Textbook IFR (1-st year)

Unit 1. Present tense

SHIPS

Since the dawn of history boats have been used in rivers, and ships have been used to cross seas and oceans, to carry goods and people from one place to another.

The volume of cargo carried by ships continues to increase, and ships become larger and larger. The variety of cargo is also widening. For this reason many ships are built for particular cargoes. Tankers carry liquid cargo such as petroleum, and refrigerated cargo is carried in reefers. Other ships, called bulk-carriers, carry certain cargoes such as iron ore, grains or timber in bulk. Many vessels are built for certain duties: tugs for towing ships, dredgers for deepening channels, and specialist craft such as gas carriers, ice-breakers and floating cranes.

New types of ships include container vessels and Ro-Ro ships. Container vessels carry large cases, or containers, of a wide variety of goods. They have a high service speed and can be loaded and discharged very rapidly. “Ro-Ro” ships have doors in their bows and sterns. These doors allow lorries, with cargo on them, to be driven on and off. Another new type of ship is the Lash-ship. The word “Lash” stands for “lighter aboard ship”. Lash-ships carry lighters or floating containers. Tankers known as VLCCs (Very Large Crude Carriers) are designed to carry over 200,000 tons. ULCCs (Ultra Large Crude Carriers) can carry over 400,000 tons of cargo. Although there is a wide variety of ships at the present time, more new designs are expected.

Grammar notes - the PRESENT SIMPLE

The present simple can be used to refer to:

1. A general or permanent state of affairs, or facts which are considered true at the present time:  My chief lives in Bucharest.  She’s Swedish. She comes from Stockholm.  My brother’s coming from Stockholm. (this cannot be a statement of my brother’s origin or nationality, and can only mean that he is in the process of travelling or has arranged to travel from Stockholm to where the speaker is)  I want a change. I’ve been in this job for almost twenty years.  I just love Thai food.

2. General truths and permanent facts about the world:  The Gulf Stream passes into the colder waters of the western Atlantic.   1 plus 3 makes 4.

A work of art or the activities of an artist from the past may be referred to in the present simple, to emphasise their continued existence, relevance and availability at the present time:

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  Caragiale gives a wonderful description of the Romanian society. 3. Regular and habitual events  We always have breakfast at around eight o’clock.

 I get up before six o’clock every day.

4. Immediate reactionsThe present simple can be used to talk about feelings and reactions experienced at the moment of speaking:  That looks too risky.  It tastes very bitter. Are you sure it’s chocolate?

It can also be used to describe immediate perceptions and feelings:  Quick! Open the car window! I feel sick! 5. Immediate communicationThe present simple is used in commentaries on sports events and on public ceremonies.

Shearer to Gillespie … Gillespie beats his man on the outside and moves forward. [football match commentary]

A similar use occurs in demonstrations and in instructions: [a plumber is showing a friend how to mend a tap which is leaking]

You put the washer on first, then the metal ring and then you tighten the screw.

6. Mental process verbsVerbs such as hear, know, reckon, see, suppose, think, understand are most typically used in the present simple, not the progressive:  I hear you went to see the rugby match.  I see what you mean.  I think he’s lost a bit of weight actually.

Progressive uses of these verbs usually have a slightly different meaning. Think in present progressive often means ‘consider’ or ‘incline towards an opinion’, see is ‘meet with’, etc.  She’s thinking of moving to London.  He’s seeing a client at the moment.

7. Speech act verbsThe present simple is used with speech act verbs. These are verbs which explicitly label the speaker’s communicative intention in the performance of speech acts (e.g. promise, deny, apologise, demand):  I won’t forget this time, I promise. (I won’t forget this time, I’m promising.)  I swear I saw tears in his eyes.   I agree dangerous drivers should be put in prison rather than fined.  I name this ship Beatrice II.

In a similar way, the present simple is used in formal statements and in business or legal communications:  We enclose our cheque for £2,300 in settlement of invoice no. 78.  I write to inform you that you have been successful in your application to join the service.

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ExercisesA. State if the following sentences are true or false

1. Ships have been used only to cross seas.2. Because the volume of cargo has increased ships continue to become larger and faster.3. At present ships are built for special purposes.4. Bulk-carriers carry iron ore, grains or timber.5. Ships are towed by dredgers.6. Dredgers are used to deepen channels.7. Container vessels can be loaded quickly and discharged slowly.8. Ro-Ro ships allow loaded trucks to be driven on and off.9. Lash stands for ‘Lighter alongside ship’.

B. Give brief answers to the following questions.1. What do tankers carry?2. What do reefers carry?3. What do bulk-carriers carry?4. What do tugs do?5. What do dredgers do?6. What does the word Lash stand for?

C. Rewrite the following sentences in the interrogative form.1. The cargo carried by ships continue to increase.2. We build ships for particular cargoes.3. Tankers carry liquid cargo.4. Container vessels carry containers.5. Ro-Ro ships have doors in their bows.6. “Lash” stands for “lighter aboard ship”.

D. Observe the underlined parts in the following sentences:A tanker carries oil fuel.Tankers carry liquid cargo.An icebreaker breaks frozen water.Some ships have doors in their bows.There are not any ships in the harbour.The ship is in the dock.

Now complete the following sentences using the underlined words where necessary.

