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Enhancement LCA of Palm Oil
with Malaysian Formulated
IndicatorsS. Yusoff, Onn C.C.,
Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author. Phone: +603 79675285, Fax: +603-79675318
Email: [email protected]
Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• The LCA Framework -LCIA
• Malaysian Enhanced LCA Study
• The LCIA Indicators
• Application of Malaysian Indicators
• Conclusion
Introduction-Palm Oil Industry
Malaysia is the main palm oil production country which produces almost half ofthe world production value at 15.8 millions tones in year 2007. As of 2007, thecumulative land area of palm oil plantations in Malaysia is approximately 4.3million hectares
This rising demand is resulting in establishment of more new palm plantationsand there are growing concerns that this will be harmful to the environment inseveral ways especially the significant of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions such as CO2
LCA (ISO 14040)
Goal & scopedefinition
Inventory
Analysis
Impact
Assessment
Inter-
pretation
The Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Direct applications
Product development
Strategic Planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Life Cycle Assessment – The framework
LCA is widely used as a tool to access and identified environmental weak points ofselected activities, process or product’s life cycle. LCA takes a “cradle to grave”approach in evaluating the environmental consequences of a particular product,process, or activity from the extraction of raw materials through to processing,transport, use, reuse, and disposal
Extraction of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Disposal or possible
recovery of the
product.
cradle-to-grave
analysis
Distribution
Use of the product
Processing
LCI
‘LCI' involves data collection and modeling of the product system, as well as descriptionand verification of data. This encompasses all data related to environmental (e.g., CO2)and technical (e.g., intermediate chemicals) quantities for all relevant unit processeswithin the study boundaries that compose the product system. Examples of inputs andoutputs quantities include inputs of materials, energy, chemicals and 'other' - and outputsin the of air emissions, water emissions or solid waste.
Material
used Energy
used
Emissions
Effluents
Waste generated
Water
used
LCIA
LCIA is aimed at evaluating the contribution to impact categories or damage categories.Here, impact potentials are calculated based on the LCI results. The next steps arenormalization and weighting, but these are both voluntary according the ISO standard.Normalization provides a basis for comparing different types of environmental impactcategories (all impacts get the same unit). Weighting implies assigning a weighting factor toeach impact category depending on the relative importance.
LCI
(Inventory)
Human
Health
Ecosystem
Resources
LCIA
(Impact
Analysis)
Damage
Categories
Importance of this research
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) as a part of LCA are structured in :-
Unfortunately, currently most of the LCIA analysis conducted depended on European basecharacterization, normalization and weighting value which may not be suitable for conductingLCA within Malaysia. This is because the European databases are incapable to reflect theactual Malaysian’s environmental condition.
Scope of this research is to use the newly created normalization and weighting value for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) in Malaysia into a selected palm oil research study.
Classification
Characterization
Normalization
Weighting
NATIONAL LCA PROJECT of MALAYSIA
(2006 -2010)
Overall Objective• To develop capacity and infrastructure for
conduct of life cycle assessment leading to ecodesign and improved environmental performance of products and services for the local and export market.
• Specific Objectivesi. To develop the national life cycle inventory
database ii. To develop a critical mass of local LCA
practitioners.iii. To develop ecolabelling criteria documents
for the National Ecolabelling Programme.iv. To create awareness among industry and
consumer groups on the importance of LCA in today’s manufacturing and purchasing practice.
Chemical
Sector
(Industrial & Agro)
Chair: IKM
Database
Sub-Committee
Chair: SIRIM
Impact
Assessment
Sub-Committee
Chair: UM
Agro-Industry
Sector
Chair:
MPOB
General
Consumer
Goods
Chair: UPM
Petroleum,
Petrochemical
and
Plastic Sector
Chair: PETRONAS
Heavy Industry
Sector
(Cement, Iron,
Steel, Aluminium)
Chair: UKM
Electrical
and
Electronic
Sector
Chair: SIRIM
Waste
Management
(Include Recycling)
Chair:
Local Housing Dept
Utilities & Service
Sector
(Electricity,
Transport, etc)
Chair: SIRIM
NATIONAL LCA PROJECT STRUCTURE
SIRIM
Project Coordinator Secretariat
Steering Committee
Chair: NRE
Members: GLs, Invited Experts
1. One of the subjects under the Ninth Malaysia Plan from Malaysiangovernment is the National Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) project which hasbeen administered to promote the use of LCA and to develop the NationalLife Cycle Inventory Database.
