english rewiew

8/12/2019 English Rewiew

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English rewiew

Simple present tense with 'be'

The verb 'be' is different from the other verbs in this tense. Let's look at 'be' first:

Here's the positive form (positive means a normal sentence, not a negative or a

qestion. This is sometimes called 'affirmative'!

"ositive "ositive #hort $orm

% am %&m

o)e The* are o&re

Hesheit is He&s

+et, here's the negative. %t's ver* eas*. o onl* add 'not'.

% am not %&m not

o we the* are not o aren&t

He she it is not He isn&t

-nd finall* let's talk abot the qestion form of the present simple with 'be'.

$irstl*, here's the '*es no' qestion form:

es +o estions

am % /

are *o are we are the* /

is he is she is it /

%f *o'd like to make a 'wh' qestion, *o 0st pt the qestion word at the front:

)h estions

)herewhatwh*whowhenhow am % / is she/ -re the*/

Present simple tense with other all verbs

The positive is reall* eas*. %t's 0st the verb with an etra 's' if the sb0ect is 'he', 'she', or 'it'. Let's

take the verb 'pla*' as an eample:

"ositive (of 'pla*'!

% pla*

*o pla*

he pla*s

1on't forget the 's'2 Even reall* advanced stdents do this2


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do *o pla* /

does he pla* /

5st like with 'be', if *o'd like to make a 'wh' qestion, *o 0st pt the qestion word at the

front:

)h estions

where do % pla* /

what do *o pla* /

wh* does he pla* /

When Should I Use The Present Simple Tense?

6: $irst, we se the "resent #imple when something is generall* tre:

a! The sn rises in the east.

b! "eople need food.

c! %t snows in winter.

7: #econdl*, we need to se this tense for a sitation that we think is more or less permanent

(see the present continos for a temporar* sitation 8 one which we think won't last long!:

a! )here do *o live/

b! #he works in a bank.

c! The* love coffee.

9: The net se is for habits or things that we do reglarl*. )e often se adverbs of freqenc* in

this case (also see the present continos for new, temporar* or anno*ing habits!:

a! 1o *o smoke/

b! % pla* tennis ever* Tesda*.

c! )e often go to the cinema.

: $or, we se the #imple "resent to talk abot what happens in books, pla*s, or films:

a! The hero dies at the end of the film.

b! - *ong woman travels throgh Erope, where she meets different people, and finall*

falls in love.

;: )e se it in the first and the sall*, the timetable is fied b* an

organisation, not b* s:

a! #chool begins at nine tomorrow.

b! ?r train leaves at eleven.


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c! )hat time does the film start/

@: )e also se it to talk abot the ftre after words like ' 'when', 'ntil', 'after', 'before' and 'as

soon as' in a ftre sentence:

d! % will call *o when % have time. (+ot: 'will have'!

e! % won't go ot ntil it stops raining.

f! #he'll come as soon as her bab*sitter arrives.

A: )e need to se this simple tense with some special verbs which we don't se in continos

tenses (stative verbs!. Blick here for more information abot stative verbs:

a! This sop tastes great.

b! o look fablos.

)ith the present simple, we often se adverbs of freqenc* to sa* 'how often' we do

something. Here's a list of common adverbs:

alwa*s

freqentl*

generall*

hardl* ever

infreqentl*

never

normall*

occasionall*

often

rarel*

reglarl*

seldom

sometimes

sall*

)e sall* pt these adverbs in the middle of the sentence, between the sb0ect and the verb:

% often go to the cinema.

#he sometimes visits me at home.

)e sall* drink coffee.

)e can also pt them at the ver* beginning or end of the sentence. This makes them stronger:

?ften % go to the cinema.

% go to the cinema often.

4t never: % go often to the cinema.

Here are some other epressions we can se to sa* 'how often'. -ll of these longer phrases go

at the beginning or the end of the sentence bt not in the middle.

once in a while: % go to the cinema once in a while.

ever* now and again: #he drinks wine ever* now and again.

from time to time: $rom time to time % visit m* mother.