1. Man has used ships since ….. dawn of history.2. ….. ice-breaker is a special purpose ship.3. ….. ships are built for special purposes.4. ….. bulk-carrier carries iron ore.5. This Lash ship doesn’t have ….. lighters on board.6. ….. ships are becoming larger and faster.7. We do not have ….. floating cranes available.8. ….. icebreakers sail in the arctic seas.9. ….. ULCC carries over 400,000 tons of cargo.

10. ….. ships have doors in their sterns.

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E. Home assignment:Navele care transporta hrana au spatii mari izolate pentru transportul carnii, fructelor si

produselor lactate si sunt prevazute cu instalatii de frig pentru a mentine spatiile la temperatura specificata pentru marfa ce este transportata.

Dialogue 1John: Excuse me! Paul: Yes? John: Is this your key? Paul: Pardon? John: Is this your key? Paul: Yes, it is. Thank you very much. Replace the underlined words with: pen, book, credit card, watch, car, pencil Dialogue 2Robby: I’m a new student. My name’s Robert. Mary: How do you do? My name’s Mary. Robby: Are you Romanian? Mary: Yes, I am. What nationality are you? Robby: I’m English. Mary: Are you a teacher? Robby: No, I’m not. I’m an engineer. What’s your job? Mary: I’m a secretary. Robby: Have you got a brother or a sister? Mary: Yes, I’ve got a sister. Completati spatiile libere

COUNTRYEnglandAmerica

Turkey

Holland

LANGUAGEEnglish

Moldovan

Spanish

NATIONEnglish

British

Polish

ONE PERSONan Englishman

a Frenchman

an Italian

Name the jobs

1. The person who deals with problems of the law.2. The person who does research in physics.3. The person whose main field is mathematics.

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4. The doctor who operates on patients.5. The man who makes furniture.6. The woman who makes clothes for women.7. The person who repairs your taps and water pipes.8. The person you pay to in a shop.9. Any person who plays music.10. Anybody who works in an office.

Dialogue 3Paul: Good afternoon, Mr Black.Mr Black: Good afternoon, Paul. …Paul Mrs Black: I’m very well, thank you. And you?

Dialogue 4.A: Whose book is this? Is it your book, Bob?B: No, it’s not my book.A: Is it your book, Mary?C: No, it isn’t. The cover of the book is very dirty. Perhaps it’s John’s.A: John, is this your book?D: Yes, it is.A: Here you are. (Catch!)D: Thank you.

Dialogue 5 Customs Officer: Are you Swedish?Woman: No, I’m not. I’m Romanian.Customs Officer: Is your friend Romanian, too?Woman: No, he’s Italian.Customs Officer: Your passports, please.Woman: Here they are.Customs Officer: Are these your cases?Woman: Yes, they are.Customs Officer: Are you tourists?Woman: Yes. We are here on our honeymoon.Customs Officer: Well, I wish you all the best. Enjoy your stay!Woman: Thank you very much.Customs Officer: Next!

Dialogue 6Husband: Give me a magazine, please. Wife: Which magazine? This one? Husband: No, not that one. The red one. Wife: This one? Husband: Yes, please. Wife: Here you are. Husband: Thank you.

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newspaper /orange /blue /yellow /review /English book /dictionary

Exercises:

I. Fill in:This is a Mercedes. It’s a ___ car.The lady is from Paris. She’s ___ .The Great Wall is in ___.Trafalgar square is in ___.

II. Make similar sentencesFiat/ Lincoln/ Seat/ Peugeot Model: Fiat is an Italian car.Montreal/ Athens/ Budapest/ LisbonGrand Canyon/ pyramids/ Thames/ DanubeKangaroos/panda/reindeer/camel

III. Fill in:Give Jane this hanky. Give ___ this one, too.That is his passport. Give ___ the passport.Those are our umbrellas. Give ___ our umbrellas.

IV. Use the possessive:Wife/captain/uglyRoom/children/untidyTerrible/Jane/handwritingScreen/TV/dirty

HOW MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATE

Mechant ships operate in the following three basic ways:They can operate as liners. These are employed on regular routes on a fixed timetable. A

list of their arrival and departure dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or not. Liners can be classed as either deep-sea liners or short-sea liners. The former carry mainly containerized cargo across the oceans of the world; the latter carry containerized or conventional cargo on shorter routes. Ferries are also classed as liners. These offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles across channels and narrow seas. A few ships are still employed as passenger liners. Nowadays the passenger trade is very small and passenger liners usually operate as cruise ships for part of the year.

Merchant ships also operate as tramps. These vessels do not sail on regular routes or keep to a fixed timetable, but are employed where there is cargo for them to carry. Tramps can be classed as deep-sea tramps or short-sea tramps. A number are classed as coasters. These ply on coastal routes and up rivers to inland ports. The traditional tramp cargoes are dry bulk cargoes, but some are designed to carry general cargoes.

A large number of merchant ships operate as specialized vessels. They are designed to carry a particular type of cargo. The most common of them are oil tankers, LNG carriers, etc.

Exercises

1. Are the following statements true or false?a. Liners operate only minor injuries.b. Passenger liners are very small.

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c. Liners operate only in good weather.d. Ferries carry passengers, vehicles and nautical students.e. Short-sea liners sail on regular routes.f. Some tramps carry general cargoes.g. Deep-sea liners call at large ports.h. Liners leave the port whether fool or not.i. Ferries do not carry dericks.

