doubted until it is explained by reason

2. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics and Math

a. Copernicusi. 1st Scientist to complete

model of the solar system that combined physics, astronomy and mathematics

ii. Published his book “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”

1. He knew the church would oppose his work

2. Concerned over weakness of his theory

iii. Copernicus died in 1542

b. Brahe and Kepleri. Brahe

1. 1572, wrote a book explaining the new object that appeared in Denmark’s sky

2. Proved that the object was a star

3. Called it a supernova4. Was given money to

build two conservatories by King Frederick II of Denmark

5. Developed his own system of planetary movementa. Believed not only

the earth but the other 5 known planets revolved around the sun

6. Hired an assistant, Johannes Kepler when he moved to Prague

ii. Johannes Kepler1. Published

Brahe’s results on the measurements of the orbit of Mars after his death

2. 1st astronomer to prove that planets orbit in ovals or elipses

c. Galileo Galileii. Built the first

telescope in 1609ii. 1st to observe Saturn,

craters on the moon, sunspots, moons of Jupiter and discovered that the Milky Way is made up of stars

iii. Wrote a book about his discoveries called “Starry Messenger”

d. Sir Isaac Newtoni. English scientistsii. Came up with the

Universal Law of Gravity

1. States that gravity affects objects in the universe as well as on earth

iii. Developed new kind of mathematics: Calculus

3. Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry

a. Biologyi. Andres Vesalius

1. Became known for his work in anatomy

2. Published “On the Workings of the Human Body” in 1543

ii. William Harvey1. Observed and

explained the workings of the human heart

2. Described how blood and the circulatory system functioned

iii. Antony van Leeuwenhoek1. Invented the

first microscope2. First to describe

the appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast and other microorganisms

b. Chemistryi. Robert Boyle

1. Often called the Father of Modern Chemistry

2. 1st to define an element3. “The Skeptical Chemist”

describes matter as a cluster of tiny particles

4. Most significant contribution to chemistry was Boyle’s Law

a. Describes how temperature, volume and pressure affect gases

ii. Antione-Laurent Lavoisier1. Developed methods for

precise measurements2. Discovered Law of

Conservation of Massa. Proved matter could not

be created or destroyed3. Recognized and named

oxygen4. Introduced the metric

system5. 1st periodic table of

elements (33)

4. Science and Societya. Science and Church

i. The church had been the primary source for knowledge and learning

ii. Conflicts between the Church and science1. Church explained the world through

inspiration and revealed truth2. Science sought to explain the world through

the accumulation of facts and logical reasoning

iii. Church vs. Galileo1. Galileo published a book “Dialogue

Concerning Two Chief World Systems”a. Book supported both Copernicus and

Ptolemy2. Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to stand

trial3. April 1633- Galileo reluctantly agreed that

he would not use Copernican theory in his work

4. Galileo was put under house arrest and remained under it until he died

b. Science and Arti. Artist learned human anatomy so they

could paint the bodyii. Artist experimented with paints and

nature of lightiii. Used mathematics to create

compositions of perfect balanceiv. Mathematics and Physics helped in

achieving great architecture and engineering achievements

c. Science and Communityi. Scientific Revolution had firmly

established a new way of thinking about the physical world

ii. Scientific Revolution would lead others to seek new understandings about society

The Enlightenment

1. The Age of Reasona. Enlightenment

i. By 1600s philosophers began to view reason as the best way to understand truth

ii. People believed reason could be used to solve all human problems

iii. This period of optimism and possibility is known as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment

2. New Views on Governmenta. Thomas Hobbes

i. Wrote “Leviathan”ii. Believed people were

selfish and greedyiii. Believed governments

were needed to impose order

iv. Advocated the idea of a social contract

1. Idea that people give up certain freedoms in exchange for peace, safety and order that government could provide

b. John Lockei. Wrote “Two

Treatises of Government”

ii. Believed people were naturally happy, tolerant and reasonable

iii. Believed people were born with natural rights: life, liberty, and property

iv. Purpose of government is to protect people’s natural rights

v. Government got its power by the consent of the people

vi. People had the right to overthrow government if it failed to protect its citizen’s natural rights

c. Jean-Jacques Rousseaui. Wrote “The

Social Contract”ii. He believed that

people were born basically good

iii. Believed society corrupted people

iv. Argued government should work for the common good of the people not for the wealthy few

v. Believed individuals should give up some freedoms for the benefit of the community as a whole

d. Baron de Montesquieui. Wrote “The Spirit of the

Laws”ii. Believed the best form

of government included separation of powers

iii. It would keep an individual or group from abusing its power

iv. This concept would become an important part of the structure of later democratic governments

