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Types of Verbs

Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all

English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-

ontinuous Verbs, and !ixed Verbs.

Group I Normal Verbs

!ost verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physi#al a#tions $hi#h you #an seesomebody doing. These verbs #an be used in all tenses.

Normal Verbs

to run, to $al%, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to tou#h, et#.

Examples:

& eatdinner every day.

& am eatingdinner no$.

Group II Non-Continuous Verbs

The se#ond group, #alled "Non-ontinuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things

you #annot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in #ontinuous tenses. They

in#lude:

Abstract Verbs

to be, to $ant, to #ost, to seem, to need, to #are, to #ontain, to o$e, to exist...

Possession Verbs

to possess, to o$n, to belong...

Emotion Verbs

to li%e, to love, to hate, to disli%e, to fear, to envy, to mind...

Examples:

'e is needinghelp no$. Not Correct

'e needshelp no$. Correct

'e is wantinga drin% no$. Not Correct

'e wantsa drin% no$. Correct

Group III Mied Verbs

The third group, #alled "!ixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more thanone meaning. &n a $ay, ea#h meaning is a uni(ue verb. )ome meanings behave li%e "Non-

ontinuous Verbs," $hile other meanings behave li%e "Normal Verbs."

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Mied Verbs

to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to loo%, to see, to $eigh...

!ist of Mied Verbs wit" Eamples and #efinitions$

to appear:

*onna appears#onfused. Non-Continuous VerbDonna seems confused.

!y favorite singer is appearingat the +a #lub tonight. Normal Verb

My favorite singer is giving a performance at the jazz club tonight.

to have:

& "a%ea dollar no$. Non-Continuous Verb

I possess a dollar.

& am "a%ingfun no$. Normal Verb

I am eperiencing fun no!.

to hear:

)he "earsthe musi#. Non-Continuous Verb

"he hears the music !ith her ears.

)he is "earingvoi#es. Normal Verb

"he hears something others cannot hear. "he is hearing voices in her mind.

to loo%:

Nan#y loo&stired. Non-Continuous Verb

"he seems tired.

arah is loo&ingat the pi#tures. Normal Verb

"he is loo#ing !ith her eyes.

to miss:

ohn misses)ally. Non-Continuous Verb

$e is sad because she is not there.

*ebbie is missingher favorite TV program. Normal Verb"he is not there to see her favorite program.

to see:

& seeher. Non-Continuous Verb

I see her !ith my eyes.

& am seeingthe do#tor. Normal Verb

I am visiting or consulting !ith a doctor. %&lso used !ith dentist and la!yer.'

& am seeingher. Normal Verb

I am having a relationship !ith her.

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'e is seeingghosts at night. Normal Verb

$e sees something others cannot see. (or eample ghosts) aura) a vision of the

future) etc.

to smell:

The #offee smellsgood. Non-Continuous Verb

*he coffee has a good smell.

& am smellingthe flo$ers. Normal VerbI am sniffing the flo!ers to see !hat their smell is li#e.

to taste:

The #offee tastesgood. Non-Continuous Verb

*he coffee has a good taste.

& am tastingthe #a%e. Normal Verb

I am trying the ca#e to see !hat it tastes li#e.

to thin%:

'e t"in&sthe test is easy. Non-Continuous Verb

$e considers the test to be easy.

)he is t"in&ingabout the (uestion. Normal Verb

"he is pondering the +uestion) going over it in her mind.

to $eigh:

The table weig"sa lot. Non-Continuous Verb

*he table is heavy. )he is weig"ingherself. Normal Verb

"he is determining her !eight.

'ome Verbs Can (e Especially Confusing$

to be:

oe is/meri#an. Non-Continuous Verb

,oe is an &merican citizen.

oe is beingvery /meri#an. Normal Verb

,oe is behaving li#e a stereotypical &merican.

oe is beingvery rude. Normal Verb

,oe is behaving very rudely. sually he is not rude.

oe is beingvery formal. Normal Verb

,oe is behaving very formally. sually he is not formal.

NOT&E: Only rarely is "to be" used in a #ontinuous form. This is most #ommonly done $hen

a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypi#ally. &t #an also be used $hen

someone0s behavior is noti#eably different.

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to feel:

The massage feelsgreat. Non-Continuous Verb

*he massage has a pleasing feeling.

& don)t feel $ell today. "ometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb

I am a little sic#.

& am not feeling$ell today. "ometimes used as Normal Verb

I am a little sic#.

NOT&E: The se#ond meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real differen#e in

meaning bet$een "& don0t feel $ell today" and "& am not feeling $ell today."

Acti%e * Passi%e Verb +orms

)enten#es #an be a#tive or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "a#tive forms" and "passive

forms." 1ou must learn to re#ognie the differen#e to su##essfully spea% English.

Acti%e +orm

&n a#tive senten#es, the thing doing the a#tion is the sub+e#t of the senten#e and the thing

re#eiving the a#tion is the ob+e#t. !ost senten#es are a#tive.

2Thing doing a#tion3 4 2verb3 4 2thing re#eiving a#tion3

Examples:

Passi%e +orm

&n passive senten#es, the thing re#eiving the a#tion is the sub+e#t of the senten#e and the

thing doing the a#tion is optionally in#luded near the end of the senten#e. 1ou #an use the

passive form if you thin% that the thing re#eiving the a#tion is more important or should be

emphasied. 1ou #an also use the passive form if you do not %no$ $ho is doing the a#tion or

if you do not $ant to mention $ho is doing the a#tion.