2. Answer the questions:a. How can merchant ships operate?b. Which ships keep to a fixed timetable?c. What do liners and tramps have in common?d. How do passenger liners usually operate?d. Why do passenger liners operate for part of the year?e. Do the people concerned know the dates of departure and arrival of tramp ships?f. What other types of specialized vessels do you know?

3. Fill in the missing words:a. This company owns two ships, Ulysses and Hercules. The … is a dry bulk carrier, the … is a tanker. … of them are large. b. There are three helmsmen on board this ship. The … is tall and fat, the … is tall and slim, and the … is short and mean. (Conclusion: …)c. I have been shown a lot of pictures of ships. …. is a passenger ship.d. Bulk carriers do not carry derricks … loading and unloading is done by special cranes.

4. Study the following abbreviations:A. e.g. = cf. = compare no. = i.e. = that is to say etc. = NB =B. N = MV = IMO = C. approx. = auto = automatic poss. = possible/possibly gen. = D. mk = mark ft = govt = dept = imprvd = E. &, + = and, in addition to, also, moreover, not only … but also or,/ = or, alternatively, either … or, on the other hand but = but, whereas, yet, nevertheless

Now try to write down these words and phrases in abbreviated form:a. for example g. compareb. south h. in addition toc. either … or i. note welld. that is to say j. not only … but alsoe. the United Nations k. colourf. number one l. north-east

UNIT 2. - Present progressive; future

Dialogue 1Mary: Where’s Sue, Helen?Helen: She’s in the garden.Mary: What is she doing?Helen: She’s watering the flowers.

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Mary: Is Bob in the garden, too?Helen: Yes, he is. He’s climbing a tree.Mary: What about the dog?Helen: It’s running across the garden. It’s running after a cat. Oh, my roses!

Dialogue 2Mary: Do you like coffee, John? John: Yes, I do. Mary: Do you want a cup?John: Yes, please, Mary.Mary: Do you want any sugar?John: Yes, please.Mary: Do you want any milk?John: No, thank you. I don’t like milk in my coffee.

Dialogue 3(The boss is in his office. There are two new secretaries in the next room. The door isn’t shut. They aren’t busy at the moment.)Mary: Jenny, what’s the boss doing? I don’t understand.Jenny: Neither do I. Listen! He’s talking to himself!Boss: Ladies and gentlemen, I’m very glad to be here tonight …Mary: I think he’s going mad!Jenny: Yes, so do I. I’m dying to know what he’s doing.Mary: So am I. Listen, he’s coming! (The boss enters the secretaries’ office)Boss: How are you doing, girls?M& J: Fine, thank you.Mary: Er … boss, do you often talk to yourself?Boss: What do you mean?Mary: “Ladies and gentlemen…”Boss: Oh. Don’t be silly, Mary. I’m going to a big dinner tonight and I’m making a speech. Do you understand now?Mary: Yes, I do.

Grammar notes – Present progressive

Uses:1. To refer to events which are in progress or happening at the moment of speaking.

 Well er, I’m looking across the road now and all I can see is a chemist’s shop. Why is he smiling like that?

2. To refer to things which are taking place or which are true around the moment of speaking, though they may be only temporary:  They are travelling through Italy at the moment.  She’s having a bad time right now.

3. Repeated events in temporary contextsThe present progressive is also used to describe actions which are repeated or regular, but are either temporary or may be judged to be temporary:  She’s seeing him quite a bit at the moment. (she’s meeting him regularly) The present progressive is also used to describe regular actions in relation to a particular time or a specified event, especially where those events interrupt things already in progress:  I’m always having a shower when the newspaper comes.

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  He won’t answer the phone when he’s working at the computer.4. Processes of change The present progressive is used to refer to gradual processes of change:  He’s been in hospital for three weeks but is improving steadily.  They’re building a new by-pass. It’ll be good for the town but it’s taking ages to finish.

5. With adverbs of indefinite frequency The present progressive is often used with indefinite frequency adverbs such as always, constantly, continually and forever to describe events which are regular but not planned, and often undesired:  I’m always losing my car keys.

6. Verbs rarely used in the present progressive Some verbs in English are only rarely used in the present progressive. These include:•   verbs which describe mental states and processes such as believe, know, think, understand •   verbs which describe responses of the senses such as smell, taste•   verbs expressing emotional responses such as admire, adore, detest, hate, like, respect•   verbs which describe an ongoing process such as have to, need, want•   speech act verbs such as appreciate, deny, promise, swear •   verbs describing permanent qualities or characteristics such as consist, contain, hold, last, take

It smells nice.   We need rain. The garden is so dry.  I promise I’ll be there on time next time.  Er, does this dish contain meat?

However, when used to describe a current process at the moment of speaking, or to give extra emphasis to the ongoing nature of the event, these verbs may occur in the present progressive:  What are you thinking?  I’m tasting something very bitter on my tongue at the moment.

Most people are having to take more responsibility for their own careers and for what they do.  The whole match is being played at too slow a pace. It’s needing a goal.  Can’t you hear what I’m saying? I am promising to marry you.

