English Language ArtsLevel 7 #3

Today’s Objectives

Prefixes Parts of Speech – The

Adjective and the Pronoun -Sentence BuildingIdiom of the Day

Three New Prefixes

Our new prefixes for today are;“Mis-” (wrong, bad)“Post-” (after)“Pre-” (before)

The Prefix Mis-”

“Mis-” at the beginning of a word means wrong, wrongly, bad, badly.

Mistreat: to treat wrongly or badly;

Misunderstand: to understand wrongly;

Misplace: to place something wrongly;

Misspell to spell a word wrongly.

Using words that begin with the prefix “Mis-”

It is not good to mistreat your pet.

I must have misplaced the envelope, because I can’t find it.

Sometimes the word their is misspelled as the word there.

The Prefix “Post-”

”Post-” at the beginning of a word means, after.

Postdate: a date after the current date

Postwar: after a warPostnatal: after a birth.Postoperative: after an operation

Words that begin with the Prefix “Post-”

I will write the check today, but I will postdate it for next week.

The two countries entered into postwar negotiations.

After surgery, patients receive postoperative instructions.

The Prefix “Pre-”

Pre- at the beginning of a word means “before”

Prefix: to place in front of Predict: to tell before it happensPreview: to view before Prehistoric: before history was

writtenPrenatal: before birth

Word Usage“Pre-”

A prefix comes at the beginning of a word.

There is no way to predict the future.

We saw a preview of the movie before it was released.

Dinosaurs lived during prehistoric times.

Assignment

Using the internet or a dictionary find three new words that begin with “mis-”; three new words that begin with “post-”; and three new words that begin with “pre-”.

Assignment

Prefixes “mis-” “post-” and “pre-”

Write one sentence each for a word that begins with “mis-,” a word that begins with “post-,” and a word that begins with “pre-.”

Break

Part 2 – Grammar:

Parts of SpeechThe Adjective

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe. As discussed in a previous lesson, an adjective modifies (describes) a noun. An adjective tells “what kind of,” “how much,” how many, which, etc. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.

Diagramming Adjectives

In a previous lesson, you were asked to add an additional adjective to your diagram to give more information about the subject and object nouns. Take out your diagrammed sentences.

Add a New Adjective

1. The boy wrote a story. boy wrote story

2. The mother made cookies.mother made cookies

adjective

Verb adjective

adjective

Verbadjective

adjective

adjective

adjective

adjective

Assignment

Add another adjective to your diagrammed sentences.

Example: The handsome, smart boy wrote a scary, Halloween story. Diagram to show the adjectives.

Example Answer

1. boy wrote story

Add an additional adjective to the following diagrams:

Thehandsom

e

a scaryHalloween

smart

The mother made cookies.

The happy, pleasant mother made delicious chocolate chip cookies.

mother madecookies

The

happypleasant

delicious

chocolate

chip

Add Modifiers (Adjectives)

3. The girl likes candy.girl likes candy

4. The car made a noise.car made noise

adjective

Verb

adjective

adjective

Verbadjectiveadjective

adjective

adjective

adjective

3. The pretty, Indian girl likes sweet, peppermint candy.

girl likes candypretty

The

Indian

sweet

peppermint

4. The expensive, new car made a loud, grinding noise.

car made noise

Theexpensivenew

a loud

grinding

Did You Notice?

We added additional adjectives to our basic sentences to enhance the information.

Adjective Rules

Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car

Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, and look: That car looks fast.

Adjective Rules

Adjectives can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car

Adjectives can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive

Types of Adjectives

Comparative AdjectivesSuperlative Adjectives

Demonstrative AdjectivesPossessive AdjectivesPredicate Adjectives

Comparative Adjectives

The Comparative adjective or adverb is the form used to compare two things. To create a comparative adjective, remember to add “-er” to the end of a short adjective or more, before longer adjectives.

Comparative Examples

Tom’s coat is newer than Bill’s. (Two things are being compared. With the shorter word “new,” add “-er.”

Many students find writing more difficult than reading. With longer word, “Difficult” add “more.”

Superlative Adjectives

Three or more things must be compared to use the superlative form. It takes the definite article (the).

Add “-est” to short adjectives. Use “most” with longer adjectives.

Superlative Examples

High, Higher, Highest Long, Longer, Longest Difficult, More Difficult, Most DifficultExpensive, More Expensive, Most Expensive

Superlative Usage Examples

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (Three or more things are being compared.)

It is the most expensive restaurant I've ever been to. (Use “most” with longer adjectives.)

Demonstrative Adjectives

This, That, These, ThoseA demonstrative adjective

indicates whether something is near or far from the speaker or writer and also shows singular or plural.

The words above are also used as pronouns.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives modify or describe nouns.This book (singular, near)That book (singular, distant)These books (plural, near)Those books (plural, distant)

Demonstrative Adjectives

Could you pass me those leaflets? (adjective)

Give me that. (pronoun)

(“Those” describes leaflets which makes it an adjective. “That” does not describe, therefore, “that” is a pronoun.)

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are also called possessive pronouns that are used to describe. They are placed in the modifier (adjective) position in the diagram.

