enhancing the halal food industry by utilizing food wastes to produce value-added bioproducts

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 121 ( 2014 ) 35 – 43

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Islamic Thought and Understanding (CITU), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1106

ScienceDirect

INHAC 2012 Kuala Lumpur

International Halal Conference, PWTC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 4-5 September 2012

Enhancing the Halal Food Industry by Utilizing Food Wastes to Produce Value-added Bioproducts

Alawi Sulaimana*, Nasuddin Othmana, Azhari Samsu Baharuddinb, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtarb, Meisam Tabatabaeic

aFaculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

bDepartment of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

cAgricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran,Seed and Plant Improvement Institute’s Campus, P.O.Box 31535-1897 Mahdashr road, Karaj, Iran

Abstract

Each year, millions of tons of halal food wastes are being disposed into the environment through land-filling or illegal dumping activities. Currently, the government has no other cheaper and easier options than landfill. Dumping of organic waste materials into the environment will partly contribute to the global warming phenomenon due to methane gas generation through anaerobic process, occurred inside the landfill or river bed. Methane gas has 21 times higher global warming potential (GWP) than carbon dioxide and can severely affect the environment if not properly managed. Therefore this paper will highlight the concept of biorefinery to enhance the current state of halal food waste handling which include kitchen waste, waste cooking oil, food waste, landscaping and garden waste, wet market waste, night market waste, halal slaughterhouse waste, food processing facility waste and other types of halal waste. Through biorefinery complex these waste materials can be converted into value-added bioproducts such as biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, animal feed, biofertilizer, bioplastic, biomaterial and others. This will enhance the food halal industry and also support the government aspiration towards achieving high income country. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Islamic Thought and Understanding (CITU), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Keywords: halal food waste; waste disposal; biogas; biodiesel; bioethanol; biorefinery.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected].

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Islamic Thought and Understanding (CITU), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1106&domain=pdf

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1106&domain=pdf

36 Alawi Sulaiman et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 121 ( 2014 ) 35 – 43

1. Introduction

Each year, millions of tons of halal food wastes are being disposed into the environment. The global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in 1997 was nearly 0.5 billion tons and the growth trend is 2-3% for the developing countries (Abd Manaf et al., 2009). In Malaysia, it was reported that up to 5,677 tons/day of MSW materials (in which 44.8% was organic) were generated in the major cities in which Kuala Lumpur was the highest at 3100 tons/day, followed by Melaka (632 tons/day), and Klang (538 tons/day) (Abdul Jalil, 2010). Although the amount contributed by halal food wastes was unable be quantified, the amount is presumed high due to huge Muslim population in the country. The waste generation rate also differed depending on the living standards and type of installation under study (Sivapalan et al., 2002). The typical types and composition of waste generated in Malaysia is summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Waste types and composition (%)

No Types Kuala Lumpur (Year 2000) (Sivapalan et al., 2002)

Malaysia (Year 2005) (Abdul Jalil, 2010)

1 Organic 68.67 44.8 2 Paper 6.43 16.0 3 Plastic 11.45 15.0 4 Glass 1.41 3.0 5 Metal 2.71 3.3 6 Textile 1.50 2.8 7 Wood 0.70 6.7 8 Others 7.31 8.4

One of the main issues of the 21st century is the management of MSW management especially in the

developing countries. In Malaysia, the total estimated MSW generation was only 6 million tons in 1998, however it had increased more than 8 million tons in 2010 and by 2020 the amount was estimated to be nearly 10 million tons (Johari et al., 2012). Therefore the country needs urgent measures to appropriately manage the waste especially the high value organic fractions. Thus the objectives of this paper are to highlight the concept of halal food waste biorefinery, bio-products and future issues and direction related to the halal organic food waste.

