agriculture and modern bioproducts
DESCRIPTION
Agriculture in future will play a bigger role with the knowledge developed through biotechnology.TRANSCRIPT
AGRICULTURE AND BIOPRODUCTS
“Knowledge Based Economy” a new Driver
Great Opportunity for Agriculture
Tremendous Prospects for Plant Science
The 20th Century: CCoonnvveerrggeennccee
Century of Physics & Chemistry
EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt
IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoollooggyy
CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn
Mathematics
Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
Chemistry / Physics
Material Science
Electronics
Microbiology
EEnneerrggyy
FFoooodd // AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee
IInndduussttrriiaall MMaatteerriiaallss
TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn PPhhaarrmmaacceeuuttiiccaallss IInnssttrruummeennttss
Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many
new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and
scientific.
CCoonnvveerrggeennccee
The 21st Century: Century of
Biotechnology, Physics & Chemistry
EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt
IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoollooggyy
CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Mathematics
Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
Chemistry / Physics
Material Science
Electronics
Microbiology
EEnneerrggyy
FFoooodd // AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee
IInndduussttrriiaall MMaatteerriiaallss
TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn PPhhaarrmmaacceeuuttiiccaallss IInnssttrruummeennttss
Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many
new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and
scientific.
Molecular Biology
Nanotechnology Informatics
Electricity
Computers Flight
Technology and Global impact
Electricity
20th Century
Advances
Flight Computers
Molecular Biology
The next threshold in human progress
Informatics Nanotechnology
FOOD for THOUGHT #1
Agriculture is a BIG Business
The pie is bigger than we ALL think
“THINK BIG”
The Age of Biology is beginning…
Unit of Heredity
(G. Mendel)
DNA structure
DNA sequencing
HGP
DNA is heredity
material
Corn hybrids
Genetic
code
First
transgenic
plants
First
commercial
biotech crops
1865 1920s 1944 1953 1965 1977 1982 1990 1994
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Million bp sequenced
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
2000
• Over 6000 million bp sequenced
• 6 multi cellular genomes
• 60 microbial genomes
• Gene expression arrays, proteomics,
regulation cascades, HTS, SNPs….
• Over 100 million acres biotech crops
GGeennee MMeettaabboolliicc PPrrootteeiinn MMiiccrroo-- BBiioo--
GGeennoommiiccss EExxpprreessssiioonn PPaatthh EEnngg.. EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg BBiioollooggyy EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg FFeerrmmeennttaattiioonn
EEnnaabblliinngg TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess
FFuurrtthheerr BBuuiillddiinngg OOnn::
Platform Technologies
CCoonnttrrooll && MMaanniippuullaattee
DDiiggiittiizzee && AAnnaallyyzzee
DDiissccoovveerr
DDiirreecctteedd EEvvoolluuttiioonn
FFuunnccttiioonnaall GGeennoommiiccss
GGeennoommiicc SSeeqquueenncciinngg
PPrrootteeiinn EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg
PPrrootteeiinn FFuunnccttiioonn
PPrrootteeiinn SSttrruuccttuurree
CCeellll SSyysstteemmss
CChheemmoo GGeennoommiiccss
PPrrootteeiinn && CCeellll SSiiggnnaalliinngg
GGeennoommee PPrrootteeoommee LLiiffee NNeettwwoorrkkss
Improved primary production = renewable resources
Genomics to identify genes and regulation
of expression…
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
Sequences
A
T
C
A
G
C
T
G
A
Proteomics
Metabolism
Regulation
Computer databases
Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation
Improved primary production = renewable resources
Renewable resources are sustainable (Primary
energy capture to multiple uses)…
SOLAR ENERGY Ecological cycles
Fossil Fuels
CO2
Energy, Food, Feed, Fiber, & Chemicals
Consumption & Processing
> 1 million years
Photosynthesis
High energy
Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids & Oils
Oxygen chemical bonds & carbon skeletons
Metabolites
Many chemicals
Traditional biomass approaches are
insufficient to meet demand…
Renewable Resources
T FORESTRY
TYPICAL BIOMASS
Bioenergy Platform
R Residues
A
D CROP I Residues T I
O PROCESS N Residues A
Hemi- cellulose
Other
Cellulose
Lignin
BIOFUELS
BIOPOWER
BIOPRODUCTS
L MUNICIPAL
Waste
High energy compounds Novel building blocks
- carbon skeletons
- novel polymers
recycling
Processing METHODS
Designed SOURCES
NEW FUTURE APPROACHES
A vision for renewable resources...