2Thing re#eiving a#tion3 4 2be3 4 2past parti#iple of verb3 4 2by3 4 2thing doing a#tion3

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Examples:

Acti%e * Passi%e ,%er%iew

/#tive 5assive

)imple 5resent On#e a $ee%, Tom cleansthe

house.

On#e a $ee%, the house is cleaned

by Tom.

5resentontinuous

6ight no$, )arah is writingtheletter.

6ight no$, the letter is being writtenby )arah.

)imple 5ast )am repairedthe #ar. The #ar was repairedby )am.

5ast

ontinuous

The salesman was "elpingthe

#ustomer $hen the thief #ame into

the store.

The #ustomer was being "elpedby

the salesman $hen the thief #ame

into the store.

5resent 5erfe#t !any tourists "a%e %isitedthat#astle.

That #astle "as been %isitedbymany tourists.

5resent 5erfe#t

ontinuous

6e#ently, ohn "as been doing

the $or%.

6e#ently, the $or% "as been being

doneby ohn.

5ast 5erfe#t 7eorge "ad repairedmany #ars

before he re#eived his me#hani#0s

li#ense.

!any #ars "ad been repairedby

7eorge before he re#eived his

me#hani#0s li#ense.

5ast 5erfe#t

ontinuous

hef ones "ad been preparing

the restaurant0s fantasti# dinners

for t$o years before he moved to

5aris.

The restaurant0s fantasti# dinners

"ad been being preparedby hef

ones for t$o years before he moved

to 5aris.

)imple uture

!ill

)omeone will finis"the $or% by

8:99 5!.

The $or% will be finis"edby 8:99

5!.

)imple uturebe going to

)ally is going to ma&ea beautifuldinner tonight.

/ beautiful dinner is going to bemadeby )ally tonight.

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uture

ontinuous

!ill

/t :99 5! tonight, ohn will be

was"ingthe dishes.

/t :99 5! tonight, the dishes will

be being was"edby ohn.

uture

ontinuous

be going to

/t :99 5! tonight, ohn is going

to be was"ingthe dishes.

/t :99 5! tonight, the dishes are

going to be being was"edby ohn.

uture 5erfe#t

!ill

They will "a%e completedthe

pro+e#t before the deadline.

The pro+e#t will "a%e been

completedbefore the deadline.

uture 5erfe#t

be going to

They are going to "a%e

completedthe pro+e#t before the

deadline.

The pro+e#t is going to "a%e been

completedbefore the deadline.

uture 5erfe#t

ontinuous!ill

The famous artist will "a%e been

paintingthe mural for over sixmonths by the time it is finished.

The mural will "a%e been being

paintedby the famous artist for oversix months by the time it is finished.

uture 5erfe#t

ontinuous

be going to

The famous artist is going to

"a%e been paintingthe mural for

over six months by the time it is

finished.

The mural is going to "a%e been

being paintedby the famous artist

for over six months by the time it is

finished.

;sed to erry used to paythe bills. The bills used to be paidby erry.


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'imple Present

+,M

2VE6B3 4 s=es in third person

Examples:

1ou spea&English.

#oyou spea&English>

1ou do not spea&English.

omplete ?ist of )imple 5resent orms

.'E / epeated Actions

;se the )imple 5resent to express the idea that an a#tion is repeated or usual. The a#tion

#an be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a s#heduled event or something that often happens. &t

#an also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

& playtennis. )he does not playtennis.

#oeshe playtennis>

The train lea%esevery morning at /!.

The train does not lea%eat @ /!.

)he al$ays forgetsher purse.

'e never forgetshis $allet.

Every t$elve months, the Earth circlesthe )un.

#oesthe )un circlethe Earth>

.'E 0 +acts or Generali1ations

The )imple 5resent #an also indi#ate the spea%er believes that a fa#t $as true before, is true

no$, and $ill be true in the future. &t is not important if the spea%er is #orre#t about the fa#t. &t

is also used to ma%e generaliations about people or things.

Examples:

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ats li&emil%.

Birds do not li&emil%.

#opigs li&emil%>

alifornia isin /meri#a.

alifornia is notin the ;nited Aingdom.

A#VE( P!ACEMENT

The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never,

ever, still, +ust, et#.

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Examples:

1ou onlyspea% English.

*o you onlyspea% English>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

On#e a $ee%, Tom cleansthe #ar.&ctive

On#e a $ee%, the #ar is cleanedby Tom. 0assive

Present Continuous

+,M

2am=is=are 4 present parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou are watc"ingTV.

Areyou watc"ingTV>

1ou are not watc"ingTV.

omplete ?ist of 5resent ontinuous orms

.'E / Now

;se the 5resent ontinuous $ith Normal Verbsto express the idea that something is

happening no$, at this very moment. &t #an also be used to sho$ that something is not

happening no$.

Examples:

1ou are learningEnglish no$.

1ou are not swimmingno$.

Areyou sleeping>

& am sitting.

& am not standing.

Ishe sittingor standing>

They are readingtheir boo%s.

They are not watc"ingtelevision.