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To sa* how often something happens, *o can se a nmber or 'several' or 'man*', followed b*

'times'.( %f the nmber is one, se 'once' instead of 'one time'. %f the nmber is two se 'twice,'

instead of 'two times'! Then add 'a' and a period of time:

% go to the cinema twice a week.

#he takes these tablets three times a da*.

% change the sheets once a fortnight (fortnight C two weeks!.

% meet him several times a *ear.

% visit m* parents once a month.

)e can also se 'ever*' D period of time:

ever* morning

ever* da*

ever* Tesda*

ever* week

ever* month

- da* of the week with 's' at the end (for eample 'on Tesda*s'! means the same as 'ever*

Tesda*':

% take a dance class on )ednesda*s.

% rela on #atrda*s.

Stative verbs: verbs who call about a state( emocion) not about action. The stative verbs

arent used in the continuous tense ( present!past!"utureper"ect continuous: Im wor#in$%

I was Wor#in$% I have been wor#in$). &ont add in$ on them.

Stative (or State) erb ist

li#e #now belon$

love realise "it

hate suppose contain

want mean consist

need understand seem

pre"er believe depend

a$ree remember matter

mind reco$nise see

own appear loo# (seem)

sound taste smell

hear astonish den*

disa$ree please impress


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satis"* promise surprise

doubt thin# (have an opinion) "eel (have an opinion)

wish ima$ine concern

disli#e be have

deserve involve include

lac# measure (have len$th etc) possess

owe wei$h (have wei$ht)

E: 5lie likes flowers not 5lie liking flowers.

The +ero ,onditional

)e can make a


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The second conditional ses the past simple after if, then 'wold' and the infinitive:

if D past simple, ...wold D infinitive

()e can se 'were' instead of 'was' with '%' and 'hesheit'. This is mostl* done in formal writing!.

%t has two ses.

First, we can se it to talk abot things in the ftre that are probabl* not going to be tre.

Fa*be %'m imagining some dream for eample.

%f % won the lotter*, % wold b* a big hose.(% probabl* won't win the lotter*!

%f % met the een of England, % wold sa* hello.

#he wold travel all over the world if she were rich.

Second, we can se it to talk abot something in the present which is impossible, becase it's

not tre. %s that clear/ Have a look at the eamples:

%f % had his nmber, % wold call him. (% don't have his nmber now, so it's impossible for me to

call him!.

%f % were *o, % woldn't go ot with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional/

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional becase this is a lot more

nlikel*.

$or eample (second conditional!: %f % had enogh mone* % wold b* a hose with twent*

bedrooms and a swimming pool (%'m probabl* not going to have this mch mone*, it's 0st a

dream, not ver* real!

4t (first conditional!: %f % have enogh mone*, %'ll b* some new shoes (%t's mch more likel*

that'll have enogh mone* to b* some shoes!

-irst vs. +ero ,onditional:

The first conditional describes a particlar sitation, whereas the


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4t (second conditional!: %f she stdied harder, she wold pass the eam (% think that she won't

std* harder, or it's ver* nlikel*, and so she won't pass!

The Third ,onditional

)e make the third conditional b* sing the past perfect after 'if' and then 'wold have' and the

past participle in the second part of the sentence:

if D past perfect, ...wold D have D past participle

%t talks abot the past. %t's sed to describe a sitation that didn't happen, and to imagine the

reslt of this sitation.

%f she had stdied, she wold have passed the eam (bt, reall* we know she didn't std* and

so she didn't pass!

%f % hadn't eaten so mch, % woldn't have felt sick (bt % did eat a lot, and so % did feel sick!.

%f we had taken a tai, we woldn't have missed the plane.

