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ReThinking Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal James Barnard Patrick Dunlap 13 July 2018 Looking for a different photo? Click “view slide show” and click this link to access the Black & Veatch Digital Gallery. If you need to create an account, use code bvphotos09.

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Page 1: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Re‐Thinking Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal

James BarnardPatrick Dunlap

13 July 2018

Looking for a different photo?  Click “view slide show” and click this link to access the Black & Veatch Digital Gallery.If you need to create an account, use code bvphotos09.

Page 2: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Bardenpho Pilot Plant 1972

The purpose of the dead zone was to allow relative adjustments to the  other zones  

100 m3/d

Page 3: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Some early observations… Pilot Plant

Barnard 100 m3/d pilot 1972

• Fermenter resulted from basin configuration and not deemed important

• Excellent phosphorus removal resulted

• Phosphorus profile shown in ellipses

• Performance could not be replicated in laboratory 

• Barnard suggested organisms (PAO) should pass through anaerobic phase with low ORP which triggered EBPR

• Suggested Phoredox process by adding an anaerobic zone up front

Page 4: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Concept of passing all PE through AN Zone Become standard with early designs

These were followed by others such as UCT, JHB & Westbank

Page 5: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

FirstAcinetobacterandthenAccumulibacteridentifiedasPAO

VFA from Fermenters

Page 6: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Westbank Process Incorporated a Fermenter(While also allowing for Primary Effluent bypass around the Anaerobic Zone) (Knight & Piesold, 1984)

TN   <  6 mg/ℓ BOD   < 5 mg/ℓ TSS     < 2 mg/ℓ TP < 0.15 mg/ℓMixing energy 0.15 hp/kcf 

X

Page 7: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Westside Regional WWTP

Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3 Aerobic 1 Aerobic 2 Aerobic 35.36 20.56 2.20 1.84 1.60 0.50 0.20 0.03Bioreactor Profile

Phosphorus by Zone

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Prim

ary

Anaerob

Anoxic 1

Anoxic 2

Anoxic 3

Aerobic 1

Aerobic 2

Aerobic 3

Phosph

orus

mg/L

Note P uptake in Anoxic Zone

Tetrasphaera‐like PAO can denitrify and uptake P under anoxic conditions

Page 8: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

South Cary, NC

4Q

AX

AN

AER

Ferment

AX

AX

AEREffluent

WAS

Influent

Bardenpho plant

RAS Fermentation

Stroud, R and Martin, C. (2001) South Carey Water Reclamation Facility’s Nutrient Removal Modifications and Reduction Success, Town of Carey, NC, Proceedings of WEFTEC2001

Based on Lamb Patent (1994) to ferment some RAS to provide VFA for PAO 

Page 9: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Charlotte NC (CNC) Process

• Experiment at McDowell Creek

• Worked in summer but not well in winter

• Probable cause – over‐mixing at 20 W/m3 (0.75 hp/kcf)

9

WASFermenter

Primary Effluent

VFA

Anoxic Aeration

Page 10: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

RAS Fermentation

Stokholm‐Bjerregaard (2015)

• In mid 90s the RAS Fermentation process was developed 

• Fraction of RAS, long fermenter HRT, no supplemental carbon

• Now >60 of these processes worldwide, mostly in Denmark

• Recent patent by Kruger comes out of this tradition

Page 11: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Carousel Plant Henderson NV60 ML/d – Upgraded to BNR

Ortho-P for May 2010

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Phos

phor

us (m

g/L)

ANA Eft SPS SCC Final Eft

Switching off a mixer in the anaerobic zone resulted in In‐plant Fermentation

Page 12: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Experiment at Metro Denver

Cavanaugh, L., Carson, K., Lynch, C., Phillips, H., Barnard, J. and McQuarrie, J. (2012) A Small Footprint Approach for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal: Results from a 106 mgd Full‐Scale Demonstration. Proceedings of the 85th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, New Orleans, LA, October 2012. 