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.'E 0 !onger Actions in Progress Now

&n English, "no$" #an mean: this se#ond, today, this month, this year, this #entury, and so on.)ometimes, $e use the 5resent ontinuous to say that $e are in the pro#ess of doing a

longer a#tion $hi#h is in progressD ho$ever, $e might not be doing it at this exa#t se#ond.

Examples: /ll of these senten#es #an be said $hile eating dinner in a restaurant.F

& am studyingto be#ome a do#tor.

& am not studyingto be#ome a dentist.

& am readingthe boo% *om "a!yer.

& am not readingany boo%s right no$.

Areyou wor&ingon any spe#ial pro+e#ts at $or%> Aren)tyou teac"ingat the university no$>

.'E 2 Near +uture

)ometimes, spea%ers use the 5resent ontinuous to indi#ate that something $ill or $ill not

happen in the near future.

Examples:

& am meetingsome friends after $or%.

& am not goingto the party tonight.

Ishe %isitinghis parents next $ee%end>

Isn)the coming$ith us tonight>

.'E 3 epetition and Irritation wit" 6Always6

The 5resent ontinuous $ith $ords su#h as "al$ays" or "#onstantly" expresses the idea that

something irritating or sho#%ing often happens. Noti#e that the meaning is li%e )imple

5resent, but $ith negative emotion. 6emember to put the $ords "al$ays" or "#onstantly"

bet$een "be" and "verb4ing."

Examples:

)he is always comingto #lass late.

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'e is constantly tal&ing. & $ish he $ould shut up.

& don0t li%e them be#ause they are always complaining.

EMEM(E Non-Continuous Verbs* Mied Verbs

&t is important to remember that Non-ontinuous Verbs#annot be used in any #ontinuous

tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs#annot be used in #ontinuous

tenses. &nstead of using 5resent ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use )imple 5resent.

Examples:

)he is lo%ingthis #ho#olate i#e #ream. Not Correct

)he lo%esthis #ho#olate i#e #ream. Correct

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou are still$at#hing TV.

/re you still$at#hing TV>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

6ight no$, Tom is writingthe letter.&ctive 6ight no$, the letter is being writtenby Tom. 0assive

'imple Past

+,M

2VE6B4ed3 or irregular verbs

Examples:

1ou called*ebbie.

#idyou call*ebbie>

1ou did not call*ebbie.

omplete ?ist of )imple 5ast orms

.'E / Completed Action in t"e Past

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;se the )imple 5ast to express the idea that an a#tion started and finished at a spe#ifi# time

in the past. )ometimes, the spea%er may not a#tually mention the spe#ifi# time, but they do

have one spe#ifi# time in mind.

Examples:

& sawa movie yesterday.

& didn)t seea play yesterday.

?ast year, & tra%eledto apan. ?ast year, & didn)t tra%elto Aorea.

#idyou "a%edinner last night>

)he was"edher #ar.

'e didn)t was"his #ar.

.'E 0 A 'eries of Completed Actions

.'E 2 #uration in Past

The )imple 5ast #an be used $ith a duration $hi#h starts and stops in the past. / duration is

a longer a#tion often indi#ated by expressions su#h as: for t$o years, for five minutes, all

day, all year, et#.

Examples:

& li%edin Brail for t$o years.

)hauna studiedapanese for five years.

They satat the bea#h all day.

They did not stayat the party the entire time.


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The )imple 5ast #an also be used to des#ribe a habit $hi#h stopped in the past. &t #an have

the same meaning as "used to." To ma%e it #lear that $e are tal%ing about a habit, $e often

add expressions su#h as: al$ays, often, usually, never, $hen & $as a #hild, $hen & $as

younger, et#.

Examples:

& studiedren#h $hen & $as a #hild.

'e playedthe violin.

'e didn)t playthe piano.

#idyou playa musi#al instrument $hen you $ere a %id>

)he wor&edat the movie theater after s#hool.

They never wentto s#hool, they al$ays s&ipped#lass.

.'E 8 Past +acts or Generali1ations

The )imple 5ast #an also be used to des#ribe past fa#ts or generaliations $hi#h are no

longer true. /s in ;)E I above, this use of the )imple 5ast is (uite similar to the expression

"used to."

Examples:

)he wasshy as a #hild, but no$ she is very outgoing.

'e didn)t li&etomatoes before.

#idyou li%ein Texas $hen you werea %id>

5eople paidmu#h more to ma%e #ell phone #alls in the past.

IMP,TANT 9"en-Clauses 7appen +irst

lauses are groups of $ords $hi#h have meaning but are often not #omplete senten#es.

)ome #lauses begin $ith the $ord "$hen" su#h as "$hen & dropped my pen..." or "$hen

#lass began..." These #lauses are #alled $hen-#lauses, and they are very important. The

examples belo$ #ontain $hen-#lauses.

Examples:

9"en I paid "er one dollar, she ans$ered my (uestion.

)he ans$ered my (uestion w"en I paid "er one dollar.


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belo$ has a different meaning. irst, she ans$ered my (uestion, and then, & paid her one

dollar.

Example:

& paid her one dollar w"en s"e answered my :uestion.

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou;ust#alled *ebbie.

*id you;ust#all *ebbie>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

Tom repairedthe #ar.&ctive

The #ar was repairedby Tom. 0assive

Past Continuous

+,M

2$as=$ere 4 present parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou were studying$hen she #alled.