Present ,ontinuous

How to make the "resent Bontinos Tense: )e make it sing the present simple of 'be' D

verb8ing:


% am sleeping %'m sleeping

*o are sleeping *o're sleeping

)e made the qestion with 'be' in the present simple, here we also pt 'am', 'is', or 'are'before the sb0ect to make a '*es no' qestion:

es +o estions

am % eating chocolate /

are *o std*ing now /

$or 'wh' qestions, 0st pt the qestion word at the front:

)h estions

)h* am % eating chocolate /

)hat are *o std*ing now /

Uses o" the present continuous:

6: $irst, we se it for things that are happening at the moment of speaking.

a! %'m working at the moment.

b! "lease call back as we are eating dinner now.

7: )e can also se this tense for temporar* sitations, when we feel something won't continefor a long time.


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a! #he's sta*ing with her friend for a week.

b! %'m living in London for a few months.

9: )e can se the present continos for habits bt the* have to be temporar* or new habits

(for normal habits that contine for a long time, we se the present simple!.

a! He's eating a lot these da*s.

b! #he's swimming ever* morning (she didn't se to do this!.

: -nother present continos se is for anno*ing habits, when we want to show that something

happens too often and we don't like it. %n this case we sall* se an adverb like 'alwa*s',

'forever' or 'constantl*'.

a! o're alwa*s losing *or ke*s2

b! #he's constantl* missing the train.

c! He's alwa*s sleeping in.

d! The*'re forever being late.

;: The net se is for definite ftre arrangements (with a ftre time word!. %n this case we

have alread* made a plan and we are prett* sre that the event will happen in the ftre.

a! %'m meeting m* father tomorrow.

b! )e're going to the beach at the weekend.

c! %'m leaving at three.

=: $inall* we se this tense to talk abot a sitation which is slowl* changing.

a! %'m getting better at pla*ing the piano.

b! The weather is improving.

The Present Per"ect Simple Tense

To make the positive present perfect tense, se:

'have' 'has' D the past participle

Fake the past participle b* adding 'ed' to reglar verbs (for eample, 'pla*' becomes

'pla*ed'!

There are a few verbs that change their spelling when *o add 'ed' (for eample, 'std*'

becomes 'stdied'!

)e also have some completel* irreglar verbs

(-lso, here's some help if *o are not sre how to prononce '8ed' at the end of a verb!.


% have pla*ed %'ve pla*ed


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*o have worked *o've worked

he has written he's written

The negative is reall* simple too. 5st pt 'not' after 'have' or 'has':

+egative +egative #hort $orm

% have not eaten breakfast toda* % haven't eaten

*o have not been to -sia *o haven't been

he has not seen the new film he hasn't seen

To make a qestion, pt 'have' or 'has' in front of the sb0ect:

'es +o' estions

have % missed the bs/

have *o visited London/

has he worked as a waiter before/

has she met 5ohn/

-s *o can imagine, for 'wh' qestions, we 0st pt the qestion word before 'have' or 'has':

')h' estions

where have % left m* mbrella/

what have *o done toda*/

wh* has he gone alread*/

ow to use the present per"ect tense

)e se this tense for nfinished and finished actions:

>nfinished -ctions

)e se this tense when we want to talk abot nfinished actions that started in the past and

contine to the present. >sall* we se it to sa* 'how long' an action or state has contined

with 'since' and 'for'. ?ften, we se stative verbs in this sitation:

a! %'ve known aren since 6II.

b! #he's lived in London for three *ears.

'#ince' and '$or'

)e se 'since' with a fied time in the past (7, -pril 79rd, last *ear, two hors ago!. The

fied time can be another action, indicated with the past simple (since % was at school, since %

arrived!:

a! %'ve known #am since 6II7.

b! %'ve liked chocolate since % was a child.


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c! #he's been here since 7pm.

)e se 'for' with a period of time (7 hors, three *ears, si months!:

a! %'ve known 5lie for ten *ears.

b! %'ve been hngr* for hors.

$inished -ctions

6: Life eperience

(we don't sa* when the eperience happened, 0st sometime in the past!

a! % have been to Tok*o.

b! #he has lived in Jerman*.

c! The* have visited "aris three times.

7: - finished action with a reslt in the present (focs on reslt!

d! %'ve lost m* ke*s (so % can't get into m* hose!.

e! #he's hrt her leg (so she can't pla* tennis toda*!.