Demand National security Environmental footprint Rural development Economic sustainability
5-fold
5-fold again
Supplied from Renewables
Fossil fuel use is kept about flat
Supplied from
Fossil Fuels
TODAY 2020 2050
Source: Renewable Resources Vision 2020
World Energy Use = 382 Quads or 65 million Btu/yr/capita
Facts and Figures: World Energy Use…
BY TYPE: BY REGION:
Renewables
Far East
Nuclear 7%
Petroleum 40%
8%
Natural Gas 23%
Coal 22%
Africa
Middle East
E. Europe/F. Soviet
W. Europe
Canada & Mexico
C. & S. America
US
0 50 100 150
Quadrillion Btus
World Energy Use = 382 Quads
or 65 million Btu/yr/capita
Source: USDOE
Total renewable energy
use in the US = 7.5 Quads (<8% total consumption)
US Renewable Energy…
Total renewable energy
use in the US = 7.5 Quads (<8% total consumption) Today only ~4% of US
energy comes from
Ethanol Fuel 1.5%
Geothermal 5%
Solar & Wind 1.5%
Hydroelectric 47%
biomass
Today only ~3% of US chemicals and materials come from biomass
Wood and Waste 45%
Canada: reserves and time left…
Known reserves:
Crude oil = 4.7 B bbls Nat gas = 61 T cu ft Coal = 9.5 B tons
125
100
Proven Total projected
75 Y-axis is # YEARS
until reserves are gone 50
At current rates of domestic consumption plus export 25
0 Crude oil Nat gas Coal
Vision 2020 roadmap identifies several areas
and the need to integrate research...
Key areas for integrated research
Plant
Science
Genomics
Enzymes
Metabolism
Composition
Production
Unit costs Yield
Consistency
Infrastructure
Designer plants
Processing
Economics
Separations
Conversion
Bio-catalysts
Infrastructure
Utilization
(Materials)
Economics
Functionality
Performance
Novel uses
Utilization
(Demand)
Price/value
Performance
Perception
Science and technology impact
Source: Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources Roadmap
Methanol, H2
Bioenergy
Evolution of the bio-refinery?
Grains
Stover
Other/
Waste
Feed
Many derivatives
Biomass
Marine B
Oil I
Process O R
• Edible E • Industrial F
I Glycerol
N
+ fatty acids E
R
Y Residue
Recycling
Gasification
Fiber
Gluten
(Protein)
Starch
Products
Dextrose
B
I
O
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G
HFCS
Organic acids
Amino acids
Levulinate
Xylose
Polyols
Chemicals
Butanol
Ethanol
BioFuels
Emerging Future: Duality in Feedstocks and Processes
OOiill BBaasseedd RReenneewwaabbllee RReessoouurrcceess BBaasseedd
9977%%
OOiill WWeellll
RReeffiinneerryy
8855%%
FFeeeedd // FFoooodd
2255%%
FFAARRMM
1155%%
CCoommmmooddiittyy PPrroocceessssoorr
xx%%
PPllaanntt EExxpprreessssiioonn
33%% EEnneerrggyy
PPeettrroocchheemmiiccaallss
OOiillss 7755%%
CCaarrbboo-- hhyyddrraattee
SSppeecciiaallttyy PPrroocceessssoorr
HHeeaatt
FFoooodd 8800%% 2200%%
PPrreessssuurree CCaattaallyysstt
BBiioopprroocceessssiinngg
Broad variety of commodity and differentiated chemicals and plastics
KEY COMPETENCIES
Catalysis Chem Engineering Material Science
KEY COMPETENCIES
Biotech Basics Bioprocessing Chem Engineering Material Science
LLiiqquuiidd oorr
SSoolliidd BBiioommaassss
GGaass
SSeeeedd
Technology Progress
BIOPROCESSING
FFeerrmmeennttaattiioonn
Biocatalysis Bioreactor Separation Recovery
EEnnzzyymmaattiicc
PPLLAANNTT EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONN
Plant Growth Identity Preservation Separation
PPrroodduuccttss
PPrroodduuccttss
Opportunities for Plant-Produced,
Renewable Materials
VVaalluuee $$//LLbb..