9ereyou studying$hen she #alled>

1ou were not studying$hen she #alled.

omplete ?ist of 5ast ontinuous orms

.'E / Interrupted Action in t"e Past

;se the 5ast ontinuous to indi#ate that a longer a#tion in the past $as interrupted. The

interruption is usually a shorter a#tion in the )imple 5ast. 6emember this #an be a real

interruption or +ust an interruption in time.

Examples:

& was watc"ingTV $hen she #alled.


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& wasn)t payingattention $hile & was writingthe letter, so & made several mista%es.

Thomas wasn)t wor&ing, and & wasn)t wor&ingeither.

They were eatingdinner, discussingtheir plans, and "a%inga good time.

.'E 3 Atmosp"ere

&n English, $e often use a series of parallel a#tions to des#ribe the atmosphere at a parti#ular

time in the past.

Example:


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time expressions su#h as: yesterday, one year ago, last $ee%, $hen & $as a #hild, $hen &

lived in apan, at that moment, that day, one day, et#.

B: 1es, there "as beena $ar in the ;nited )tates.

7ow #o =ou Actually .se t"e Present Perfect>

The #on#ept of "unspe#ified time" #an be very #onfusing to English learners. &t is best to

asso#iate 5resent 5erfe#t $ith the follo$ing topi#s:

T,PIC / Eperience

1ou #an use the 5resent 5erfe#t to des#ribe your experien#e. &t is li%e saying, "& have the

experien#e of..." 1ou #an also use this tense to say that you have never had a #ertain

experien#e. The 5resent 5erfe#t is NOT used to des#ribe a spe#ifi# event.

Examples:

& "a%e beento ran#e.

*his sentence means that you have had the eperience of being in (rance. Maybe

you have been there once) or several times.

& "a%e beento ran#e three times.

3ou can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

& "a%enever beento ran#e.

*his sentence means that you have not had the eperience of going to (rance.

& thin% & "a%e seenthat movie before.

'e "asnever tra%eledby train.

oan "as studiedt$o foreign languages.

/: 7a%eyou ever methim>

B: No, & "a%enot methim.

T,PIC 0 C"ange ,%er Time


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1ou "a%e grownsin#e the last time & sa$ you.

The government "as becomemore interested in arts edu#ation.

apanese "as becomeone of the most popular #ourses at the university sin#e the

/sian studies program $as established.

!y English "asreally impro%edsin#e & moved to /ustralia.

T,PIC 2 Accomplis"ments


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)ometimes, $e $ant to limit the time $e are loo%ing in for an experien#e.


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/lthough the above use of 5resent 5erfe#t is normally limited to Non-ontinuous Verbs and

non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, the $ords "live," "$or%," "tea#h," and "study" are

sometimes used in this $ay even though they are NOT Non-ontinuous Verbs.

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou have onlyseen that movie one time.

'ave you onlyseen that movie one time>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

!any tourists "a%e %isitedthat #astle.&ctive

That #astle "as been %isitedby many tourists. 0assive

Present Perfect Continuous

+,M

2has=have 4 been 4 present parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou "a%e been waitinghere for t$o hours.

7a%eyou been waitinghere for t$o hours>

1ou "a%e not been waitinghere for t$o hours.

omplete ?ist of 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous orms

.'E / #uration from t"e Past .ntil Now


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)he "as been wor&ingat that #ompany for three years.

!ary "as been feelinga little depressed.

?isa "as not been practicingher English.

" #an suggest that you smell the smo%e on the person. ;sing this tense in

a (uestion suggests you #an see, smell, hear or feel the results of the a#tion. &t is possible to

insult someone by using this tense in#orre#tly.

EMEM(E Non-Continuous Verbs* Mied Verbs



tenses. &nstead of using 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use 5resent

5erfe#t.

Examples:

)am "as been "a%inghis #ar for t$o years. Not Correct

)am "as "adhis #ar for t$o years. Correct

A#VE( P!ACEMENT

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Examples:

1ou have onlybeen $aiting here for one hour.

'ave you onlybeen $aiting here for one hour>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

6e#ently, ohn "as been doingthe $or%.&ctive

6e#ently, the $or% "as been being doneby ohn. 0assive

NOTE: 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous is less #ommonly used in its passive form.

Past Perfect

+,M

2had 4 past parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou "ad studiedEnglish before you moved to Ne$ 1or%.

7adyou studiedEnglish before you moved to Ne$ 1or%> 1ou "adnot studiedEnglish before you moved to Ne$ 1or%.

omplete ?ist of 5ast 5erfe#t orms

.'E / Completed Action (efore 'omet"ing in t"e Past

The 5ast 5erfe#t expresses the idea that something o##urred before another a#tion in the

past. &t #an also sho$ that something happened before a spe#ifi# time in the past.

Examples:

& "adnever seensu#h a beautiful bea#h before & $ent to Aauai.

& did not have any money be#ause & "ad lostmy $allet.

Tony %ne$ &stanbul so $ell be#ause he "ad %isitedthe #ity several times.

7ad)usan ever studiedThai before she moved to Thailand>

)he only understood the movie be#ause she "ad readthe boo%. Aristine "adnever beento an opera before last night.


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/: 7adyou ever %isitedthe ;.). before your trip in G99>

B: 1es, & "ad beento the ;.). on#e before.