2. Halal Biorefinery

Biorefinery is derived from the words biomass and refinery. The organic fraction of the waste materials also can be regarded as biomass. The ultimate goal is to produce a variety of products from different biomass feedstocks through a combination of technologies (Fitzpatrick et al., 2010). The biorefinery can be based on various materials such as woody material (Dermibas, 2009), lignocellulosic materials (Fitzpatrick et al., 2010; Cherubini and Ulgiati, 2010), sugar (Octave and Thomas, 2009; Taylor, 2008) , lipid (Octave and Thomas, 2009; Taylor 2008), animal manure (Tan et al., 2010), municipal solid waste (Cherubini, 2010), algae and seaweeds (Cherubini, 2010) and grass (Takara and Khanal, 2011). Nowadays biorefinery is gaining more interest due to escalating environmental problems. Historically, biorefinery is not a new concept as there were documented evidences that ancient Egyptians produced alcohol by fermenting vegetative materials, ancient Chinese people applied distillation to increase alcohol concentration, sugarcane has been used in the production of bioethanol since 6000 B.C. (Demirbas, 2009). It has been reported that beet was


utilized to provide 3000 tons of sugar in 1824 and 1.2 million tons in 1840 (Octave and Thomas, 2009).

Although the definition of biorefinery differs from various authors, the concept is same. The

biorefinery concept is based on the use of carbon molecules extracted from plants in order to substitute carbons from oil and gas (Octave and Thomas, 2009). IEA Bioenergy Task 42 “Biorefineries” defines it as the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy (Cherubini, 2010). The examples of biorefinery products are energy, fuels, chemical products, construction materials, high value food, cosmetic or medical products (Lyko et al., 2009). The methods of converting the biomass materials into various bio-products are similar to the methods that have been applied in the petroleum refining (Dermibas, 2009), polymer chemistry, bioengineering agriculture (Fitzpartik, 2010).

Due to the variety of products that can be produced from waste materials which include halal and

non-halal waste materials, the concept of biorefinery has to be further discussed for application in the mixed religious community. The implications of adopting the biorefinery concept in the mixed religious community are huge because of the issues related to the types of feedstock used and the use of the products.

The word halal is actually derived from an Arabic phrase which carry the meaning allowed or

permitted by the Islamic Law. As far as food is concerned, halal means that the food itself and its trading or commerce process is allowed or permissible by the Islamic law and the food itself is allowed to be consumed by Muslims. In addition the foods must obeyed the following characteristics (Halal Malaysia, 2012).

1. Does not stem from or consists of any part of or item from animals that are forbidden to Muslims by Islamic law, or animals that have not been slaughtered according to Islamic law;

2. Does not contain any substance that is considered impure in Islamic law; 3. Is not prepared, processed or manufactured using equipment or utensils that are not free from

impurities as defined by Islamic law ; and 4. That, in the preparation, processing or storage stage, does not come in contact with or is stored

near any kind of food that does not meet the requirements of para(s) (1), (2) or (3) or any substances that are considered impure by Islamic law.

Therefore by combining the words halal and bioferinery, halal biorefinery can be defined as process that use halal waste materials, process it according to the Islamic practice and produce products that can be used by the Muslims. However the types halal waste materials need to be further defined because in a multi-religions community like Malaysia, it is impossible to segregate between halal and non-halal organic waste materials because of the cost factor.

3. Bioproducts of Halal Biorefinery

The examples of biofuel products from MSW biorefinery are fuel pellets (Ståhl and Berghel, 2011; Li et al., 2001), biogas (Hilkiah and Igoni et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2012), biohydrogen (Kvesitadze et al., 2012; Liu et al, 2008), bioethanol (del Campo et al., 2006) and biodiesel (Muhammad et al., 2011). Municipal solid waste usually comprises of organic materials, oil and grease, plastic and wood materials and non-organic materials. After segregation, both plastic and wood materials can be processed to produce solid fuel pellets which can be combusted to produce electricity and heat. The organic fraction


can be processed to produce biogas and biohydrogen using anaerobic digestion process. Both biogas and biohydrogen can be converted into electricity and heat using combustion equipment and fuel cell, respectively. Woody based materials and sugar can be fermented to produce bioethanol and lastly biodiesel can be produced from the esterification of oil and grease waste.

Table 2 below simplifies the bio-products that can be generated from various raw materials if the halal

bioferinery is materialized. Table 2 Products from halal biofinery

No Raw materials Products References 1 Municipal solid waste. Fuel pellets,

biogas, biohydrogen, bioethanol, biodiesel.

(Ståhl, and Berghel, 2011; Li et al., 2001; Hilkiah Igoni et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2012, Kvesitadze et al., 2012; Liu et al, 2008; del Campo et al., 2006; Muhammad et al., 2011).