7. The verb be in the present progressive When the copular verb be is used in the present progressive with an adjectival complement, it refers to the current actions or behaviour of the subject rather than referring to a quality or attribute of the subject:  I think she is being awfully broadminded and tolerant here. (she is acting in a broadminded and tolerant way)  Stop it! You’re being silly.

8. Indirectness and politenessThe present progressive is often used to make a request, enquiry or statement of opinion more indirect, often out of politeness:

 Are you wanting a muffin, Peter?  I’m wondering when I could come and pick up the calendars.

  We’re hoping that it will have some practical benefits.

In these cases, the past simple, and even more politely, the past progressive, may also be used with present time reference:

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  Did you want a muffin, Peter? (Were you wanting a muffin, Peter? 

Exercises

1. Give short answersAre you speaking English?Is the teacher smoking? II. Say what your family are probably doing at the moment?

III. Put the verbs into the Present Tense Continuousa. Oh, no. It _ . What a pity! (rain)b. I _ a very good book at the moment. (read)c. We _ champagne because it’s her birthday. (drink)d. She _ hard because she has exams next week. (work)e. I _ any more work. I’m tired. (not do)f. He _ for his glasses. (look)g. What Roy _ on the floor? (do)

IV. Match a line in A with a line in B

A.1. I’m working hard2. He’s writing a letter to his parents3. Jane’s washing her hair4. The baby’s crying5. She’s watering the flowers6. We’re buying new clothes

because

B.a. it’s hot.b. we’re going to a wedding.c. it’s hungry.d. I’ve got exams next week.e. she’s going to a party tonight.f. he needs money.

V. Make the following sentences negative. Then give the right information.Example: The sun rises in the west. The sun doesn’t rise in the west. It rises in the east.a) Hagi plays tennis.b) Kangaroos come from Canada.c) The Prime Minister lives at Buckingham.

VI. The traffic is heavy and you can’t hear all the words. Ask questions.

Model: I get up at What time do you get up?a) At the weekend I usually go to b) The bank opens atc) I don’t like her because

VII. Agree with your partnera. I hate cats.b. He doesn’t speak Chinese.c. I’d like to be an MP.d. They don’t like hard work.

VIII. Give the right present tense1. What time (the banks/close) in Britain?

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2. ‘Where (Martin/come) from?’ ‘He’s Scottish.’3. ‘What (you/do)’ ‘ I’m a doctor.’ 4. It (take) me an hour to get to work. How long (it/take) you?5. I don’t understand this sentence. What (this word/mean)?6. Mary (cook) now.7. They (not work) on Sundays.8. Jane (not drink) tea very often.

IX. Find the right verb and forma. The sun … in the east.b. Bees … honey.c. Vegetarians … meat.d. An atheist … in god.e. An interpreter … from one language into another.f. A liar is someone who … the truth.g. The Danube … into the Black Sea.

X. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong?1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. The water boils. Can you turn it off?3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.4. I hear you’ve got a new job. How do you get on?5. I’m feeling very hungry. Is there anything to eat?6. I’m seeing the manager tomorrow morning.

XI. Put the verb in the correct forma. Let’s go out. It (not rain) now.b. Kay is very good at languages. She (speak) five languages.c. Hurry up! Everybody (wait) for you.d. ‘(you/listen) to the radio?’ ‘No, you can turn it off.’e. ‘How is your English?’ ‘Not bad. It (improve) slowly.f. Mary (look) for a place to live. She (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere.g. The train is never late. It (leave) always on time.h. John (not be) lazy. He (work) very hard most of the time.i. I (go) to bed now. Goodnight!j. ‘You (work) hard today.’ ‘Yes, I’ve got a lot to do.’

XII. Change eat into a drink

XIII. Put the words in the correct ordera. cooking/she/is/breakfast/us/for.b. tonight/out/are/going/you?c. daughter/not/is/your/crying.d. dinner/are/Ken/for/Ellen/and/coming/when?

XIV. Home assignmentArsenal, Manchester, Liverpool and Tottenham are football teams. Each team is playing against one of the others on the next 3 Saturdays – a different one each time.On Saturday 5-th, Arsenal are playing against Manchester.Manchester are playing against Tottenham on 12-th.Who is playing against who on 18-th?

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Rescue WorkA lifeboat will set out tonight to search for the shipwreck. The crew will send messages

to the wreck until they receive a signal from the men on board. As soon as they receive a signal, they will try and find it with powerful searchlights. The moment the crew locate the sinking ship, they will send a rope to it. They are sure to succeed, but if they fail, a helicopter will be sent out tomorrow morning.

Grammar notes – the FUTURE TENSE

The simple future is used:a. to predict a future event: It will rain tomorrow.b. (with I/we) to express a spontaneous decision: I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.c. to express willingness: I'll do the washing-up. He'll carry your bag for you.d. (in the negative form) to express unwillingness: The baby won't eat his soup. I won't leave until I've seen the manager!f. (with you) to give orders: You will do exactly as I say.i. (with you) to give an invitation: Will you come to the dance with me? Will you marry me?