9: )ith an nfinished time word (this month, this week, toda*, in the last *ear!

a! % haven't seen her this month.

b! #he's drnk three cps of coffee toda*.

c! This week the*'ve been shopping for times.

+ote: )e can't se the present perfect with a finished time word:

%'ve seen him *esterda*.

'4een' and 'Jone'

%n this tense, we se both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', bt in slightl* different

circmstances.

4een

)e se 'been' (often when we talk abot 'life eperience'! to mean that the person being talked

abot has visited the place, and come back. +otice the preposition 'to':

%'ve been to "aris (in m* life, bt now %'m in London, where % live!.

#he has been to school toda* (bt now she's back at home!.

The* have never been to Balifornia.

Jone

)e se 'gone' (often when we are talking abot an action with a reslt in the present! to mean

that the person is at the place now:


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')here's 5ohn/' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now!.

5lie has gone to Feico (now she's in Feico!.

The*'ve gone to 5apan for three weeks (now the*'re in 5apan!.

The present per"ect continuous tense

Here's the positive (it's the present perfect of 'be' D verb 8ing!:

"ositive"ositive #hort $orm

% have been walking %'ve been walking

*o have been rnning *o've been rnning

he has been cooking he's been cooking

To make the negative, 0st add 'not':


% have not been walking % haven't been walking

*o have not been rnning *o haven't been rnning

he has not been cooking he hasn't been cooking

Ban *o gess how to make the qestion form of the present perfect continos/ %t's not ver*

difficlt 8 0st pt 'have' or 'has' before the sb0ect:

'es +o' estions

have % been walking/

have *o been rnning/

has he been cooking/

$or 'wh' qestions pt the qestion word first:

'es +o' estions

what have % been doing/

where have *o been rnning/

what has he been std*ing/

wh* has she been working toda*/

how long has it been raining/

how long have we been watching this film/

how long have the* been living here/


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Usin$ the present per"ect continuous

#ome people think the present perfect continos is difficlt to se, bt reall* it's not ver*

complicated, and it sonds ver* impressive when *o se it correctl*.

There are two main times we se this tense. Kemember we can't se it with stative verbs.

6: To sa* how long for nfinished actions which started in the past and contine to the present.

)e often se this with for and since. (#ee the present perfect for the same se with stative

verbs!

%'ve been living in London for two *ears.

#he's been working here since 7.

)e've been waiting for the bs for hors.

7: -ctions which have 0st stopped (thogh the whole action can be nfinished! and have a

reslt, which we can often see, hear, or feel, in the present (focs on action!. (#ee the presentperfect for a similar se which focses on the reslt of the action!

%'m so tired, %'ve been std*ing.

%'ve been rnning, so %'m reall* hot.

%t's been raining, the pavement is wet.

%'ve been reading *or book, it's ver* good.

Past simple "orm

"ositive with 'be'

% hesheit was cold

owethe* were tired

+egative with 'be' +egative #hort $orm

%hesheit was not sleep* % wasn't sleep*

owethe* were not on the bs *o weren't on the bs

'es +o' estions with '4e'

was % sleep*/

were *o late/

was he at the cinema/

')h' estions with '4e'

wh* was % sleep*/

where were *o/

when was he at the cinema/


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The "ast #imple (#imple "ast! with ?ther 3erbs

)e make the past simple 0st like the present simple ecept we se 'did' instead of 'do does'.

%t's reall* eas* becase 'did' doesn't change, even with 'he she it'.

The positive:

)e sall* make the positive b* adding '8ed' to the infinitive. $or eample, 'pla*' becomes

'pla*ed'. However, there are some irreglar verbs, for eample 'go' becomes 'went' and 'rn'

becomes 'ran'.

"ositive with ?ther 3erbs

% walked (reglar!

*o pla*ed (reglar!