2 Municipal solid waste, dairy waste, cheese whey and dairy wastewater, pulp and paper wastewater and olive mill wastewater, palm oil mill effluent.

Biogas. (Tabatabaei, 2010; Sulaiman, 2009a, 2009b, 2010).

3 Municipal solid waste food waste and lignocellulosic materials.

Biohydrogen. (Karla et al., 2012; Elbeshbishy et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2011).

4 Vegetable market solid waste, agricultural materials and animal manures such as cow dung, chicken and goat manure and sewage sludge.

Biofertilizer. (Suthar, 2009; Roca-Pérez et al., 2009; Suthar, 2010).

5 Waste bio-based materials. Polyester, natural fiber, poly-hydroxyl-alkaonates (PHA), poly-lactic –acid (PLA).

(Wu, 2012; Singh et al., 2008; Yu, 2001; Ghofar et al., 2005).

6 Municipal solid waste, lignocellulosic residues and animal wastes.

Animal feed. (Pinacho et al., 2006; Guillermo et al., 2006; Hassan et al., 1986; Sancho et al., 2004).

Biogas can be produced from the organic fractions of the municipal solid waste, dairy waste, cheese

whey and dairy wastewater, pulp and paper wastewater and olive mill wastewater (Tabatabaei, 2010). The simplest form of biogas producing facility is the municipal solid waste landfill. In addition, biogas technology has been proven to successfully treat wastewater generated from palm oil mill effluent (Sulaiman, 2009a, 2009b, 2010). Biohydrogen, which is another form of renewable energy also has been proven feasible to be produced from different types of organic wastes which include municipal solid waste (Karla et al., 2012), food waste (Elbeshbishy et al., 2011) and lignocellulosic materials (Cheng et


al., 2011). Biofertilizer has usually been applied to soil as a soil amendment, conditioner, moisturizer and providing nutrients and effective microorganism to further nourish the soil properties. Biofertilizer can be produced from organic vegetable market solid waste (Suthar, 2009), agricultural materials (Roca-Pérez et al., 2009) and animal manures (Suthar, 2010) such as cow dung, chicken and goat manure and sewage sludge (Roca-Pérez, et al., 2009). The important nutrients available in the biofertilizer are nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) which are important for plant growth. Biomaterials are new materials produced from the waste bio-based materials such as polyester (Wu, 2012), natural fiber (Singh et al., 2008), bioplastics such poly-hydroxyl-alkaonates (Singh et al., 2008; Yu, 2001) and poly-lactic –acid (PLA) (Ghofar et al., 2005). Lastly wastes such as biodegradable fractions of the municipal solid waste, lignocellulosic residues and animal wastes can also be processed to produce animal feed as reported in many studies. (Pinacho et al., 2006; Guillermo et al., 2006; Hassan et al., 1986; Sancho et al., 2004). The country can therefore reduce the imports of animal feed materials worth millions of dollars each year.

4. Future Issues and Direction

There are few issues that should be further discussed and come to an agreement between parties in the Islamic community concerned with the halal industry.

The further action that needs to be taken by the government in order to enhance the halal food waste

industry can therefore be simplified as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Flowchart of actions to enhance the certification of halal products from waste materials

There is an urgent need to establish a fatwa on various issues related to the recycling of halal and non-halal food wastes, its processing and also the standing of bioproducts derived from it. Fatwa is a scholarly opinion on a matter of Islamic law and it will give the understanding as to whether a product is halal and concurrently whether the processes are acceptable by Syariah standards. In a multi-religion community, it is non-practical and not cost-effective to segregate between halal and non-halal food wastes as it may

National committee to further understand various issues related to food waste materials and its products. The committe should consist of both

scientist and muslim scholars.

Establish fatwa on the food wastes that are mixed or in-contact with the non-halal or feces/Najs and products derived from it and also on the

people that are in contact with the raw materials and finished products.

Certification agency to endorsed the halal products derived from food waste materials.