.'E 0 #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e Past 4Non-Continuous Verbs5


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7,9EVE

&f the 5ast 5erfe#t is not referring to an a#tion at a spe#ifi# time, 5ast 5erfe#t is not optional.

ompare the examples belo$. 'ere 5ast 5erfe#t is referring to a la#% of experien#e rather

than an a#tion at a spe#ifi# time. or this reason, )imple 5ast #annot be used.

Examples:

)he never sawa bear before she moved to /las%a. Not Correct

)he "adnever seena bear before she moved to /las%a. Correct

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou had pre%iouslystudied English before you moved to Ne$ 1or%.

'ad you pre%iouslystudied English before you moved to Ne$ 1or%>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

7eorge "ad repairedmany #ars before he re#eived his me#hani#0s li#ense.&ctive

!any #ars "ad been repairedby 7eorge before he re#eived his me#hani#0s li#ense.

0assive

Past Perfect Continuous

+,M

2had been 4 present parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou "ad been waitingthere for more than t$o hours $hen she finally arrived.

7adyou been waitingthere for more than t$o hours $hen she finally arrived>

1ou "ad not been waitingthere for more than t$o hours $hen she finally arrived.

omplete ?ist of 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous orms

.'E / #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e Past

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'e $as tired be#ause he "ad been eercisingso hard.

*his sentence emphasizes that he !as tired because he had been eercising over a

period of time. It is possible that he !as still eercising at that moment 67 that he had

just finished.

EMEM(E Non-Continuous Verbs * Mied Verbs


tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs#annot be used in #ontinuoustenses. &nstead of using 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use 5ast

5erfe#t.

Examples:

The motor#y#le "ad been belongingto 7eorge for years before Tina bought it. Not

Correct

The motor#y#le "ad belongedto 7eorge for years before Tina bought it. Correct

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou had onlybeen $aiting there for a fe$ minutes $hen she arrived.

'ad you onlybeen $aiting there for a fe$ minutes $hen she arrived>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

hef ones "ad been preparingthe restaurant0s fantasti# dinners for t$o years

before he moved to 5aris.&ctive

The restaurant0s fantasti# dinners "ad been being preparedby hef ones for t$o

years before he moved to 5aris. 0assive

NOTE: 5assive forms of the 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous are not #ommon.

'imple +uture

)imple uture has t$o different forms in English: "$ill" and "be going to." /lthough the t$o

forms #an sometimes be used inter#hangeably, they often express t$o very different

meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstra#t at first, but $ith time and

pra#ti#e, the differen#es $ill be#ome #lear. Both "$ill" and "be going to" refer to a spe#ifi#

time in the future.

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+,M 9ill

2$ill 4 verb3

Examples:

1ou will "elphim later.

9illyou "elphim later>

1ou will not "elphim later.

+,M (e Going To

2am=is=are 4 going to 4 verb3

Examples:

1ou are going to meetane tonight.

Areyou going to meetane tonight>

1ou are not going to meetane tonight.

omplete ?ist of )imple uture orms

.'E / 69ill6 to Epress a Voluntary Action

"

9illyou ma&edinner>

& will not doyour home$or% for you.

& won)t doall the house$or% myselfJ

/: &0m really hungry.B: &)ll ma&esome sand$i#hes.

/: &0m so tired. &0m about to fall asleep.

B: &)ll getyou some #offee.

/: The phone is ringing.

B: &)ll getit.

.'E 0 69ill6 to Epress a Promise

"


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& will callyou $hen & arrive.

&f & am ele#ted 5resident of the ;nited )tates, & will ma&esure everyone has a##ess

to inexpensive health insuran#e.

& promise & will not tellhim about the surprise party.

*on0t $orry, &)ll be#areful.

& won)t tellanyone your se#ret.

.'E 2 6(e going to6 to Epress a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. &t expresses the idea that a person intends

to do something in the future. &t does not matter $hether the plan is realisti# or not.

Examples:

'e is going to spendhis va#ation in 'a$aii.

)he is not going to spendher va#ation in 'a$aii.

/: B:


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?i%e all future forms, the )imple uture #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith time

expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#.

&nstead of )imple uture, )imple 5resentis used.

Examples:


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1ou are going to be waitingfor her $hen her plane arrives tonight.

Areyou going to be waitingfor her $hen her plane arrives tonight>

1ou are not going to be waitingfor her $hen her plane arrives tonight.

6E!E!BE6: &t is possible to use either "$ill" or "be going to" to #reate the uture

ontinuous $ith little differen#e in meaning.

.'E / Interrupted Action in t"e +uture

;se the uture ontinuous to indi#ate that a longer a#tion in the future $ill be interrupted by

a shorter a#tion in the future. 6emember this #an be a real interruption or +ust an interruption

in time.

Examples:

& will be watc"ingTV $hen she arrivestonight.

& will be waitingfor you $hen your bus arrives.

& am going to be stayingat the !adison 'otel, if anything happensand you needto

#onta#t me.

'e will be studyingat the library tonight, so he $ill not see ennifer $hen she

arrives.

Noti#e in the examples above that the interruptions mar#ed in italicsF are in )imple 5resentrather than )imple uture. This is be#ause the interruptions are in time #lauses, and you

#annot use future tenses in time #lauses.

.'E 0 'pecific Time as an Interruption in t"e +uture

&n ;)E C, des#ribed above, the uture ontinuous is interrupted by a short a#tion in the

future. &n addition to using short a#tions as interruptions, you #an also use a spe#ifi# time as

an interruption.

