Enlightenment and French Revolution

By Justin Scott Ehrenpreis

Enlightenment

Descartes

Father of Mathematics

Founded analytics geometry

“I think, there fore I am”

Montesquieu

Developed separation of powers

Divided the French society

Classes, monarchy, aristocracy and administrative

The administrative powers were the legislative and the judiciary

Influenced the founding fathers

Wollstone Craft

She was a British writer, philosopher, and feminist

Most important book was “A Vindication of the rights of woman”

Mozart

Composed over 625 pieces

He is remembered foe his operas as “The Magic Flute” or his secular concertos and sonatas

Bach

German-born composer

His music different from music that had been heard before

Sacred and secular works for choir, solo instruments, and orchestra.

Drew together the stands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity

Rousseau

Influenced French Revolution

Wrote “The social contract”, which was the most influential work of political philosophy

He felt man was neither good nor bad

Voltaire

Attacked the French government and Catholic Church

He felt government redistributed wealth from one class to another

He was considered the leader of the Enlightenment

Reason

Rational thought, inference, discrimination

Locke

• English Puritan

• Human nature was reasonable and tolerant

• People were selfish but had the right to “life, liberty, and possessions”

• The state owed its people and it overstepped its power, the citizens had the right and moral duty to revolt and replace

Enlightenment

A time of light “ilumination”

philosophy

The search for wisdom

feminism

The view that woman are equal to men

Social contract

People give rights to government to receive social order

liberalism

Individual rights and equal of oppoertunity

Natural Rights

Rights, freedoms, privileges

censorship

A group power to control freedom of speech and expression

Baroque

A period of music in the 1600’s to mid 1700’s

Constitutional Government

A government with a set of agreed constraints

salon

17th century idea that amused one another and increase knowledge in readings and conversations

French Revolution

Josephine

First wife of Napoleon

Napoleon

Became the first consol of republic

Emperor of France with absolute power

Expanded French borders

Built roads, canals

Started public education (schools for all)

Louis XV

Wasn’t able to solve economic problem

Louis XVl

Weak ruler

Incapable of make decisions to reform the country

Jacobins

Supported debate and encouraged radical change

They supported enemies of Revolutionary government to be executed

Robespierre

Important member of the committee for public safety

Was cold hearted and ruthless

Marie Antoinette

The queen of Franie

Married to Louis XVl

People hated her for being wasteful

Claimed to said “ let them eat cake” when people had no bread

Colbert

Louis XVl finance minister

His policies helped make France the wealthiest state in Europe

Plebiscite

Vote by qualified voter on public questions

Napoleon Code

• Laws reforms effected gave equal to all before the law

• All people equal by the law

Bastille day

On July 14, 1789, more than 800 Parisians stormed Bastille, freed the Prisoners

This was the start of the French Revolution

Bastille

A large prison in Paris

Reign of Terror

Revolutionary court designed by Rodes Pierre

40,000 people died

National Assembly

Estate General

Votes got counted

Making a new constitution

1st Estate

High Clergy

10% population

0% taxed

2nd Estate

Nobles

20% population

0% taxed

3rd Estate

Bourgeoisie

Doctors, lawyers, professionals, peasents, city workers

70% population

100% taxed

Philosophe

A group of Enlightenment thinkers

Apply the methods of science to improve society

Estates General

Parliament

Made up of all three estates

Legislative Assembly

“First Republic”

Guilds

Artisans

Did jobs

Cause of French Revolution

• Enlightened Ideas

• Glorious Revolution

• American Revolution

• English Civil War

Constitution

Social Contract

Waterloo

Battle lost by Napolean

Tennis Court Oath

Third estate met at indoor tennis court to “never separate and to meet whenever required until we have constitution”

Guillotine

An alternative method of death

Was popular

Was fairly painless

Bourgeoisie

A group of wealthy bankers and poor peasants

cahiers

Outlined there problems of each estate