%n the negative there aren't an* irreglar verbs. -ll verbs se 'did not (didn't! D

infinitive':


% did not walk % didn't walk

*o did not pla* *o didn't pla*

'es +o' estions

did % walk/

did *o pla*/

did he cook/

')h' estions

where did % go/

what did *o pla*/

what did he cook/

Usin$ the past simple

6 $inished events in the past with no connection to the present:

Leonardo painted the Fona Lisa.

The 3ikings invaded 4ritain.

7 )ith a finished time word (*esterda*, last week, at 7 o'clock, in 79!:

% went to the cinema *esterda*.

)e visited 5apan in 7@.

9 $or stories lists of events:

He went to a caf, sat down and lit a cigarette.


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esterda* % went to the librar*, met a friend for lnch, and pla*ed tennis.

1etails of news:

%'ve hrt m* leg. % fell off a ladder when % was painting m* bedroom.

%'ve been on holida*. % went to #pain and "ortgal.

; -s part of the second conditional:

%f % won the lotter*, % wold b* a hose in Bhelsea.

%f she knew his nmber, she wold call him.

The Past ,ontinuous

How can we make the past continos/ $irstl*, check that *o know how to make the past

simple with 'be' (sb0ect D was were!. Then 0st add verb8ing.

Here's the positive form:

% was sleeping

*o were working

he was coming

+et, here's the negative 8 it's ver* eas*, 0st add 'not':

% was not (wasn't! sleeping

*o were not (weren't! working

he was not (wasn't! coming

-nd, 0st like the past simple with 'be', to make a '*es no' qestion, pt 'was were' in

front of the sb0ect:

)as % listening/

)ere *o working/

)as she working/

To make a 'wh' qestion (of corse! pt the qestion word at the beginning:

)h* was % working/

)here were *o living/

How was she travelling/

Usin$ the Past ,ontinuous

6 - continos action in the past which is interrpted b* another action or a time:

% was taking a bath when the telephone rang.

-t three o'clock, % was working.


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7 4ackgrond information, to give atmosphere to a stor*:

%t was a beatifl da*. The birds were singing, the sn was shining and in the cafes people were

laghing and chatting.

9 -n anno*ing and repeated action in the past, sall* with 'alwa*s':

He was alwa*s leaving the tap rnning.

(%n the same wa* as the "resent Bontinos!

$or two actions which happened at the same time in the past:

% was watching T3 and he was reading.

+4:Kemember *o can't se this tense or an* continos tense with stative verbs.

The Past Per"ect ,ontinuous

Here's how to make the past perfect continos. %t's 'had' D been (the past participle of 'be'!Dverb8ing

$irstl*, let's look at the positive form:

% had been living

o had been going

#he had been sleeping

The short form is: 'd been verb8ing. 4e carefl, becase the short form for 'wold' is also 'd.

However, 'wold' is alwa*s followed b* the infinitive, bt 'had' is followed b* the past participle.

+et, the negative form:

% had not been tr*ing (% hadn't been..!

o had not been working (*o hadn't been..!

#he had not been cr*ing (she hadn't been..!

'es no' qestions:

Had % been working/

Had *o been sleeping/

Had she been reading/

')h' qestions:

)here had % been working/

How long had *o been sleeping/

)hat had she been reading/

ow to use


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The past perfect continos isn't the most common tense, bt it's still sefl to know.

#omething that started in the past and contined p to another action or event (tells s 'how

long'!

#he had been working at that compan* for a *ear when she met 5ames. (This tells s how long

something had contined before another event in the past. )e sall* se 'for' or 'since' in thesame wa* as we do with the present perfect continos!

Base of something in the past

The pavement was wet, it had been raining. (%t was raining before the time %'m describing in the

past. )e cold see the reslt of the rain 8 compare with the present perfect continos!

-uture simple "orm

Here's the positive form (it's 0st 'will' D infinitive!:

% will meet him later (%'ll ..!

o will come (*o'll..!

%t will rain tomorrow (it'll! He&ll #he&ll )e&ll

+et, here's the negative form (0st add 'not' 8 remember will not C won't!:

% will not go (% won't ..!

o will not be late (*o won't ..!