PPhhaarrmmaa -- HHiigghh VVaalluuee PPrrootteeiinn MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg
AAgg -- ((CChheemmiiccaallss//SSeeeeddss))
NNuuttrriittiioonnaall SSuupppplleemmeennttss
EEnnzzyymmeess -- LLaarrggee VVoolluummee IInndduussttrriiaall CCaattaallyyssttss
FFoooodd IInnggrreeddiieennttss
SSppeecc CChheemm
-- PPGG,, OOlleeoocchheemmiiccaallss
CChheemmiiccaallss//PPoollyymmeerrss FFoooodd //FFeeeedd
-- PPLLAA,, PPHHAA’’ss
VVoolluummee
Use of biotech to modify existing
components…
Typical wood: (or stalks/fiber)
Cellulose (1,4-glucan) – tensile strength
Lignin (phenolic polymers) – rigidity
Hemicellulose (mixed polysaccharides)
Down regulated
via anti-sense
Typical processing involves
removing lignin from
cellulosic components.
Not only was lignin down,
growth of the trees was
significantly enhanced.
From: Hu et al, (1999) Nature Biotechnology, 17, pp 808-812.
Spider silk proteins…
Seven known protein types
Repetitive amino acid arrays
“Flagelliform” silk
Highly elastic (200% extension)
“Frame dragline” silk
Strength = 300,000 lbs/sq inch
Lighter than steel or petro-polymers
Aerospace
Structural engineering
Ballistic protection
Novel fibers for communications
Advances in renewables
Functional materials
New materials
Novel genes
Functional materials
Sea shells contain in interesting
materials…
Natural polymers such as polyaspartate will become more prominent as a future source of
renewable resources.
Bio-mineralization is
under genetic control
Biomimetics
New materials
This may turn out to be the least valuable material
Advances in renewables
• Nanoscale biopolymers for semiconductors
Millions of diverse species
Billions of diverse genes
Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals
Advances in renewables
Functional materials
New materials
Genes, proteins, chemicals
The marine environment has a vast array
of functional chemicals and polymers…
Millions of diverse species
Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals
Genes, proteins, chemicals
Novel genes
Functional materials
Biomimetics
New materials
Billions of diverse genes
Advances in renewables
Pulp & paper quality Degree of lignification
Enzyme modification of fibers
Gasification of residues • Methanol – fuels cells
• Base chemical molecules
Growth rate: productivity Pest protection Stress tolerance Wood quality
Bio-diversity: • Fungi
• Lichens/mosses
• Microbes
• Groundcover
• Insects
Advanced management • Remote sensing
Forestry bioresources…
Advanced management • Remote sensing
Growth rate: productivity
Pest protection Stress tolerance Wood quality
Bio-diversity: • Fungi
• Lichens/mosses
• Microbes
• Groundcover
• Insects
Pulp & paper quality
Degree of lignification
Enzyme modification of fibers
Gasification of residues • Methanol – fuels cells
• Base chemical molecules
Polylactic acid (PLA) from
grown carbon...
