ENHANCED NEMO PROTOCOL TO ACHIEVE

SEAMLESS HANDOFF

BY

SHAYLA ISLAM

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the

requirement for the degree of Master of Science

(Computer and Information Engineering)

Kulliyyah of Engineering

International Islamic University Malaysia

JUNE 2012

ii

ABSTRACT

In order to support mobile network, a management mechanism of Network Mobility

Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) has been standardized by Information

Engineering Task Force (IETF). NEMO BSP is an extension of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)

and inherits all the shortcomings like higher handoff latency, packet loss etc. As

Network Mobility (NEMO) is engagedto manage the movement of Mobile Router

(MR) and it’s Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) during handoff, it is very important to

improve the performance of mobility management protocol to achieve seamless

handoff with lower delay and packet loss in NEMO environment.The diversity of

location of different nodes and complexity of NEMO route optimization procedure

result in several rounds of signaling messages. Also longer time is required to

complete handoff process which may cause performance degradation of the

applications running on Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Additionally, when a

change in point of attachment of the mobile network is accompanied by a sudden burst

of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm" occurs and it ultimately results in temporary

congestion, handoffdelays, or even packet loss. This effect is especially noteworthy

for wireless environment where bandwidth is relatively limited. Therefore providing

uninterrupted Internet connection, applying route optimization and multihoming

technique in NEMOare becoming most significant areas for current researchers. In

case of Mobile IPv6 network, Fast Handover Scheme for Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

(FHMIPv6) works successfully as a host mobility solution. However,in NEMO

environment applying FHMIPv6 mechanism is a challenging task asboth MR and its

MNNs need to be considered. The aim of this research is to enhance mobility

management mechanisms in NEMO environment with the intention of establishing

uninterrupted Internet connectionduring handoff. It proposes a Macro Mobility

Scheme (MM-NEMO)in NEMO networkin order to achieve the seamless handoff.

This is achieved by integrating improved FHMIPv6 scheme with NEMO networks.

Theperformance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using both analyticaland

simulation approaches. The proposed scheme is benchmarked with the standard

NEMO BSP. The performance metrics used for analytical evaluation are location

update cost, packet delivery cost and cell residence time respectively. The analytical

result shows that the total handoff cost for the proposed scheme is lower than that of

NEMO-BSP. The simulation is done using Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation

result shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP in terms

of packet loss (less than 6%) and handoff latency(reduced to 42%).

iii

NEMO BSPMIPV6

NEMO BSPMIPV6FHMIPv6

NEMO BSPFHMIPv6

NS2

NEMO BSP

NEMO BSP6

24

iv

APPROVAL PAGE

I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion; it

conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate,

in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Computer

and Information Engineering.

……………………………………………

Aisha Hassan Abdallah

Supervisor

……………………………………………

Rashid A. Saeed

Co-Supervisor

I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion; it conforms to

acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and

quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Computer and

Information Engineering.

……………………………………………

Omer Mahmoud

Examiner (Internal)

……………………………………………

Azween Abdullah

Examiner (External)

This thesis was submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering and is accepted as a fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Master of Science in Computer and Information Engineering.

………………………………………………

Othman O. Khalifa

Head, Department of Electrical, and

Computer Engineering

This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Engineering and is accepted as a

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Computer

and Information Engineering.

……………………………………………

Amir Akramin Shafie

Dean, Kulliyyah of Engineering

v

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigation, except

where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or

concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degree at IIUM or other

institutions.

SHAYLA ISLAM

Signature: Date:

vi

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND

AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED

RESEARCH

Copyright © 2012 by International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved

ENHANCED NEMO PROTOCOL TO ACHIEVE SEAMLESS

HANDOFF

I hereby affirmed that The International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) holds

all right in the copyright of this work and henceforth any reproduction or use in

any form or by means of whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of

IIUM. No part of the unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the

copyright holder.

Affirmed by Shayla Islam

…………………………… …………………………

Signature Date

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I praise Almighty Allah for His guard and guidance on me throughout this

research work.

I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof.

Dr. Aisha-Hassan A.Hashim for her continuous supervision, support, and

encouragement for conducting my research work. I am especially grateful to my co-

supervisor, Dr. RashidA. Saeed, whose valuable suggestions and feedback on

numerous aspects of my research work have indeed enabled me to complete this

dissertation successfully.

I would like to express my appreciation to Prof. Dr. Farhat Anwar and Dr.

Omer Mahmoud for their insightful advice and comments on my research work. I

would like to extent my appreciation, respect and thanks to all of my lecturers in

Kulliyyah of Engineering.