Examples:

Tonight at 5!, & am going to be eatingdinner.

I !ill be in the process of eating dinner.

/t midnight tonight, $e willstill be dri%ingthrough the desert.

e !ill be in the process of driving through the desert.

EMEM(E

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&n the )imple uture, a spe#ifi# time is used to sho$ the time an a#tion $ill begin or end. &n

the uture ontinuous, a spe#ifi# time interrupts the a#tion.

Examples:

Tonight at 5!, & am going to eatdinner.

I am going to start eating at 1 0M.

Tonight at 5!, & am going to be eatingdinner.

I am going to start earlier and I !ill be in the process of eating dinner at 1 0M.

.'E 2 Parallel Actions in t"e +uture


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tenses. &nstead of using uture ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use )imple uture.

Examples:

ane will be beingat my house $hen you arrive. Not Correct

ane will beat my house $hen you arrive. Correct

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou $ill stillbe $aiting for her $hen her plane arrives.

1ou are stillgoing to be $aiting for her $hen her plane arrives.

/re you stillgoing to be $aiting for her $hen her plane arrives>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

/t :99 5! tonight, ohn will be was"ingthe dishes.&ctive

/t :99 5! tonight, the dishes will be being was"edby ohn. 0assive

/t :99 5! tonight, ohn is going to be was"ingthe dishes.&ctive

/t :99 5! tonight, the dishes are going to be being was"edby ohn. 0assive

NOTE: 5assive forms of the uture ontinuous are not #ommon.

+uture Perfect

uture 5erfe#t has t$o different forms: "$ill have done" and "be going to have done." ;nli%e

)imple utureforms, uture 5erfe#t forms are usually inter#hangeable.

+,M +uture Perfect wit" 69ill6

2$ill have 4 past parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou will "a%e perfectedyour English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.).

9illyou "a%e perfectedyour English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.).>

1ou will not "a%e perfectedyour English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.).

+,M +uture Perfect wit" 6(e Going To6

2am=is=are 4 going to have 4 past parti#iple333
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Examples:

1ou are going to "a%e perfectedyour English by the time you #ome ba#% from the

;.).

Areyou going to "a%e perfectedyour English by the time you #ome ba#% from the

;.).>

1ou are not going to "a%e perfectedyour English by the time you #ome ba#% from

the ;.).

NOTE: &t is possible to use either "$ill" or "be going to" to #reate the uture 5erfe#t $ith little

or no differen#e in meaning.

omplete ?ist of uture 5erfe#t orms

.'E / Completed Action (efore 'omet"ing in t"e +uture

The uture 5erfe#t expresses the idea that something $ill o##ur before another a#tion in the

future. &t #an also sho$ that something $ill happen before a spe#ifi# time in the future.

Examples:

By next November, & will "a%e recei%edmy promotion.

By the time he getshome, she is going to "a%e cleanedthe entire house.

& am not going to "a%e finis"edthis test by H o0#lo#%.

9illshe "a%e learnedenough hinese to #ommuni#ate before she movesto Bei+ing> )am isprobably going to "a%e completedthe proposal by the time he leavesthis

afternoon.

By the time & finishthis #ourse, & will "a%e ta&enten tests.

'o$ many #ountries areyou going to "a%e %isitedby the time you turn89>

Noti#e in the examples above that the referen#e points mar#ed in italicsF are in )imple

5resentrather than )imple uture. This is be#ause the interruptions are in time #lauses, and

you #annot use future tenses in time #lauses.

.'E 0 #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e +uture 4Non-Continuous Verbs5


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/lthough the above use of uture 5erfe#t is normally limited to Non-ontinuous Verbs and

non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, the $ords "live," "$or%," "tea#h," and "study" are

sometimes used in this $ay even though they are NOT Non-ontinuous Verbs.

EMEM(E No +uture in Time Clauses

?i%e all future forms, the uture 5erfe#t #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith time

expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#.

&nstead of uture 5erfe#t, 5resent 5erfe#tis used.

Examples:

& am going to see a movie $hen & will "a%e finis"edmy home$or%. Not Correct

& am going to see a movie $hen & "a%e finis"edmy home$or%. Correct

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou $ill onlyhave learned a fe$ $ords.

1ou are onlygoing to have learned a fe$ $ords.

/re you onlygoing to have learned a fe$ $ords>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

They will "a%e completedthe pro+e#t before the deadline.&ctive

The pro+e#t will "a%e been completedbefore the deadline. 0assive

They are going to "a%e completedthe pro+e#t before the deadline.&ctive

The pro+e#t is going to "a%e been completedbefore the deadline. 0assive

+uture Perfect Continuous

uture 5erfe#t ontinuous has t$o different forms: "$ill have been doing " and "be going to

have been doing." ;nli%e )imple utureforms, uture 5erfe#t ontinuous forms are usually

inter#hangeable.

+,M +uture Perfect Continuous wit" 69ill6

2$ill have been 4 present parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou will "a%e been waitingfor more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives.

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9illyou "a%e been waitingfor more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives>

1ou will not "a%e been waitingfor more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally

arrives.

+,M +uture Perfect Continuous wit" 6(e Going To6

2am=is=are 4 going to have been 4 present parti#iple3

Examples:

1ou are going to "a%e been waitingfor more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally

arrives.