Possessive Adjectives

My, your, his, her, its, our, and their are possessive adjectives, used with nouns to show possession or ownership.

That is my folder. (My is an adjective which shows that I am the owner of the folder.)

Diagram the Possessive Form

My coat is in the closet.

coat is

Notice that “my” is in the adjective (modifier) position.

My closet

the

in

Predicate Adjectives

The following are Linking Verbs that can be used to connect the subject to an adjective and are, therefore called predicate adjectives.Be; Look; Feel; Taste; Smell; Sound; Seem; Appear; Get; Become; Grow; Stay; Keep; Turn; Prove; Go; Remain; Resemble; Run

Predicate Adjective

An adjective that comes after a linking verb, but describes the noun

That food smells nice.(“Smells,” is a linking verb,

that connects the subject (food) to the adjective nice.)

Predicate Adjective

Example DiagramThat food smells nice.

food smells nice

That

Grammar:

Parts of Speech Pronouns

AndSentence Building

The Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It can be used in one of three places on the diagram, the Subject, Object, or Possessive cases.

Pronouns can also be used as adjectives.

Types of Pronouns

Personal Pronoun - I, you, he, she, it, etc..

Possessive Pronoun - mine, yours, his, theirs, ours, etc..

Reflexive Pronoun - myself, yourself, herself, himself, etc..

Types of Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronoun - this, that, these, those

Interrogative Pronoun - who, what, etc..

Relative Pronoun - who, whose, which, that, etc..

Personal Pronouns

These pronouns take the place of common and proper nouns:

He, She, You, We, They and It take the place of nouns in the sentence.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns stand in place of the names of people or things: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, etc. Let’s look at our diagrammed sentences:

The boy wrote a story.

Using the Personal Pronoun

The pronoun “he” takes the place of “boy.”

boy wrote story

he wrote storySubject

Using the Personal Pronoun

The princess wore a hat. The pronoun “she” takes the place of “princess.”

princess wore hat

she wore hatSubject

Using the Personal Pronoun

The car made a noise. The pronoun “it” takes the place of “car.”

car made noise

it made noiseSubject

Assignment

Change the following subjects of the sentences from nouns to pronouns, and show the change in a diagram.

The bees made honey.The mother made cookies.

Answers

The pronoun “they” takes the place of “bees.”

bees made honey

They made honeySubject

Answers

The pronoun “she” takes the place of “mother.”

mother made cookies

She madecookiesSubject

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. We do not need the apostrophe and “s” (‘S) with these pronouns to show ownership.

Pronouns as Adjectives

my, your, yours, his, her, hers, our, ours, their, theirs and its

We have seen these words before in our adjective lessons. When diagramming a sentence, possessive pronouns sometimes act as adjectives.

Example Usage

You must read his book.Our vacation was great.The red car is ours.Their directions were incorrect.The cat licked its paw.

Possessives in a Sentence

In a diagram, the possessive pronoun is put in the modifier position.

You must read his book.You must read book

his

Reflexive Pronouns

The reflexive pronoun gives more emphasis to the subject or object.

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

The Reflexive Pronoun

Diagramming the Reflexive Pronoun

Jose cut himself.

Jose cut himself

The Reflexive Pronoun

Diagramming the Reflexive Pronoun

Mr. Edwards gave himself a raise.

Mr. Edwards gave raisehimself

a

Demonstrative Pronouns

This, That, These, ThoseA demonstrative pronoun

indicates whether something is near or far from the speaker or writer and also shows singular or plural.

Demonstrative Pronoun

Diagram pronouns in the subject position when they are not used to describe.

Example: These are pretty.

These are prettySubject

Demonstrative Pronouns

If we use the demonstrative pronoun to describe an object, they are diagrammed as adjectives (modifiers).Example: These flowers are pretty.

flowers are pretty.

These

Other Types of Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns:who, whom, whose,

which, whatRelative Pronouns:

who, whom, whose, which, and that

Adjective Assignments

1. Complete the Comparatives Worksheet

2. Complete the Comparatives and Superlatives Worksheet

3. Complete the Possessive Adjectives Worksheet4. Complete the Adjectives Worksheet

Pronoun Assignments

Complete the Pronoun Worksheet

Break

Part 3 - The Idiom

Idioms are spoken phrases that cannot be found in the dictionary. An idiom is an expression that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words.

Idiom of the Day

“Knock on wood”Many speakers of English

use the phrase, “knock on wood” to assure good luck. When there is no wood to knock on, just saying the words themselves are meant to assure a good outcome.

Knock on Wood

Example Usage: With all the talented people

we have on this basketball team, we are sure to win the game, “knock on wood.” (providing there are no unforeseen circumstances)

“Knock on Wood”

One does not have to literally “knock on wood” to assure good luck. Just saying the phrase is meant to bring about a favorable outcome also.

Next Lesson

In our next lesson you will learn three new prefixes: “re-,” “sub-” and “trans-.”

In addition, you will learn information about two new parts of speech: The Verb and the Adverb. You will also be introduced to a new “Idiom of the Day.”

This lesson has ended

It was a pleasure to work with you today. During our next lesson, you will learn more about prefixes and how sentences are structured. Goodbye until next time.