Shall is mainly used:a. (with I in the interrogative form) to make an offer: Shall I open the window?b. (with we in the interrogative form) to make a suggestion: Shall we go to the cinema tonight? c. (with I in the interrogative form) to ask for advice or instructions: What shall I tell the boss about this money?NOTE: In modern English will is preferred to shall.Future with Going to - functionThe use of 'going to' to refer to future events suggests a very strong association with the present. The time is not important - it is later than now, but the attitude is that the event depends on a present situation, that we know about. So it is used:a) to refer to our plans and intentions:

We're going to move to London next year. (= the plan is in our minds now.) Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy?I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week.

b) to make predictions based on present evidence:Look at those clouds - it's going to pour with rain! (= It's clear from what I can see now.) There's going to be a terrible accident!He's going to be a brilliant politician.I'm going to be seasick.

Note: In everyday speech, 'going to' is often shortened to 'gonna', especially in American English.Note: It is unusual to say 'I'm going to go to...'. Instead, we use 'going to' + a place or event:Examples:

We are going to the beach tomorrow.Are you going to the party tomorrow night?

Exercises

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1. Use future formsa. George (be) here this evening.b. I (sell) my old Rolls. (intention) c. I’m sure they (finish) the project in time.

2. Give the right answer:1. He will ________ in the Navy one more year.

a. being c. isb. be d. was

2. I plan to _________ a new TV set.a. buying c. buyb. bought d. is buying

3. Do you want to __________ a trip to Dallas?a. taking c. takesb. take d. will take

4. _____ he have breakfast this morning ?a. do c. shallb. will d. does

5. They may _______ in their barracks.a. are c. beingb. be d. were

3. Home assignment. Give the right form of the verbs in brackets:a. They (practice) in the lab next week.b. He (intends to make) a special tape.c. This (be) an important class.d. He (take) a test at the moment.e. He (have) a regular class today.f. The microphone (be) on the table.g. The school (use) video cameras.h. He (not go) to his ship. He’s on holiday. i. They (put) the boat into the water in an hour.

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Unit 3 – P.T.

J : What’s Brad Bitt like, Mary?M : He’s awful. He telephoned me four times yesterday, and 3 times the day before yesterday. He phoned the office yesterday morning and yesterday afternoon. I asked my boss to answer the phone.J : What did your boss say to him?M : He said, “Miss Anderson is very busy. She can’t speak to you now!’ I think he telephoned again in the afternoon but I didn’t answer the phone.J : Did he call again last night?M : Yes, he did. I changed my voice and I said, ‘This is Mary’s grandma. My granddaughter left for London an hour ago.J : Did he phone again?M : No, he didn’t.

Grammar notes - The past simple

1. Definite time referenceReferences to definite past time clearly separated from the moment of speaking are normally made using the past simple. The most common type of reference to the past is through definite time adjuncts and definite time adverbial clauses:  Did you watch that film yesterday?   He went at the end of November.   My grandfather died about four weeks ago.  She came through for a coffee after she’d finished cooking.

Definite time adjuncts: a year/two weeks/five minutes/etc. ago last night/week/month/year, etc.at two o’clock/half past three, etc. on Monday/Wednesday, etc.earlier today/this month, etc. the other day/week in the spring/summer, etc. yesterday

2. The past simple without explicit time markersOften there is no explicit time marker, but definite past time may be implied either by the situation of speaking or writing, or by assumptions of shared and general knowledge.

Caragiale wrote many remarkable plays. (Caragiale lived and died a long time ago)Do you know Helen? Because I went to school with her.

3. Events and states•   Single events:  He suffered a head wound, for which he went to hospital and received ten stitches.  And then she went out and she phoned my brother.•   Habitual events:

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 He visited the opera regularly and mostly hung out in local cafés.  We did a lot of acting at school.•   States:  She looked a bit upset.  Where were you? I’ve been worried sick.

ExercisesMake negative sentences.

a) She liked cheese. (Swiss cheese)b) We lived in a small village. (Bucharest)c) She played tennis.(table tennis)d) Ben studied maths. (languages)e) She married a dentist.(shepherd)f) I wrote poems.(novels)

2. Write about BenWhen Ben was 20 he was very poor, and life was difficult. He had to work very hard. But he had a good time. Now he’s 40. He has a very good job and plenty of money. THEN NOWBen worked very hard. He doesn’t work very hard… He lives in a big house. .He started work at 7.30. …… He works five hours a day.He ate cheap food. …… He often goes to restaurants.He didn’t travel much. …He played football on Sunday. …… He has a lot of girlfriends.… He doesn’t want to be an actor.

3. Use the verbs in the affirmative form:a) I didn’t go to New York, I … to Medgidia.b) We didn’t leave last Tuesday, we …last Thursday.c) They didn’t see the president, they …the First Lady.

4. Making questionsa) I went to … for my last holiday.b) We stayed in …c) We stayed there for … weeks.d) … a good time there.

5. The story of a thefta) On 15 August 1993, a burgler … a house in the centre of London. He … living room and…

jewelry and paintings.b) Then … kitchen. He opened …cheese.c) … hungry, so … Next … champagned) … still thirsty, so … Then … felt …e) … upstairs …, but … tired … fell…f) When … the next …, there were … bed!

6. If there are any mistakes, correct them.a) My brother go to university.

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b) English is a language internationalc) We arrive at Heathrow airport at 11 last night.d) Where did you went two hours ago?e)

7. Home assignment. Translate:Un vagabond a ajuns langa un lac mic. A fost foarte bucuros cand a observat o rata mare si alba. Nu a fost greu sa o prinda. Cand a aparut paznicul, vagabondul s-a grabit sa arunce rata in lac. Paznicul a aratat cu degetul spre lac si a strigat: ‘Ce s-a intimplat cu rata?’ ‘Ah!’ a raspuns vagabondul linistit, ‘ a vrut sa inoate si eu am grija de hainele ei!’