This dissertation work has been supported by grants from RMC. I appreciate

the Research Management Centre (RMC) of International Islamic University

Malaysia.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii

Abstract in Arabic .......................................................................................................... iii

Approval Page ................................................................................................................ iv

Declaration Page ............................................................................................................ v

Copyright Page ............................................................................................................... vi

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ vii

List of Tables ................................................................................................................. xi

List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xii

List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xiv

List of Symbols .............................................................................................................. xvi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1

1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Statement and its Significance ........................................................ 3

1.3 Research Objectives ..................................................................................... 4

1.4 Research Methodology ................................................................................ 4

1.5 Research Scope ............................................................................................ 6

1.6 Dissertation Organization ............................................................................ 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 8

2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 8

2.2 IP Mobility .................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1 Host Mobility .......................................................................................... 9

2.2.1.1 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 ............................................................. 11

2.2.1.2 Fast handoff for Mobile IPv6 ....................................................... 13

2.2.1.3 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 with Fast handoff ................................ 15

2.2.1.4 Improved Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 with Fast handoff ............... 17

2.2.2 Network Mobility .................................................................................... 18

2.2.2.1 NEMO Basic Support Protocol ..................................................... 19

2.2.2.2 Handoff Analysis in NEMO BSP ................................................. 21

2.3 Related Work in NEMO ............................................................................... 22

2.4 Issues in NEMOEnvironment ...................................................................... 41

2.4.1 Sub Optimal Routing ............................................................................. 41

2.4.2 Extra Signaling Overhead ...................................................................... 41

2.4.3 Seamless Mobility and Transparency .................................................... 42

2.4.4 Multi-homed Network ........................................................................... 42

2.5 Summary ...................................................................................................... 42

ix

CHAPTER3: DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED MACRO MOBILITY

SCHEME FOR NEMO ENVIRONMENT ................................... …44

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... …44

3.2 Limitations of NEMO BSP Handoff Mechanism .......................................... …45

3.3 Overview the Proposed MM-NEMO Scheme ............................................... …48

3.4 Operation of MM-NEMO Scheme ................................................................ …51

3.4.1Expanded Message for Proposed Scheme ................................................ …57

3.4.2 The Serving Mobile Router (SMR) Operation ........................................ …59

3.4.3 Map Operations ....................................................................................... …60

3.4.4 Home Agent (HA) Operations ................................................................. …61

3.4.5 Correspondent Node (CN) Operations ..................................................... …61

3.5 Design Consideration ...................................................................................... …62

3.6 Summary ......................................................................................................... …63

CHAPTER4: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED

MACRO MOBILITY SCHEME ..................................................... …64

4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. …64

4.2 Analytical Evaluation ................................................................................... ....64

4.2.1 Performance Metrics .......................................................................... …64

4.2.1.1 Delay during Handoff ............................................................... …65

4.2.1.2 Location Update Cost ................................................................ …65

4.2.1.3 Packet Delivery Cost ................................................................. …65

4.2.2 Notations of MM-NEMO Scheme ..................................................... …66

4.2.3 Total Handoff Cost in MM-NEMO Scheme ...................................... ....66

4.2.3.1 Location Update Cost ................................................................ …67

4.2.3.2 Packet Delivery Cost ................................................................. …70

4.2.3.3 Total Handoff Cost .................................................................... …72

4.2.4 Discussion of Results ......................................................................... …72

4.2.4.1 Location Update Cost ............................................................... …74

4.2.4.2 Total Packet Delivery Cost for Different SMR ....................... …75

4.2.4.3 Total Handoff Cost for different SMR .................................... …76

4.2.4.4 Total Handoff Cost for different Cell Residence Time ........... …78

4.2.4.5 Total Packet Delivery Cost ....................................................... …79

4.2.4.6 Ratio of Total Handoff Cost for different SMR ...................... …81

4.2.4.7 Ratio of total handoff cost ........................................................ …82

4.3 Simulation Evaluation .................................................................................. …83

4.3.1 Simulation Environment ......................................................................... …85

4.3.2 Performance Metrics ............................................................................... …86

4.3.2.1 Delay during Handoff .................................................................... …86

4.3.2.2 Packet Loss .................................................................................... …87

4.3.3 Result Analysis ........................................................................................ …87

4.3.3.1 Handoff Latency ............................................................................. …87

4.3.3.2 Packet Loss ..................................................................................... …88

4.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... …89

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................ …90

5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................... …90

5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................... …92

x

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ …94

PUBLICATIONS ......................................................................................................... …99

APPENDIX ................................................................................................................... …101

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

2.1 Summary of the related handoff schemes 38

3.1 Inner and Outer IP header of MM-NEMO and NEMO BSP 56

4.1 Notations of MM-NEMO scheme 66

4.2 System parameters that used for numerical analysis 73

4.3 System parameters that used for simulation 86

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page No.