2. This study aims to introduce the concept of LCA and formulate MalaysianLCIA indicators.
3. The formulated indicators are then used to perform an LCA on CPOproduction including the stages of plantation, transport and milling. Theassessment will largely be based on general data and is thus meant tofunction as an indication of the environmental impacts posed by CPOproduction and as a guideline on how to perform an LCA on a palm oilscenario.
4. The Formulated Eco-Indicator 99 method with Malaysian databases in theLCA software SimaPro will being used for the impact calculations.
Study Objective
FORMULATION OF NORMALIZATION INDICATOR
The formulation of normalization values consists of steps below:
1.Refer to references of the total emissions and resource consumption inMalaysia for the reference period (2007).
2.Calculate the impact categories and the damage scores, using thecharacterization and damage factors provided by SIMAPRO 7.
The pollution emission data and resources usage for Malaysia will becollected for the estimation of normalization values.
1. The Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2008 from the Department ofEnvironmental (DOE) Malaysia, and
2. The report of Compendium of Environment Statistics 2008 (CES, 2006) fromDepartment of Statistic Malaysia.
3. The World Development Indicators 2008 (WDI, 2008) from the World Bank.4. Malaysia Minerals Year Book 2007, (MMYB, 2007) from Minerals and
Geoscience Department Malaysia.
These emission data and resources usage reported for year 2007.
FORMULATION OF NORMALIZATION INDICATOR
The procedure consists of three steps.
1.The development of online questionnaire. The respondents were asked togive weights to three damage categories of human health, ecosystem qualityand resources consumption
2.Send out the questionnaire to a number of respondents. These respondentsmust at least have a little knowledge on LCA studies in order to have moreaccurate results.
3.Analyze the results, and plotting it in to the weighting triangle developed by(Hofstetter, 1999) to produce the weighting value.
FORMULATION OF WEIGHTING INDICATOR
The questionnaire was distributed among the researches and practicingenvironmental engineers and some officers from government agency which wereall are LCA practitioners.
The mixing triangle developed by (Hofstetter, 1999) will be used to display theresult of the weighting values achieved by the respondents through thequestionnaire survey distributed. The weighting values are assigned as factors tothe damage categories of Human Health, Ecosystem Quality, and Human Health.
A total of 51 copies of online questionnaire survey results were collected fromvarious LCA practitioner and environmental experts across the country.
FORMULATION OF WEIGHTING INDICATOR
Plantation
Machinery
Artificial Fertilizer
Energy
Diesel/Elect.
Chemicals
NH3, HNO3,
SO2, H2PO4
Org. residues
Fronds, Old
Stems, EFB,
POME
Org. Fertilizer
FFB
Fronds
Old Stems
Emissions
To air: NO2, SO2,
Pesticide
To soil: N, P2O5
Pesticide
Diesel Emissions
PesticidesEnergy/
chemicals
Transport
Emissions
Land clearing and
plantation start-up
Sterilizer and
Stripper
EFB
Digester and
Screw Press
Clarification
Tank
Anaerobic
Digestion
Depericarper
Nut Cracker and
Dryer
Boiler/
Turbine
Fruitlets
Press Cake
COM
POME
CPO
Kernel
Shell
Nuts
Fibre
Biogas
Digested
POME
Electricity
Steam
Grid
Stack Emissions
80 kg
Construction of
buildings/machinery
Palm Kernel Oil
Mill Transport
Transport
RefiningTransportManufacturing of
Palm Oil Based
Products
Transport
Transport
Use
Disposal
Uncovered
Processes
Uncovered
Processes
Plantation
Processes
Transport
Processes
Mill
Processes
Diesel
Discharge to
waterways
Overview of system components
Inventory into SimaPro
Inventory Term used in SimaPro
All Materials (input) used for Planting, Growth, Harvest of Palm Oil.