No Deal

A famous writer used to tell of a conversation he once had with a young actor who had a small part in one of his plays. The actor laughingly suggested that they should agree to divide their incomes for the rest of their lives. Naturally the writer refused such an absurd idea, since the actor was only getting 3 pounds a week. The actor soon became a Hollywood star.

ExercisesI. Give the right form of the verbs:

a. I (write) a letter when the lights went out.b. Jane (clean) the gas cooker at 10 yesterday.c. While we (wait) for the bus, the rain (stop).d. When I (meet) John he (live) in the country.e. He (look) out of the window when the accident (happen).f. Only Bob (see) a traffic light turn red.

Adventure storyWhen James got back to his hotel room it was midnight. His windows were closed and

the air conditioning was on. Bond switched it off and opened the windows. His heart was still thumping in his chest. He breathed in air with relief, then had a shower and went to bed. At 3.30 he was dreaming, not very peacefully, of the three black-coated men with red eyes and angry white teeth, when suddenly he woke up. He listened. There was a noise. It was coming from the window. Someone was moving behind the curtains. JB took his gun from under the pillow, got quietly out of bed, and crept slowly along the wall towards the window. Someone was breathing behind the curtains. Bond pulled them back with one quick movement. Golden hair shone silver in the moonlight.

‘Mary!’ Bond cursed. ‘What the hell are you doing here?’‘Quick, James! Help me in!’ she whispered urgently.Bond put down his gun and tried to pull her through the open window. At the last

moment her foot caught in the curtain and the window banged shut with a noise like a gunshot. Mary whispered, ‘I’m terribly sorry, James!’

‘Sh! Sh!’ said Bond, and quickly led her across the room to the bathroom. He turned on the light and the shower. They sat down on the side of the bath. Comprehension check. Are these statements true or false? Say why.1. James Bond felt frightened and worried when he got back to his hotel room.2. A man with a gun woke Bond at 3.30 a.m.3. Bond was very pleased to see Mary.4. Bond’s gun went off while he was pulling Mary through the window.5. Mary and James talked in the bathroom because they were thirsty.6.

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Grammar notes - The past progressive

1. Events in progress The past progressive may refer generally to events in progress around a particular time in the past. It may highlight the temporary nature of events:

 I was working last night.  Fourteen hours later, we were entering Kingston Harbour.(compare: Fourteen hours later we entered Kingston Harbour. The past simple emphasises the whole event, from start to finish; the past progressive emphasises the event as being in progress but unfinished at the time referred to)

2. Background eventsThe past progressive may refer to past-time events occurring as a background to other events which interrupt them. The events which occur in the foreground are usually in the past simple: When he knocked I was reading a Nautical Almanac.

3. Reasons and contexts for events The past progressive is often used to give a reason or context for an event:  Her husband was doing a PhD at the university, and that’s how I came to meet him. 4. Ongoing and repeated eventsThe past progressive may refer to ongoing or repeated events in the past. There is often a suggestion that the situation was temporary or subject to change: A:  She only had a very small income which I gave her each week and that was coming out of my overdraft.B:   I see.A:   But the bank were only prepared to support me up to a point.

The past progressive may occur with adverbs such as always, constantly, to describe repeated unplanned (or undesired) events: People were always warning me that my success wouldn’t last. I wasn’t constantly collapsing in floods of tears, but I was in quite a bad way.

340d The present progressive with adverbs of indefinite frequency359b Temporal subordinators and the past progressive492d The past progressive in speech representation

Exercises

1. Use the PT forms of the verbs

They (chose) this hotel because it (be) cheaper than they (expect).He (kick) the ball high over the goal.She (work) hard and (pass) the exams.Jane (look) calm but I’m sure she (feel) really terrified.You (hear) the news?Yesterday we (decide) to (go) to a restaurant for lunch.The waiter (try) to speak English.We (have) a good time at the party.

2. Ask ‘wh’ questionsI met somebody. Who …We spent some time together. What …

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They saw a movie. Which …

3. Describe your last summer vacation- visit Australia- see a real kangaroo- climb a mountain- speak to an Aborigine- travel by plane

4. TranslateEi au sosit prea tarziu.John s-a mutat inL.A.El a citit doua romane saptamana trecuta.Ea a reusit sa resolve problema.Pe cine ati vazut la stadion pe o vreme ca aceasta?Ea nu a vrut sa manance caracatita.Cand au inceput sa investeasca in aceasta tara?

1. Make negative sentences.g) She liked cheese. (Swiss cheese)h) We lived in a small village. (Bucharest)i) She played tennis.(table tennis)j) Ben studied maths. (languages)

2. Write the text correctly with capital letters and punctuation.Ben johnson was born in london in 1963 his father was a clerk and his mother was a librarian they didnt have much money but ben and his two sisters mary and jane were very happy children in 1989 bens father died so ben didnt go to university he started working in a shop but didnt like it so he went to an import export firm now hes the assistant manager and hes very happy.