Areyou going to "a%e been waitingfor more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally

arrives>

1ou are not going to "a%e been waitingfor more than t$o hours $hen her plane

finally arrives.

NOTE: &t is possible to use either "$ill" or "be going to" to #reate the uture 5erfe#t

ontinuous $ith little or no differen#e in meaning.

omplete ?ist of uture 5erfe#t ontinuous orms

.'E / #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e +uture


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.'E 0 Cause of 'omet"ing in t"e +uture

;sing the uture 5erfe#t ontinuous before another a#tion in the future is a good $ay to

sho$ #ause and effe#t.

Examples:

ason $ill be tired $hen he gets home be#ause he will "a%e been ;oggingfor over

an hour.

laudia0s English $ill be perfe#t $hen she returns to 7ermany be#ause she is going

to "a%e been studyingEnglish in the ;nited )tates for over t$o years.

+uture Continuous %s< +uture Perfect Continuous

&f you do not in#lude a duration su#h as "for five minutes," "for t$o $ee%s" or "sin#e riday,"many English spea%ers #hoose to use the uture ontinuous rather than the uture 5erfe#t

ontinuous. Be #areful be#ause this #an #hange the meaning of the senten#e. uture

ontinuous emphasies interrupted a#tions, $hereas uture 5erfe#t ontinuous emphasies

a duration of time before something in the future. )tudy the examples belo$ to understand

the differen#e.

Examples:

'e $ill be tired be#ause he will be eercisingso hard.

*his sentence emphasizes that he !ill be tired because he !ill be eercising at thateact moment in the future.

'e $ill be tired be#ause he will "a%e been eercisingso hard.

*his sentence emphasizes that he !ill be tired because he !ill have been eercising

for a period of time. It is possible that he !ill still be eercising at that moment 67 that

he !ill just have finished.

EMEM(E No +uture in Time Clauses

?i%e all future forms, the uture 5erfe#t ontinuous #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith

time expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#.

&nstead of uture 5erfe#t ontinuous, 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuousis used.

Examples:

1ou $on0t get a promotion until you will "a%e been wor&inghere as long as Tim. Not

Correct

1ou $on0t get a promotion until you "a%e been wor&inghere as long as Tim. Correct

AN# EMEM(E Non-Continuous Verbs * Mied Verbs



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tenses. &nstead of using uture 5erfe#t ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use uture

5erfe#t .

Examples:

Ned will "a%e been "a%ing his driver0s li#ense for over t$o years. Not Correct

Ned will "a%e "ad his driver0s li#ense for over t$o years. Correct

A#VE( P!ACEMENT



Examples:

1ou $ill onlyhave been $aiting for a fe$ minutes $hen her plane arrives.

1ou are onlygoing to have been $aiting for a fe$ minutes $hen her plane arrives. /re you onlygoing to have been $aiting for a fe$ minutes $hen her plane arrives>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

The famous artist will "a%e been paintingthe mural for over six months by the time it

is finished.&ctive

The mural will "a%e been being paintedby the famous artist for over six months by

the time it is finished. 0assive

The famous artist is going to "a%e been paintingthe mural for over six months by

the time it is finished.&ctive

The mural is going to "a%e been being paintedby the famous artist for over six

months by the time it is finished. 0assive

NOTE: 5assive forms of the uture 5erfe#t ontinuous are not #ommon.

.sed To

+,M

2used to 4 VE6B3

Example:

& used to goto the bea#h every day.

&t is better not to use "used to" in (uestions or negative formsD ho$ever, this is sometimes

done in informal spo%en English. &t is better to as% (uestions and #reate negative senten#esusing )imple 5ast.

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.'E / 7abit in t"e Past

";sed to" expresses the idea that something $as an old habit that stopped in the past. &t

indi#ates that something $as often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done no$.

Examples:

erry used to studyEnglish.

)am and !ary used to goto !exi#o in the summer.

& used to start$or% at @ o0#lo#%.

hristine used to eatmeat, but no$ she is a vegetarian.

.'E 0 Past +acts and Generali1ations

";sed to" #an also be used to tal% about past fa#ts or generaliations $hi#h are no longer

true.

Examples:

& used to li%ein 5aris.

)arah used to be fat, but no$ she is thin. 7eorge used to bethe best student in #lass, but no$ ?ena is the best.

Oranges used to costvery little in lorida, but no$ they are (uite expensive.

6.sed to6 %s< 'imple Past

Both )imple 5astand ";sed to" #an be used to des#ribe past habits, past fa#ts and past

generaliationsD ho$ever, "used to" is preferred $hen emphasiing these forms of past

repetition in positive senten#es. On the other hand, $hen as%ing (uestions or ma%ing

negative senten#es, )imple 5astis preferred.

Examples:

1ou used to playthe piano.

#idyou playthe piano $hen you $ere young>

1ou did not playthe piano $hen you $ere young.

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

erry used to paythe bills.&ctive

The bills used to be paidby erry. 0assive

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PAT A

"ome of the sentences belo! contain common verb form mista#es. (ind the sentences

!ith errors and correct them using either 8"imple 0ast)8 8sed to8 or 8ould &l!ays.8 If you

are confused) go to the "imple 0ast 0age) the 8sed to8 0ageor the 8ould &l!ays8 0age.

EL/!5?E:

used to/F & $ould al$ays be unhealthy as a #hild.

C.