%t will not snow tomorrow (it won't..!

'*es no' qestions:

)ill % go/

)ill *o come earl*/

)ill it be cold/

'wh' qestions:

)here will % go/

)h* will *o come earl*/

)hen will it be cold/

ow to use:

- decision at the moment of speaking:

-: '%'m cold'.

4: '%'ll close the window'.

"rediction based on opinion:


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% think the Bonservatives will win the net election.

- ftre fact:

The sn will rise at @am.

"romises reqests refsal willingness:

%'ll help *o with *or homework.

)ill *o give me a hand/

% will give p smoking2

%n the same wa* as the ftre continos, bt with state verbs:

%'ll be at the station when *o arrive.

'#hall' is sed mainl* in the forms 'shall % /' and 'shall we/' in 4ritish English. These

forms are sed when *o want to get someone's opinion, especiall* for offers and

sggestions:

#hall % open the window/ (Cdo *o want me to open the window!.

)here shall we go tonight/ (Cwhat's *or opinion/!.

)e se 'be going to' D infinitive for:

$tre plans made before the moment of speaking:

-: ')e've rn ot of milk.'

4: '% know, %'m going to b* some.'

"rediction based on present evidence:

Look at those bo*s pla*ing football2 The*'re going to break the window.

The -uture ,ontinuous

The positive (will / be / verb0in$):

-t 6 am tomorrow,

% will be sleeping

*o will be working

she will be std*ing






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ow to use:

- continos action in the ftre which is interrpted b* a time or b* another action.

%'ll be waiting when *o arrive.

-t eight oMclock, %M'll be eating dinner.

(see the past continos which is sed in a similiar wa*!.

- complete action in the ftre that will happen in the normal corse of events.

The Jovernment will be making a statement later.

4ecase this talks abot something that will happen if ever*thing is as we planned, we often

se this tense to ask politel* abot what someone is going to do.

)ill *o be taking *or car to the meeting/ (C%'m asking ver* indirectl* and politel* 8 perhaps %

want to get a lift!.

To make a gess abot the present.

F* mother will be working now (C % think she is working now, bt %M'm not completel* certain!.

Will 1 $on$ to

Fore eamples:

(The phone rings!

5lie: %'ll get it2

('%'m going to get it' is ver* strange, becase it makes s think that 5lie knew the phone was

going to ring before it did!.

%'m going to go on holida* net week.

('%'ll go on holida* net week' makes it sond like *o've onl* 0st decided at that minte. ?f

corse, this is possible, bt normall* we plan or holida*s more in advance2!.

?ther points abot the ftre:


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)e se the present continos tense for definite ftre arrangements. ?ften, it doesn't reall*

matter if we choose 'be going to' or the present continos. %n the following eample, there is

reall* ver* little difference in meaning:

%'m going to the cinema tonight.

%'m going to go to the cinema tonight.

)e se the present simple tense in two cases. $irst, we se it for a timetabled event in the

ftre, like pblic transport or the start of a class:

F* train leaves at si tonight.

His class starts at Iam tomorrow.

#econd, we se it after certain words, when the sentence has a ftre meaning. These words

are: before after as soon as ntil when:

%'ll call *o when % get home.

#he's going to std* after she finishes dinner.

"lease drink some water as soon as *o complete the race.

Remember:

We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection

to the present.


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We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still

happening now OR for finished actions which have a connection to the

present.

We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word:

NOT: 've been to the museum !esterda!.

Prepositions o" Time

n" at" on and no preposition with time words:#repositions of time $ here's a list of the time words that need 'on'" 'in'" 'at' and somethat don't need an! preposition. %e careful $ man! students of &nglish use 'on' withmonths it should be 'in'(" or put a prepostion before 'ne)t' when we don't need one.

attimes: at *pm" at midnight" at +:,-holida! periods: at Christmas" at &asterat nightat the weeendat lunchtime" at dinnertime" at breafast timeonda!s: on /onda!" on m! birthda!" on Christmas 0a!da!s 1 morning 2 afternoon 2 evening 2 night: on Tuesda! morningdates: on the 3-th of 4unein!ears: in 5663" in 3--+months: in 0ecember" in 4unedecades: in the si)ties" in the 576-s


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centuries: in the 56th centur!seasons: in winter" in summerin the morning" in the afternoon" in the eveningnoprepne)t wee" !ear" month etclast night" !ear etcthis morning" month etcever! da!" night" !ears etctoda!" tomorrow" !esterda!Prepositions of Place

#repositions of place can be difficult $ here's some help about using 'at'" 'in' and 'on'when !ou're taling about where things are.