Authority to monitor the halal certification and verification.


come from various premises. When the sources of food wastes are mixed between halal and non-halal, then a proper fatwa needs to be established. During the processing of the mixed-wastes, the status of the persons involved when in-contact with the mixed-wastes need also to be properly established. Lastly the products derived from the mixed-wastes such as biocompost, animal feed and biodiesel are also need to be clarified. Once fatwa has been developed, proper regulations to enforce the fatwa need to be established. This is to ensure the full practice of the fatwa and raise the confidence of the Islamic community of the concerned products. The concerned authority should also look into establishing a proper halal certification for the products derived from the mixed waste. Currently the certification only focuses on the animal slaughtering, food and pharmaceutical products. This is a timely opportunity for the Islamic community to establish a halal certificate for the products derived from halal waste materials so that it can be internationally recognized. Conclusion

Currently millions tons of organic food waste are being disposed-off into the environment which have high potential to be converted into various high-value bioproducts such as bioenergy, biofertilizer, biomaterials and animal feed . This is a timely opportunity for the Islamic community to start venturing into this business. With proper support in terms of funding, fatwa, regulation and certification, the commercialization of the biorefinery can be materialized and the products can be traded in the international market and contributes huge economic return to the country. Acknowledgements Special thanks to the Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam for providing funding to present this paper at the International Halal Conference 2012. References Abd Manaf, L., Abu Samah, M.A. & Mohd Zukki, N.I. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: Practice and challenges. Waste Management, 29, 2902-2906. Abdul Jalil, M. (2010). Sustainable development in Malaysia: A case study on householod waste management. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(3), 91-102. Cheng, C.L., Lo, Y.C., Lee, K.S., Lee, D.J., Lin, C.Y. & Chang, J.S. (2011). Biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic feedstock. Bioresource Technology, 102(18), 8514-8523 Cherubini, F. & Ulgiati, S., 2010. Crop residues as raw materials for biorefinery systems – A LCA case study. Applied Energy 87, 47-57. del Campo, I., Alegría, I., Zazpe, M., Echeverría, M. & Echeverría, I. (2006). Diluted acid hydrolysis pretreatment of agri-food wastes for bioethanol production. Industrial Crops and Products, 24(3), 214-221.


Dermibas, M.F., 2009. Biorefineries for biofuel upgrading: A critical review. Applied Energy, 86, S153-S161. Elbeshbishy, E., Hafez, H. & Nakhla, G. (2011). Ultrasonication for biohydrogen production from food waste. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(4), 2896-2903 Fitzpatrick, M., Champagne, P., Cunningham, M.F. & Whitney, R.A., 2010. A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresource Technology, 101, 8915-8922. Ghofar, A., Ogawa, S. & Kokugan, T. (2005). Production of L-lactic acid from fresh cassava roots slurried with tofu liquid waste by Streptococcus bovis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 100(6), 606-612.

Guillermo, C.K., Frank, K., Agbogbo, & Holtzapple, M.T. (2006). Lime treatment of shrimp head waste for the generation of highly digestible animal feed. Bioresource Technology, 97(13), 1515-1520. Halal Malaysia. (2006). Halal definition. Available: http://www.halal.gov.my/v3/index.php/en/about-halal-certification/halal-definition

Hassan, T.E. & Heath, J.L. (1986). Biological fermentation of fish waste for potential use in animal and poultry feeds. Agricultural Wastes, 15(1),1-15. Hilkiah Igoni, A., Ayotamuno, M.J., Eze, C.L., Ogaji, S.O.T. & Probert, S.D. (2008). Design of anaerobic digesters for producing biogas from municipal solid-waste. Applied Energy, 85(6), 430-438. Johari, A., Isa Ahmed, S., Hashim, H., Alkali, H. & Ramli, M. (2012). Economic and environmental benefits of landfill gas from municipal solid waste in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2907-2912. Karla M. Muñoz-Páez, Ríos-Leal, E., Valdez-Vazquez, I., Rinderknecht-Seijas, N., Héctor M. & Poggi-Varaldo. (2012). Re-fermentation of washed spent solids from batch hydrogenogenic fermentation for additional production of biohydrogen from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, Journal of Environmental Management, 95, S355-S359 Kvesitadze, G., Sadunishvili, T., Dudauri, T., Zakariashvili, N., Partskhaladze, G., Ugrekhelidze, V., Tsiklauri, G., Metreveli, B. & Jobava, M. (2012). Two-stage anaerobic process for bio-hydrogen and bio-methane combined production from biodegradable solid wastes. Energy, 37 (1), 94-102 Li, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, O. (2001). High-pressure compaction of municipal solid waste to form densified fuel. Fuel Processing Technology, 74 (2), 81-91 Liu, D., Min, B. & Angelidaki. I. (2008). Biohydrogen production from household solid waste (HSW) at extreme-thermophilic temperature (70 °C) – Influence of pH and acetate concentration. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33 (23), 6985-6992.