3. Home assignment. Make up similar stories (use the present simple)She works in a service industry for three days a week and earns £100. She works locally and goes there by bus. She quite likes her job as it gets her out of the house, she meets people, and it is close to the children’s school.

4. Compare a British family with an average family in our country. Think of the following: house, jobs, hours of work, school, transport, entertainment, etc.

5. Social situations (use modal verbs)a) You are in a room, feeling very hot. What do you say to the person sitting near the window?b) A friend needs to get to the airport as quickly as possible. You have a car.c) You have a cigarette but no matches. You see someone smoking.d) Some friends want to go out tonight, but need someone to look after the children. You are

free.e) You are travelling light. A friend offers to come to the airport.

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Unit 4 – perfect tenses

No Wrong NumbersMr Scott has a garage in A and now he has just bought another one in B. B is only five miles from A, but Mr Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from A to B. The bird covered the distance in three minutes. Up to now, Mr Scott has sent a lot of requests for spare parts and other urgent messages. In this way, he has begun his own private ‘telephone’ service.

Exercises:1 Make statements and questions about the following people.

a) Bob is a mountaineer b) Paul Oldman is an actorclimb/ mountains all over the world direct/filmsclimb/Everest without oxygen never win/an Oscaraccident? drive/car

2. For or since?- two weeks - I was five- half an hour - ages- August - 3 March- 7.25 - a long time

3.Follow the model:Have you met Mrs Black yet? boss/leaveYes, I have. you/breakfastWhen did you meet her? she/find/handbagI met her two days ago.

4. Ask the following people questions about their experiencesModel: a racing driver Have you ever had an accident?a) trade union leader – be poorb) an actress – forget your wordsc) window cleaner – fall off your ladderd) an electrician – have an electric shocke) lion tamer – bite by a dogf) a beggar – be clean

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5. Read and choose the correct forma) What did you do last night?

What have you done last night?b) I went to many countries in my life.

I’ve been to many countries in my life.c) I’ve known him for two weeks. I’ve known him since two weeks.c) Where have you bought your tennis racket?

Where did you buy your tennis racket.

6. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tenseMr Apricot ___________ (be) a politician. He ___________ (go) to Laika University in 1965 and in 1970 he _____________ (become) a member of the National Assembly. He __________ (be) an MP since then. He ______________ (be) Fish and Frogs Minister from 1986 – 89. He ____________ (write) several books, including his autobiography, “My past is white, my future is bright”, and a SF story, “No taxes from now on”. He is married to a ballet dancer, and they have a black boy and a white girl. They _____________ (live) in a flat for two years, then ________ (move) into a villa. They now ______________ (live) in Spring Street. He never ___________ (like) German cars. Now he _____________ (drive) an Albanian car.

7. Complete B’s answers Some sentences are positive and some negative.A B

What’s Ken’s sister like?Are you hungry?

Can you play tennis?Did you enjoy our holiday?

What’s that book like?Is Vegas an interesting city?

Ken was late for work again today.Do you like caviar?

The car broke down again yesterday.

Who’s the lady by the door?Do you get seasick?

Does he know the news?

I’ve no idea. I … her.Yes. I … much today.Yes, but … for ages.Yes, it’s the best holiday … in years.I don’t know. … it.I’ve no idea. … there.Again? He … every day this week.I don’t know. … it.Not again! That’s the second time …. this week.I don’t know. … before.I don’t know. I … on board a ship.No. I … (talk) to him lately.

The present perfect

We have just moved into a new house and I have worked hard to get my new room in order. This has not been easy because I own over a thousand books. To make matters worse, the room is rather small, so I have temporarily put my books on the floor. At the moment, they cover every inch of floor space and I actually have to walk on them to get in or out of the room. A short while ago, I asked a neighbour to help me to carry my old bookcase up the stairs. He went into my room and got a big surprise when he saw all the books on the floor. ‘This is the prettiest carpet I’ve ever seen,’ he said. He gazed at it for some time then added, ‘You don’t need bookcases at all. You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet!’

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Christopher Columbus and the Egg

Although most people in the fifteenth century thought that the world was flat ChristopherColumbus believed it to be round. He decided to prove this by sailing west to India. He crossed the Atlantic and at last reached land, but he did not reach India.After he had returned from his voyage, the king of Spain, who had given him the ships for his famous voyage, gave a dinner in his honour. During the dinner a Spanish nobleman, who was jealous of Columbus, said that it was easy to sail a ship on and on till you reached land.

Then Columbus asked the Spaniard to make an egg stand on its end. The nobleman tried but he could not do it. Columbus then tapped the egg on the table and made the egg stand up on its end.

The Spaniard said that it was easy to do that, to which Columbus only added that it was easy to do it after someone else had shown you how to do it.

Comprehension check1. Unlike a lot of people Columbus believed the earth was a sphere.2. Columbus reached India at night.3. The queen of Spain gave a late meal in his honour.4. An Italian attended the dinner.5. Columbus’s wife was jealous of him.6. Columbus asked a Spaniard to make a hen stand on its end.7. Nelson left the table.

Exercises 1. Give the Present Perfect forma. We (not to hear) the news.b. They (know) us for 15 years.c. I (forget) everything.d. They (begin) to learn a new language.e. You (lay) the table?