Input
All the emission (Output) from Palm Oil Plantation
Output
Transport Diesel
Input into Palm Oli Mill Process Input-mill
Output from Palm Oli Mill Process Output-mill
Normalization and Weighting Values
Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H
Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H
Default Impact Assessment Results
Title: Comparing product stages
Method: Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H
Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill
Total Pt 25.195 1.832 7.417 56.331 265.207
Human Health Pt 7.566 0.507 0.284 6.561 29.940
Ecosystem Quality Pt 0.892 0.092 0.026 1.130 114.173
Resources Pt 16.737 1.233 7.107 48.640 121.094
Default Impact Assessment Results
Malaysian Impact Assessment Results
Title: Comparing product stages
Method: Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H
Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-millOutput-mill
Total Pt 29.901 2.295 5.323 50.763 912.658
Human Health Pt 12.808 0.859 0.481 11.107 50.682
Ecosystem Quality Pt 6.111 0.627 0.179 7.742 782.522
Resources Pt 10.982 0.809 4.663 31.915 79.454
Malaysian Impact Assessment Results
Impact Assessment Results – Comparison Between Default vs Malaysian Indicators
Title: Comparing product stages
Method: Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H
Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill
Total Pt 25.195 1.832 7.417 56.331 265.207
Human Health Pt 7.566 0.507 0.284 6.561 29.940
Ecosystem Quality Pt 0.892 0.092 0.026 1.130 114.173
Resources Pt 16.737 1.233 7.107 48.640 121.094
Title: Comparing product stages
Method: Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H
Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill
Total Pt 29.901 2.295 5.323 50.763 912.658
Human Health Pt 12.808 0.859 0.481 11.107 50.682
Ecosystem Quality Pt 6.111 0.627 0.179 7.742 782.522
Resources Pt 10.982 0.809 4.663 31.915 79.454
Title: Percentage of different comparing Malaysian version to European version
Method: Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H vs Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H
Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill
Total Pt 18.68% 25.30% -28.23% -9.88% 244.13%
Human Health Pt 69.28% 69.28% 69.28% 69.28% 69.28%
Ecosystem Quality Pt 585.38% 585.38% 585.38% 585.38% 585.38%
Resources Pt -34.39% -34.39% -34.39% -34.39% -34.39%
Discussion
1. Comparison among both results showed that the formulatedMalaysian values have higher results for most categories in termof points compared to default values. Damage on Eco-system arerated tremendously higher compared to default values, whereothers categories have small differences.
2. This is due to the fact that Malaysian indicator values are
normalized against much higher normalization value for
Human Health and Ecosystem Quality and lower value for
Resource Use.
Conclusion and Recommendation
This database will be useful in life cycle assessment studies conducted in the countryas then it would be more meaningful and representative of Malaysia scenario. Thisproject is the foundation support for the National Ecolabeling Programme which aimto fulfils the foreign legislation requirements that demand evidence on the controlmeasures taken to reduce environmental impact of products or services throughouttheir life cycle.
However, formulation of the inventory database alone will not be enough to
provide a comprehensive life cycle assessment study in assessing Malaysian
scenario. This is because the component of Life Cycle Impact Assessment
(LCIA) also play an important role in Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology
into identifying accurate and representative products impacts.
Conclusion and recommendation In this research, the Malaysian normalization and weighting values of Life Cycle ImpactAssessment (LCIA) were formulated using the Eco-indicator methodology in SimaPro 7.The formulated values best represents Malaysia’s environmental scenario by takinginto consideration of Malaysian environmental data.
Hence, LCA conducted will be more accurate, representative and meaningful inevaluating Malaysian environmental impacts.
This research is a milestone project towards the formulation of Life Cycle ImpactAssessment (LCIA) for Malaysia. This study could be recommended into the NationalLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) project, to enhance the formulation of National Life CycleInventory database.
Thank You for Your Kind Attention