1.1 Flowchart of the research flow diagram 5

1.2 Flowchart of the research scope 6

2.1 Difference between host mobility and network mobility 9

2.2 Handoff procedure of mobile IPv6 11

2.3 Handoff scenario of hierarchical mobile IPv6 13

2.4 Basic operation of fast handoff for host mobility 15

2.5 FHMIPv6 handoff operation in host mobility 17

2.6 Improved FHMIPv6 handoff operation in host mobility 18

2.7 Basic components of NEMO BSP 21

2.8 The layer 3 handoff procedure in NEMO BSP 22

2.9 Mobility management in nested mobile network 24

2.10 Pre registration concept flow 26

2.11 Seamless handoff concept flow 26

2.12 Packet loss ratio of multi-hommed based scheme 29

2.13 Service disruption time of multi-hommed based scheme 29

2.14 Handoff latency vs. number of hops in CSHS 30

2.15 Packet loss vs. number of hops in CSHS 30

2.16 Packet loss ratio vs. moving speed 32

2.17 Fast handoff failure scenario in NEMO and MIPv6 33

3.1 Handoff components in NEMO environment 46

3.2 Home registration procedure of MR in NEMO BSP 47

xiii

3.3 Handoff delay of NEMO BSP 48

3.4 Different applications scenario in NEMO environment 49

3.5 Flowchart of the proposed architecture 51

3.6 Proposed macro mobility architecture in NEMO Network 53

3.7 Handoff procedure of the proposed MM-NEMO scheme 55

3.8 Proposed micro mobility architecture in NEMO environment 57

3.9 Router solicitation proxy message with FBU Option 58

3.10 Mobile network prefix option format in NEMO 59

4.1 Architecture of the proposed macro mobility scheme in NEMO 67

4.2 Timing diagram of the proposed macro mobility scheme 70

4.3 Location update cost vs. number of the SMR 74

4.4 Location update cost vs. number of the SMR with cell residence time 75

4.5 Total packet delivery cost vs. number of SMR 76

4.6 Comparison of total handoff cost with different SMR 77

4.7 Comparison of total handoff cost with cell residence time and SMR 78

4.8 Comparison of total handoff cost with different cell residence time 79

4.9 Total packet delivery cost vs. packet arrival rate 80

4.10 Total packet delivery cost vs. packet arrival rate with different SMR 81

4.11 Cost ratio of total handoff cost for different number of SMR 82

4.12 Cost ratio of total handoff cost for different cell residence time 83

4.13 Basic topology of a mobile network in NS2 85

4.14 Simulation network topology in proposed scheme 85

4.15 Handoff latency for different velocity 88

4.16 Packet loss of the proposed scheme 89

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACK Acknowledgement Message

AP Access Point

AR Access Router

BS Base Station

BAck Binding Acknowledgement

BU Binding Update

CoA Care of Address

CN Correspondence Node

CMAP Current Mobile Anchor Point

NMAP New Mobile Anchor Point

DAD Duplicate Address Detection

FLBAck Fast Local Binding Acknowledgement

FLBU Fast Local Binding Update

FNA Fast Neighbour Advertisement

FMIPv6 Fast Mobile IPv6

HMIPv6 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

FHMIPv6 Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

IFHMIPv6 Improved Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

NEMO BSP Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

IP Internet Protocol

IRtSolPr Improved Router Solicitation Proxy

HAMR Home Agent of Mobile Router

Hack Handover Acknowledgement

HI Handover Initiation

HA Home Agent

LFNs Local Fixed Nodes

L2 Layer Two

LMN Local Mobile Node

LCoA Local Care of Address

LFN Local Fixed Node

PAN Personal Area Network

NEMO Network Mobility

MR Mobile Router

MIT Map Information Table

MD Movement Detection

MAP Mobility Anchor Point

xv

MIPv6 Mobile IPv6

TCL Tool Command Language

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

RR Return Route Ability

RA Router Advertisement

RtSolPr Router Solicitation Proxy message

RCoA Regional Care of Address

RE Registration

VMN Visiting Mobile Node

xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Number of the Serving Mobile Router