Liu, X., Gao, X., Wang, W., Zheng, L., Zhou, Y. & Sun, Y. (2012). Pilot-scale anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste: Focusing on biogas production and GHG reduction. Renewable Energy, 44, 463-468. Muhammad, N., Siddiquee, & Rohani. S. (2011). Lipid extraction and biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludges: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (2), 1067-1072. Pinacho, A., García-Encina, P.A., Sancho, P., Ramos, P. & Márquez, M.C. (2006). Study of drying systems for the utilization of biodegradable municipal solid wastes as animal feed. Waste Management, 26(5), 495-503. Roca-Pérez, L., Martínez, C., Marcilla, P. & Boluda, R. (2009). Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil–plant system. Chemosphere, 75(6), 781-787. Sancho, P., Pinacho, A., Ramos, P. & Tejedor, C. (2004). Microbiological characterization of food residues for animal feeding. Waste Management, 24(9), 919-926 Singh, S., Amar, K., Mohanty, Sugie, T., Takai, Y. & Hamada, H. (2008). Renewable resource based biocomposites from natural fiber and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) bioplastic. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39(5), 875-886 Sivapalan, K., Muhd Noor, M.Y., Abd. Halim, S., & Rakmi, A.R. (2002). Comprehensive characteristics of the municipal solid waste generated in Kuala Lumpur. Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Environmental and Natural Resources, 1, 359-368. Ståhl, M., Berghel, J. (2011). Energy efficient pilot-scale production of wood fuel pellets made from a raw material mix including sawdust and rapeseed cake. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35 (12) 4849-4854. Sulaiman, A., Tabatabaei, M., Hassan, M.A. & Shirai, Y. (2009a). The Effect of Higher Sludge Recycling Rate on Anaerobic Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent in a Semi-Commercial Closed Digester for Renewable Energy. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 5(1): 1-6. Sulaiman, A., Hassan, M.A., Shirai, Y., Abd-Aziz, S., Tabatabaei, M., Busu, Z. & Yacob, S. (2009b). The Effect of Mixing on Methane Production in a Semi-commercial Closed Digester Tank Treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3): 1577-1583. Sulaiman, A., Tabatabaei, M., Mohd-Yusof, M.Z., Ibrahim, M.F., Hassan, M.A. & Shirai. Y. (2010). Accelerated start-up of a semi-commercial digester tank treating palm oil mill effluent with sludge seeding for methane production. World Applied Sciences Journal 8 (2): 247-258.

Suthar, S. (2009). Vermicomposting of vegetable-market solid waste using Eisenia fetida: Impact of bulking material on earthworm growth and decomposition rate. Ecological Engineering, 35 (5), 914-920. Suthar, S. (2010). Recycling of agro-industrial sludge through vermitechnology. Ecological Engineering, 36(8), 1028-1036.


Tabatabaei, M., Abdul-Rahim, R., Abdullah, N., Wright, A.D.G., Shirai, Y., Sakai, K., Sulaiman, A. & Hassan, M.A. (2010). Review: Importance of the methanogenic archea populations in anaerobic wastewater treatments. Process Biochemistry, 45(8) 1214-1225. Takara, D., Khanal, S.K., 2011. Green processing of tropical banagrass into biofuel and biobased products: A innovative biorefinery approach. Bioresource Technology 102, 1587-1592. Tan, T., Shang, F., Zhang, X., 2010. Current development of biorefinery in China. Biotechnology Advances, 28, 543-555. Taylor, G., 2008. Biofuels and biorefinery concept. Energy Policy, 36, 4406-4409. Wu, C.S. (2012). Characterization and biodegradability of polyester bioplastic-based green renewable composites from agricultural residues. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 97(1), 64-71. Yu, J. (2001). Production of PHA from starchy wastewater via organic acids. Journal of Biotechnology, 86(30), 105-112.

enhancing the halal food industry by utilizing food wastes to produce value-added bioproducts

Documents