3. New Views on Societya. Voltaire

i. Attacked injustice where ever he saw it

ii. Struggled for justice, religious tolerance and liberty during his entire life

b. Diderot and the Encyclopediai. Complied human

knowledge into a single work called the Encyclopedia

a. Purpose was to promote knowledge

ii. French leaders attacked the Encyclopedia because it criticized the church, the government and the legal system

c. Mary Wollstonecrafti. English writerii. Demanded

equal rights for women

iii. Argued that if men and women had equal education, they would be equal in society

d. Adam Smithi. Wrote “Wealth of

Nations”ii. Argued that

business activities should take place in a free market

iii. Believed in laissez-faire economics

1. An economic system that worked without government regulation

4. Enlightenment Ideas Spreada. Prussia

i. Frederick II1. Believed that his duty

was to rule with absolute power in order to build Prussia’s strength

2. Introduced Reformsi. Established system of

elementary education for all Prussian children

ii. Abolished tortureiii. Supported most forms

of religious toleranceiv. Reduced censorship

3. Reforms were limited though Did not extend religious freedom for the

Jews Opposed serfdom but did not abolish it

b. Russiai. Catherine the Great

1. Reformsa. Drafted a

constitution and law code

i. Never passedb. Intended to free

the serfs but never did

2. Had no intention of giving up power and ruled as a tyrant

c. Austriai. Joseph II

1. Reforms a. Eliminated torture

and the death penaltyb. Provided free food

and medicine to the poor

c. Granted religious tolerance to Protestants and Jews

d. Abolished serfdom and required that laborers be paid for their work

The American Revolution

1. Change and Crisisa. Opposing British Policies

i. The Stamp Act1. Passed in 17652. Required colonists to pay a tax for an official

stamp on all newspapers, legal documents, and other public papers

3. Outraged colonists; boycotted English goods4. 1766- Stamp Act is repealed

ii. 1767- imposed new taxes

iii. Boston Massacre1. Incident

involving British soldiers and Boston colonists

2. Result 5 colonists were killed

iv. Boston Tea Party1. Led by Samuel Adams and the Sons of

Liberty2. Dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to

protest the Tea Act3. Britain responded by passing the

Intolerable Actsv. 1774, Colonist called the First

Continental Congress in Philadelphia to list grievances against British government

Samuel Adams Sons of Liberty

b. Revolution Beginsi. Lexington and Concord

1. Colonist hid weapons in the countryside and British troops marched to find them

2. British met colonial militia on April 19, 1775

a. Started the American Revolutionii. Colonist were divided

1. Patriots- supported the revolution2. Loyalists- supported the king

iii. Thomas Paine1. Wrote pamphlet

“Common Sense”

2. Argued colonies had matured to the point that they no longer need British rule

c. Declaring Independence

i. 1776, The Second Continental Congress met

1. Formed to write a document declaring the colonies’ independence

2. Members included John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin

ii. Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence1. July 4, 1776- The Second Continental

Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence

d. The Revolutionary Wari. Second Continental Congress assigned

George Washington as the commanding general of the army in June 1775

ii. War began poorly for the Britishi. Forced to evacuate Boston

iii. British later defeat Washington in the Battle of Long Island

1. Drove continental army into New Jersey2. Washington crosses the Delaware River and

beat the British at Trenton

iv. 17771. Washington had defeats in New Jersey and

Pennsylvania2. Washington spent a deadly winter at Valley

Forge3. British were winning battles in the summer

1777 in upstate New York4. October- Americans won the Battle of Saratoga5. Benjamin Franklin went to Paris to ask for help

from the Frencha. This alliance would be the turning point of the war

v. British decide to divide the colonies in twovi. September 1781, French and American

armies surrounded the British under Lord Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia1. Cornwallis would surrender to Washington on

October 19, 1781vii. September 1783, The British formally

recognized the independence of the United States by signing the Treaty of Paris

George Washington Lord Cornwallis

2. Forming a New Government

a. The Articles of Confederationi. Established the first form of government

in the new United States in 1781ii. National government was made weak to

avoid abuses in poweriii. Government was too weak to govern

effectively

b. The Constitutioni. 1787, delegates met at a Constitutional

convention in Philadelphia to revise the Articles

ii. They wrote the U.S. Constitution insteadiii. Constitution was written by James

Madison1. Signed in 17872. Went to the states to be ratified3. Went into effect in 1789

iv. Constitution created a federal system of government1. Divided power between the federal and

state government2. Divides the national government’s powers

a. 3 Branch of Governmenti. Executive – Presidential

1. Carries out the lawsii. Judicial

1. Interprets the lawsiii. Legislative

1. Makes laws2. Consists of two houses

a. House of Representatives (lower)b. Senate (upper)

3. System of check and balances ensures no branch of government is too powerful

C. Bill of Rightsi. Some felt the Constitution failed to

protect individual rightsii. Wanted protection of these rights

addediii. Bill of Rights are the first 10

amendments to the Constitutioniv. Guaranteed equality, or due process, of

law