Number of Correspondents node

Number of MAP

Signaling message for micro mobility

Signaling message for macro mobility

Total number of subnets

Session arrival rate

File size which is transferred at per session

P The maximum transmission unit of the path between CN and

MR. Each location database look up cost

Processing cost at MAP and Home agent of the SMR

Signaling cost of each message via wireless link

Signaling cost of each message via wired link

The Probability of the SMR to perform the macro mobility

location updates The cell residence time of the SMR

Packet arrival rate per second

X The number message via wireless in macro mobility

environment Y The number message via wired in macro mobility environment

x The number message via wireless in micro mobility environment

y The number message via wired in micro mobility environment

1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Presently the mobility support of entire network is one of the principal research issues

for current IP (Internet Protocol) backbone. This is because the existing technology is

not designed to handle mobility due to IP’s location-based addressing method where

IP addresses are joined to geographical areas (Perera E., Sivaraman V., and

Seneviratne A., 2004). The host moving among networks in different geographical

areas intends to achieve a new IP address and for that reason, communication may

become ineffective while maintaining reachability and session continuity. Therefore,

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has designed solutions to overcome the

inefficiency of current IP addressing to support host based mobility (Johnson D.,

Perkins C., and Arkko J., 2004). However, Mobile IPv6 is not able to handle the

mobility of an entire network properly, since mobile network introduces much more

complex mobility scenarios than host mobility. Hence, the NEMO Basic Support

Protocol (NEMO BSP) has been proposed by the Network Mobility (NEMO) working

group (Devarapalli V., Wakikawa R., et al., 2005). Simplicity is the most important

feature of this protocol since it is a logical extension of the MIPv6 operation. The

main purpose of NEMO BSP is to provide seamless connectivity of the whole mobile

network (Ernst T., 2007). There are mainly two major entities in NEMO which are -

Mobile Routers (MRs) and Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) (Ernst T., Lach H.,

2007).

2

In NEMO network, handoff is the process in which MR needs to change its

point of attachment to the network when it moves from one network to another new

network. Usually during handoff, firstly the MR needs to be disconnected from the old

network and then it gets connected to a new network. Thus, there is a possibility to

lose the connectivity from the Internet as well as its Home Agent (HA) and

Correspondent Nodes (CNs) (Yoo S., Choi S., and Su D., 2009). During this time, it

becomes difficult to send or receive any data packets which results in packet loss and

delay. Accordingly, for real time applications (e.g. VoIP and audio/video streaming)

that depend on timely packet delivery within certain acceptable thresholds will be

sensitive to the length of time a MR loses connectivity while performing handoff. In

case of this type of applications seamless handoff is generally expected which

includes both features i.e. smooth (no or very little packet loss) as well as fast (low

delay) handoff. But in accordance with NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP),

only one primary Care of Address (CoA) of Mobile Router (MR) can be registered

with HA, which affects the handoff performance resulting packet loss and delay (Chen

X., Zhang H., et al., 2010). Moreover, there are some other mobility issues which

include sub optimal routing, multihomed mobile networks, route optimization as well

as security issues (Ernst T., 2007).

In host based mobility (mainly MIPv6 and its enhancements), Layer 3 handoff

becomes active when the mobile host changes its point of attachment from one

domain to another domain. Different enhancements of mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6,

FMIPv6, FHMIPv6) have already been standardized to reduce handoff delay (Jung H.,

et al., 2005). The main purpose of Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is to decrease

the frequency and latency of location updates caused by Mobile Node (MN) mobility

(Soliman H., Castelluccia C., et al., 2005) where as the Fast MIPv6 (FMIPv6) can

3

reduce the handoff latency and packet loss during handoff of Mobile Node (MN)

through providing all the necessary information of next Access Router (AR) for layer

3 handoff before going to the part of it’s subnet (Koodli R., et al., 2005). In order to

further reduce signaling overhead and packet loss, HMIPv6 and FMIPv6 jointly works

as Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6) (Jung H., et al., 2005), (Chen-wen W.,

Ping W., 2009). However, in NEMO environment if these mechanisms are integrated

then MN and MRs perform different IP layer handoff. Therefore, it is necessary to

apply some mechanisms that can adapt HMIPv6 and FMIPv6 jointly in order to

achieve seamless handoff for MRs with its attached nodes in NEMO network.