%asics:

f something is contained inside a bo) or a wide flat area" we use 8in9:

in the newspaper in a housein a cup in a drawerin a bottle in a bagin bed in a carin ondon in &nglandin a boo in a pubin a field in the seain m! stomach in a riverf something is on a line or a hori;ontal or vertical surface" we use 8on9:

on the table on the wallon the floor on the windowon m! face on a plateon the page on the sofaon a chair on a bagon the river on a t$shirton the ceiling on a bottleon a bie on his footf something is at a point" it could be a building( we use 8at9:

at the airport at the doorat the table at the bus stop

at the cinema at at the topat the bottom at the pubat the traffic lights at the frontat the bac at schoolat universit! at the windowat the hospital at the piano


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at wor

Adjectives and Prepositions

>ome ad?ectives need a preposition before their ob?ect. There doesn't seem to be alogical rule" 'm afraid@ We ?ust need to learn them.


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Wait for me@worr! about somebod! 2 something 0on9t worr! about a thing@

Tag questions

Tag Buestions or Buestion tags( turn a statement into a Buestion. The! are often usedfor checing information that we thin we now is true.

Tag Buestions are made using an au)iliar! verb for e)ample: be or have( and asub?ect pronoun for e)ample: " !ou" she(. Negative Buestion tags are usuall!contracted: t's warm toda!" isn't it not 'is it not'(

suall! if the main clause is positive" the Buestion tag is negative" and if the mainclause is negative" it's positive. or e)ample: t's cold positive(" isn't it negative(D And:t isn't cold negative(" is it positive(D

f the main clause has an au)iliar! verb in it" !ou use the same verb in the tag Buestion.f there is no au)iliar! verb in the present simple and past simple( use do 2 does 2 did?ust lie when !ou mae a normal Buestion(.

There is one wierd e)ception: the Buestion tag after am is aren't .or e)ample: 'm in charge of the food" aren't D

#ostive sentences" with negative tags

#resent simple 'be' >he's talian" isn't sheD#resent simple other verbs The! live in ondon" don't the!D#resent continuous We're woring tomorrow" aren't weD

#ast simple 'be' t was cold !esterda!" wasn't itD#ast simple other verbs he'll come at si)" won't sheDuture continuous The!'ll be arriving soon" won't the!Duture perfect The!'ll have finished before nine" won't the!Duture perfect continuous >he'll have been cooing all da!" won't sheD/odals


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uture continuous he won't have left wor before si)" will sheDuture perfect continuous


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uture perfect When will !ou have finishedDuture perfect continuous What will !ou have been doingD/odals Where can we swimD/odals Wh! must !ou leaveD

he sa!s she lies ice creamWe don't need to change the tense" though probabl! we do need to change the'person' from '' to 'she'" for e)ample. We also ma! need to change words lie 'm!' and'!our'.

%ut" if the reporting verb is in the past tense" then usuall! we change the tenses in thereported speech:

0irect speech: F lie ice creamGReported speech: >he said she lied ice creamTense 0irect >peech Reported >peechpresent simple F lie ice creamG >he said that( she lied ice cream.present continuous F am living in ondonG >he said she was living in ondon.past simple F bought a carG >he said she had bought a car OR >he said shebought a car.past continuous F was waling along the streetG >he said she had beenwaling along the street.