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CI. & used to be fat, but & lost a lot of $eight in high s#hool.

C8. & $ould al$ays be fat, but & lost a lot of $eight in high s#hool.

PAT A

C.


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used to ; !as

C8. & $ould al$ays be fat, but & lost a lot of $eight in high s#hool.

9ould Always

+,M

2$ould al$ays 4 VE6B3

Examples:

1ou would always ta&eyour surfboard $ith you $hen you $ent to the bea#h.

9ouldyou always ta&eyour surfboard $ith you $hen you $ent to the bea#h>

1ou would not always ta&eyour surfboard $ith you $hen you $ent to the bea#h.

.'E / 7abit in t"e Past

?i%e "used to" and )imple 5ast, "$ould al$ays" expresses the idea that something $as an

old habit $hi#h stopped in the past. &t says that an a#tion $as often repeated in the past, but

it is not usually done no$. ;nli%e "used to" and )imple 5ast, "$ould al$ays" suggests that

someone $illingly a#ted that $ay and sometimes expresses annoyan#e or amusement at thehabit. &t also often suggests the habit $as extreme. To express the opposite idea, $e #an say

"$ould never" to indi#ate that someone never did something in the past, but no$ they do.

Examples:

)he would always sendme strange birthday gifts.

)am and !ary would always c"oosethe most exoti# va#ation destinations.

)ally would not always arri%eearly to #lass. )he #ame late on#e or t$i#e.

Ned would always s"owup at our house $ithout #alling first.

!indy would not always wal&to s#hool. )ometimes, she too% the bus.

hristine would always comelate to the meetings.

eff would ne%er payfor drin%s $hen $e $ent out together $ith our friends.

7efusing to do something or normally not doing something is also a form of habit.

EMEM(E 69ould Always6 is #ifferent

"


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)arah wasshy, but no$ she is very outgoing. Correct

)arah used to beshy, but no$ she is very outgoing. Correct

)arah would always beshy, but no$ she is very outgoing. Not Correct

+orms elated to 69ould Always6

&n addition to "$ould al$ays," English spea%ers often use "$ould #onstantly," "$ould often,"

"$ould forever" or simply "$ould." /lthough the last form "$ould" is #orre#t, it is not

suggested be#ause it #an easily be #onfused $ith other verb forms su#h as the onditional

or uture in the 5ast. )imilarly, spea%ers #an use "$ould rarely," "$ould o##asionally" and

"$ould seldom" to express the idea that an a#tion $as not often repeated.

Examples:

erry would cometo the parties every $ee%end. erry would constantly bringhis girlfriend to the parties.

erry would often bringhis best friend to the parties.

erry would occasionally bringhis older brother to the parties.

erry would seldom bringhis sister to the parties.

erry would ne%er bringhis younger brother to the parties.

ACTIVE * PA''IVE

Examples:

!y mother would always ma&e the pies.&ctive

The pies would always be made by my mother. 0assive

+uture in t"e Past

?i%e )imple uture, uture in the 5ast has t$o different forms in English: "$ould" and "$as

going to." /lthough the t$o forms #an sometimes be used inter#hangeably, they often

express t$o different meanings.

+,M 9ould

2$ould 4 VE6B3

Examples:

& %ne$ you would "elphim.

& %ne$ you would not "elphim.

+,M 9as*9ere Going To

2$as=$ere 4 going to 4 VE6B3

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Examples:

& %ne$ you were going to goto the party.

& %ne$ you were not going to goto the party.

.'E / +uture in Past

uture in the 5ast is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something $ould

happen in the future. &t does not matter if you are #orre#t or not. uture in the 5ast follo$s the

same basi# rules as the )imple uture. "


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AT A

"ome of the sentences belo! are (uture in the 0ast and some are eamples of other verb

forms !hich loo# similar but have entirely different meanings. Identify !hich sentences are

(uture in the 0ast and !hich are not. If you are confused go to the (uture in the 0ast 0age.

EL/!5?E:

/F )he told me she $ould be there. 39"

BF )he $ould #ome if she had time. N6

C. 'e $as al$ays going to the bea#h $hen he $as a %id.

G. They %ne$ he $as going to go to the bea#h.

H. )he $ould travel if she had enough money.

I. )am thought he $ould $in the #ontest.

8. *onna mentioned that she $as going to go to 'a$aii on va#ation.

. udy $as going to the bea#h $hen & #alled.

M. udy $as going to go to the bea#h $hen & #alled.

. )he $ould al$ays go to #lass late.

@. )he $as al$ays going to #lass late.

C9. !y parent %ne$ & $ould go to #lass late.

CC. )ally as%ed if & $as going to go to #lass late.

CG. & told )ue & $as having dinner $ith some friends after $or%.

CH. & told )ue & $as going to have dinner $ith some friends after $or%.

CI.


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G. They %ne$ he $as going to go to the bea#h.

1E) uture in the 5astF

H. )he $ould travel if she had enough money.

NO This is 5resent ;nreal onditionalF

I. )am thought he $ould $in the #ontest.


8. *onna mentioned that she $as going to go to 'a$aii on va#ation.


. udy $as going to the bea#h $hen & #alled.

1E) uture in the 5ast, the meaning tells you that "going" is not interrupted.F

M. udy $as going to go to the bea#h $hen & #alled.


. )he $ould al$ays go to #lass late.

NO This is "


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