D
E Dimerization X
T Lactic
Controlled polymerization
R Fermentation
O S E
Acid Lactide Polylactide
NatureWorks® process PLA Resins • Melt processable
• Specific Mol Wts
• Polymer types
Thermoplastic &
other markets
Genomics can assist in moving special
fatty acids between plant species…
Fatty acids and/or their triglycerides
= renewable industrial materials.
Moving genes to high-yielding crops.
PLANT FATTY ACID USES
Coriander
Petroselinic (C18:1 6)
Nylon, Detergents
Cuphae Caprylate (C8:0) Detergents, lubricant
Forest vine Palmitoleic (C18:1 9) Detergents
Honesty Nervonic (C24:1 15) Slip agent
Jojoba Wax and esters (C40-44) Lubricant, cosmetics
Lesquerella Densipolic (12-OH C18:2 9,15) Coatings
Meadowfoam Arachidonic (C20:1 5) Anti-corrosion
Vernonia Vernolic (12-epoxy C18:1 9) Plasticizer, polymers
Improved primary production = renewable resources
Genomics to identify genes and regulation
of expression…
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
Sequences
A
T
C
A
G
C
T
G
A
Proteomics
Metabolism
Regulation
Computer databases
Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation
Improved primary production = renewable resources
Traits that are on the horizon...
Crop protection.
– New approaches via natural genes….
Crop performance.
– Fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance….
Compositional quality.
– Focus on feed moving to food (more slowly)
Nutraceutical & health related.
– Antioxidants, edible vaccines….
Industrial renewable resources.
– Raw materials inputs, few novel products.
The next generation will involve selecting
technology to fit consumer needs...
Structural Genomics
Functional Genomics
Germplasm Base
T
D
N Genes
A Mapping Sequencing Expression
Proteomics R Informational Science A
Bioinformatics I
T
Gene Shuffling S
MAB
Transgenics
Designer
Crops
Grown
Set of Future
Consumer
Needs
Food &
Materials
Manufacture
Separations
Processing
Harvest
IP Store
Viable businesses will be more integrated but along
a different dimension
What changes can you implement to increase
the probability for future sustainable development.
Achieving sustainable development will
require business sectors to reform new sets...
Emerging arena of “Health and Well-being”
PHARMA
FOOD PROCESSING
RESOURCE PRODUCTION (agriculture)
Viable businesses will be more integrated but along
a different dimension
CHEMICALS
Emerging arena of “Sustainable Industry”
MATERIALS
What changes can you implement to increase
the probability for future sustainable development.
The Value Chain
Wealth Creation
Technology Germplasm Seeds Grower Grain Primary Secondary Retailing
Handling Processing Processing
CONSUMER
The Value Chain
Agriculture industry must form new systems to create,
capture and deliver the value from the technology.
TTeecchhnnoollooggyy GGeerrmmppllaassmm SSeeeeddss GGrroowweerr GGrraaiinn PPrriimmaarryy SSeeccoonnddaarryy RReettaaiilliinngg
HHaannddlliinngg PPrroocceessssiinngg PPrroocceessssiinngg
Future focus on “output” traits will drive greater
co-ordination between all points in the value-chain.
Success Factors for Bio-Based
Economy
Consistent Supply Perceived
or Add Real Value
Functionality
Property
Create a New Innovative Product
Excellent Science
Resources to Commercialize
Success Factors for Bio-Based
Economy
Short Term Quick HITS FOCUS,
Focus. focus on WINNERS Need the
Biomass equivalent of:
- Ethylene
- Oil
It could be SUGARS from Biomass
not Valuable commodity - Food
FOOD for THOUGHT #2
NO one can do it alone
Major Successes will be through
Multi Disciplinary
“TEAM APPROACH”
Think Global
Act Local
If you do what you always did then
“You will get what you always got”
*