present perfect F haven't seen 4ulieG >he said she hadn't seen 4ulie.past perfectH F had taen &nglish lessons beforeG>he said she had taen &nglishlessons before.will F'll see !ou laterG >he said she would see me later.wouldH F would help" but..G >he said she would help but...can F can spea perfect &nglishG >he said she could spea perfect &nglish.couldH F could swim when was fourG >he said she could swim when she wasfour.shall F shall come laterG >he said she would come later.shouldH F should call m! motherG >he said she should call her mothermightH I might be lateI >he said she might be latemust I must stud! at the weeendI >he said she must stud! at the weeend

OR >he said she had to stud! at the weeendH doesn't change

Occasionall!" we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the informationin direct speech is still true but this is onl! for things which are general facts" and eventhen usuall! we lie to change the tense(:

0irect speech: FThe s! is blueGReported speech: >he said that the s! is2was blueClic here to practise reported statements.

Reported Juestions


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>o now !ou have no problem with maing reported speech from positive and negativesentences. %ut how about BuestionsD

0irect speech: IWhere do !ou liveDI


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he ased me to help her.F#lease don't smoeG.>he ased me not to smoe.FCould !ou bring m! boo tonightDG >he ased me to bring her boo that night.FCould !ou pass the mil" pleaseDG >he ased me to pass the mil.FWould !ou mind coming earl! tomorrowDG >he ased me to come earl! the ne)t da!.To report a negative reBuest" use 'not':

0irect speech: I#lease don't be late.IReported speech: >he ased us not to be late.Reported Orders

And finall!" how about if someone doesn't as so politel!D We can call this an 'order' in&nglish" when someone tells !ou ver! directl! to do something. or e)ample:

0irect speech: I>it down@I

n fact" we mae this into reported speech in the same wa! as a reBuest. We ?ust use'tell' instead of 'as':

Reported speech: >he told me to sit down.0irect Order Reported OrderFKo to bed@G ometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to changetime e)pressions too. We don't alwa!s have to do this" however. t depends on whenwe heard the direct speech and when we sa! the reported speech.

or e)ample:

t's /onda!. 4ulie sa!s I'm leaving toda!I.

f tell someone on /onda!" sa! I4ulie said she was leaving toda!I.f tell someone on Tuesda!" sa! I4ulie said she was leaving !esterda!I.f tell someone on Wednesda!" sa! I4ulie said she was leaving on /onda!I.f tell someone a month later" sa! I4ulie said she was leaving that da!I.

>o" there's no eas! conversion. Eou reall! have to thin about when the direct speechwas said.


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Used ToOR/

Mused to 1 =&R%

&)ample:

used to go to the beach ever! da!.t is better not to use Iused toI in Buestions or negative forms however" this issometimes done in informal spoen &nglish. t is better to as Buestions and createnegative sentences using >imple #ast.

>& 5 & 3 #ast acts and Kenerali;ationsIsed toI can also be used to tal about past facts or generali;ations which are nolonger true.

&)amples:

used to live in #aris.>arah used to be fat" but now she is thin.Keorge used to be the best student in class" but now ena is the best.Oranges used to cost ver! little in lorida" but now the! are Buite e)pensive.Ised toI vs. >imple #ast

%oth >imple #ast and Ised toI can be used to describe past habits" past facts andpast generali;ations however" Iused toI is preferred when emphasi;ing these forms ofpast repetition in positive sentences. On the other hand" when asing Buestions ormaing negative sentences" >imple #ast is preferred.

&)amples:

Eou used to pla! the piano.0id !ou pla! the piano when !ou were !oungDEou did not pla! the piano when !ou were !oung.ACT=& 2 #A>>=&

&)amples:

4err! used to pa! the bills. ActiveThe bills used to be paid b! 4err!. #assive


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All the au)iliar! verbs e)cept be" do and have are called modals. nlie other au)iliar!verbs modals onl! e)ist in their helping form the! cannot act alone as the main verb ina sentence.

%e" do" and have also differ from the other au)iliaries in that the! can also serve asordinar! verbs in a given sentence.

The modal verbs are:$

CAN 2 CO0 2 /AE 2 /KT 2 >


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