The following sections describe the problem statement induced by mobility,

objectives, methodology and the scope of the dissertation.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

With current NEMO Basic Support protocol, all communications to/from the mobile

network must go through the tunnel between Mobile Router (MR) and it’s Home

Agent (HA). This results in extra overhead and high delays. Moreover, with nested

mobile networks, the problem increases with each nested level. Outbound packets

must go through the Home Agents (HAs) of all MRs of higher levels before reaching

their destination. NEMO BSP is an upgraded addition to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). As

MIPv6 possesses some limitations like higher handoff latency, packet loss, NEMO

BSP also faces all these shortcomings by inheritance. As Network Mobility (NEMO)

is involved to handle the movement of Mobile Router (MR) and it’s Mobile Network

Nodes (MNNs) during handoff, hence it is essential to upgrade the performance of

mobility management protocol to obtain seamless handoff with lower delay and

packet loss in NEMO environment. The diversity of location of various nodes and

4

complexity of NEMO route optimization procedure causes several rounds of signaling

messages. In addition to that the completion of handoff process usually takes longer

period that may cause performance degradation of the applications running on Mobile

Network Nodes. Moreover, when a change in point of attachment of the mobile

network is accompanied by a sudden burst of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm"

occurs which eventually results in temporary congestion, packet delays or even packet

loss. This effect is particularly significant for wireless environment where bandwidth

is relatively limited. Hence connecting continuous Internet connection without any

interruption, employing route optimization mechanism and multihoming technique in

NEMO are becoming the centre of attention to the current researchers.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this dissertation is to enhance NEMO based protocol to achieve

seamless handoff. The detailed objectives are to:

I. Develop a scheme to address NEMO protocols limitations in order to

achieve seamless handoff. Special focus is given to Macro Mobility

environment.

II. Evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme and Benchmark it with

the standard NEMO BSP

1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In order to achieve the above-stated objectives, the following approach is to be

followed:

a) Review of relevant literature on Network Mobility Management Protocol

b) Investigate the design issues of NEMO based protocol from literature

review in order to have a good understanding of the relative advantages

and shortcomings of these networks, algorithms and protocols.

5

c) Design and implementation of the propose protocol by proposing an

enhanced protocol in order to come out with an extension to the current

protocol that ensure seamless mobility.

d) Identification and selection of the most suitable Network Simulator (NS-

2).

e) Evaluation of the proposed protocol and selection of the performance

metrics

f) Documentation and report preparation

g) Publication of the research findings.

The Figure 1.1 summarizes the research steps are:

Figure 1.1: Flowchart of the research flow diagram

6

1.5 RESEARCH SCOPE

The focus of this research is to develop a mobility management protocol to achieve

seamless mobility. It is assumed that the network support HMIPV6. The flow on the

study begins with Mobility and includes the standard extensions that aim to address

the limitations of mobility management protocol as shown in Figure 1.2. Special

attention is given to macro mobility in NEMO environment.

Figure 1.2: Flowchart of the research scope

1.6 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION

This dissertation is organized as follows:

Chapter one consists of brief idea on host mobility and network mobility. Then it

wrapped up the problem statement induced by mobility, objectives, research approach

and scope. Chapter two presents an overview of the IP mobility with the advantages

7

and limitations. It continues the discussion and analysis of current handoff related

works in NEMO environment as well as FHMIPv6 framework. Chapter three

discusses the proposed macro mobility scheme in details to overcome the handoff

related problems. It highlights the limitations of the NEMO BSP handoff mechanism.

Then overview of the proposed macro mobility scheme in NEMO environment (MM-

NEMO) is presented. The detailed operation of MM-NEMO is discussed and ends

with highlighting some design consideration followed by the chapter summary.

Chapter four highlights the results analysis. Sums up the dissertation with a

conclusion as well as some recommendation for future work in chapter five.

8

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

With the aim of providing seamless handoff in NEMO network, this chapter presents

the literature review based on the current state of technology. Firstly, the existing

Mobile IP (Johnson D., Perkins C., et al., 2004) with its enhancements are briefly

introduced. Subsequently, the drawbacks of Mobile IP (MIP) for NEMO network are

highlighted and the details of a probable solution i.e., Network Mobility Basic Support

Protocol (NEMO BSP) (Devarapalli V., Wakikawa R., et al., 2005) is presented.

Moreover the related works on NEMO BSP handoff process are discussed in depth.

Lastly, this chapter present important issues that involved in supporting seamless

Internet connectivity in NEMO network followed by the summary.

2.2 IP MOBILITY

The IP mobility mechanisms are classified into two categories mainly host mobility

(i.e., MIPV6 with its enhancements are mainly HMIPv6, FMIPv6, FHMIPv6) as well

as the network mobility (i.e., NEMO BSP) (Perera E., Sivaraman V., and Seneviratne

A., 2004). In host mobility, MIPv6 allows Mobile Node (MN) to facilitate transparent

movement during handoff from one network to another. In mobile networks, NEMO

has been developed to provide an uninterrupted access to the internet when the Mobile

Router (MR) or Mobile Node (MN) change it’s point of attachment (Devarapalli V.,

Wakikawa R., et al., 2005). The comparison between host mobility and network

mobility are shown in Figure 2.1.