ItemTotal plant flow 100 mgdTotal RAS flow 104 mgdRAS to Fermenter 24 mgdTotal Ferm. volume 1.36 mgdHRT 1.25 hAnaerobic SRT  1 dayGR. Th. Overflow   5.4 mgdORP end of Fermenter

‐230mV

RbCOD in GTO 320 mg/L Mixing energy  0.08 hp/kcf

Page 13: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Phosphorus Removal by RAS Fermentation – Metro Denver

0

5

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15

20

25

0.0

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1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

10/4/201

1

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1

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10/10/20

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mg‐TSS/L

mg‐P/L

NSEC Effluent TP

NSEC Effluent PO4‐P

NSEC Effluent TSS

Cavanaugh, L., Carson, K., Lynch, C., Phillips, H., Barnard, J. and McQuarrie, J. (2012) A Small Footprint Approach for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal: Results from a 106 mgd Full‐Scale Demonstration. Proceedings of the 85th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, New Orleans, LA, October 2012. 

Page 14: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Why Conventional EBPR selected for Accumulibacter 

Accumulibacter species don’t ferment ‐ need supply acetic & propionic acid?

short anaerobic residence time

relatively weak anaerobic conditions (ORP > ‐150 mV) 

due to nitrates in RAS and DO concentrations in primary effluent 

Many AN zones are over‐mixed: 

surface agitation and DO entrainment prevents deeper anaerobic conditions 

Standard mixing energy  20 W/m3 (0.75 hp/kcf)

When 2 W/m3 (0.08 hp/kcf) is adequate (huge saving in energy) and does not entrain air

Too much primary effluent low in VFA and high in DO going to AN zone, thus reducing AN SRT and raise ORP 14

Page 15: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Deeper Anaerobic Zones Select for Fermenting PAO’s

Advantages of PAOs like Tetrasphaera that can ferment :

ferment glucose and amino acids and other higher carbon forms and store phosphorus 

produce VFA that allow a population of Accumulibacter to grow alongside them, and

can denitrify and uptake P under anoxic conditions 

Completely independent of wastewater characteristics 

It would appear an ORP of less than < ‐250 mV is needed to select for Fermenting PAOs

Longer AN SRT (1.5 to 2.0 days) for fermenting RAS or mixed liquor 

Can be achieved when passing primary effluent to anoxic zone

Use PS fermentate when available to reduce required SRT 

Reduce dilution by limiting RAS to fermenter to between 10 and 20%

Reduce mixing energy to less than 2 W/m3 (0.08 hp/kcf) for top entry mixers15

Page 16: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

16

Examples of S2EBPR Processes(As classified by WERF S2EBPR Project)

Page 17: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

1.5dto2dSRTforRASonly8to12hwhenfeedingfermentate

POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF RAS FERMENTATION

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OHO Other heterotrophsFAC Facultative bacteriaTSA Tetrasphaera ACC Accumulibacter 

Gravity thickener overflow 

ACC

OHOHy

droly

sis

FAC

TSA

VFA

P

RAS (10%)

RbCOD

Hydr

olysis

Page 18: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

And the latest  ‐ Wakarusa KS

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On‐line April, 20182 mgd – no primaries Side‐stream mixed liquor fermentation Eventually – BardenphoEBPR kicked in May 20, 2018 

Page 19: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

Conversion of McAlpine, Charlotte to S2EBPR 

Nitrate reduction may not be required

• Reverse flow of one or two basins

• Convert to S2EBPR 

• 10 to 20% of RAS

• Add GTE to Fermenter

• Increase RAS to anoxic zones

19

AN

Feed

Possible Future Ae

ratio

n

Pilot D

emo

RAS

FC

Keep one Pass asAnaerobic or Construct New UnitSplitter

Box

Gravity Thickeners

Existin

g aeratio

n ba

sins

Gravity thickener overflow 

Existin

g an

aerobic 

zone

s

Page 20: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

•Undisputable benefit of S2EBPR •Independent of wastewater characteristics•Easily retro‐fitted to existing plants•PAOs need anaerobic conditions (<‐250 mV ORP)•Reduce mixing energy to avoid air entrainment•Reliable removal to lower than 0.1 mg/L P•Modeling catching up

Take home Message

Page 21: Enhanced Biological · Click “view slide show” and click this link to access ... Westside Regional WWTP Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3Aerobic 1Aerobic 2Aerobic 3 5.36

QUESTIONS ?

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