2. P.T. or Present Perfect??1. I (finish) my work at 7.2. I (not finish) my homework yet.3. She (know) it was 7.30.4. When you (see) Hamlet, yesterday or the day before yesterday?5. We (make) often great mistakes.

3. Join these sentences with the words given in brackets:1. (after) She wrote the letter. She went to the PO.2. (when) I fastened my seat belt. The plane took off.3. We didn’t disturb him. (until) He finished work.4. (after) He had dinner. He went to the cinema.5. (as soon as) He left the room. I turned on the radio.

4. Join these sentences and give the right form of the verbsa. Mary has just left. Then John arrived.b. He left his case. The train left at 4.50.c. He called her a liar. She smacked his face.d. I saw that film. I went with Jane to keep her company.e. The show just began. We couldn’t enter.

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5. Use the right past tensea. When we (reach) the airport, we (find) that the plane (crash).b. They have no money because they (spend) it on whisky.c. By the time the ambulance (arrive) two people (die).d. He (not understand) a word until they (bring) an interpreter. e. She (watch) the movie with interest because she (read) the book.

6. Give the verbs in the right tense:a. We especially … to visit Paris as we … never there before.b. She … his invitation because she never … by ship before.c. Rita … home until her parents … to bed.d. When I last … she just … from Oxford University.

7. An anagram is a word whose letters can be arranged to form another worda. Change eat into a drinkb. Change night into an object.c. Change swell into places to find water.d. Change rail into a teller of lies.e. Change hose into footwear.f. Change heart into soil.g. Change slope into rounded long pieces of woodh. Change rare into the back part.i. Change tone into a brief letter.j. Change doom into a state of mind.

Translate: “M-am trezit pe o insula pustie si trei zile m-am tarat la intamplare incercand sa aflu daca era, asa cum presupuneam, o insula pustie sau locuita de salbatici. In sfarsit am avut norocul sa descopar langa plaja o spanzuratoare(gallows) de care atarna un mort. ‘Slava Domnului,’ am strigat, ‘acum stiu ca este o tara civilizata.”

Guess who said that?‘ I never put off till tomorrow what I can possibly do the day after.’(British dramatist, poet and wit, 1856 – 1900)

Good NewsThe secretary told me that Mr. Jones would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He didn’t look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come. ‘Mr. Jones,’ I said in a weak voice. ‘Don’t interrupt,’ he said. Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra £ 100 a year!Comprehension check

a. The secretary didn’t talk to me.b. She told me that Mrs. Jones would kill me.c. I was relaxed and confident.d. Mr. Jones was looking at his desk when I entered.e. He told me that business was not good at all.f. He told me that thirty people had already lived.

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g. I supposed my turn had come.h. He didn’t talk to me in a strong voice.i. He asked me not to interrupt him.j. He said I owed him £ 100.

Out of ControlAs the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last 15 minutes. Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violently into the sea. They had just begun to swim towards the shore when they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was coming towards them at tremendous speed. Soon it roared past them only a few feet away. Their wives were worried because they had noticed a shark not far from the swimmers. The guys soon joined their wives and had a good laugh. Why?

ExercisesI. Put the verbs in brackets in the P.Pf.

a. At last she showed me the letter she (write).b. When he (find) the photo, I took the album back to the shelf.c. Mary said she (not see) him since 2001.

II. Use a past tense:a. Almost all the guests (leave) by the time we (arrive).b. Jim (wonder) whether he (forget) his wallet at home.c. The weather (be) far worse than they (expect).d. They hardly (drive) out of town when the car (have) a flat tyre.

III. Give the right form of the verbs:Although most people in the fifteenth century (think) that the world (be) flat Christopher Columbus (believe) it to be round. He (decide) to prove this by sailing west to India. He (cross) the Atlantic and at last reached land, but he (not reach) India.After he (return) from his voyage, the king of Spain, who had given him the ships for his famous voyage, (give) a dinner in his honour. During the dinner a Spanish nobleman, who was jealous of Columbus, (say) that it was easy to sail a ship on and on till you reached land.Then Columbus (ask) the Spaniard to make an egg stand on its end. The nobleman (try) but he could not do it. Columbus then tapped the egg on the table and (make) the egg stand up on its end.The Spaniard said that it was easy to do that, to which Columbus only (add) that it was easy to do it after someone else (show) you how to do it.

Going on a courseR. I’m going to New York for the summer to do a summer course.Really! And how will you get there?I will fly to Boston to spend a few days with my sister, and then I’ll take a train to NY.J. Will you stay in a hotel?R. I don’t think so. I will probably stay in a students’ residence.J. And how long will you be there?R. For eight weeks.

Talking about a vacationA. When are you taking your vacation?B. Oh, on August.A. I suppose you will be going to Sinaia to see your family?

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B. Yes, that’s right.A. How long will you be away?B. I’ll be in Sinaia for about a week and then I’m driving up to Sibiu for a few days. A. Will you stay in a hotel there?B. No, I’ll stay with friends, I think. A. So you’ll be away two weeks altogether?B. Yes, I’ll be back on 30-th August. I start work on 1-st September.

The Happy Tenant

When Harry first moved to London he stayed with me for a few days while he looked for a place to live. It was a depressing, soul-destroying experience, phoning up and finding that places had already gone, visiting flats and finding that they were dark and poky. After a few days he despaired of ever finding anywhere but then he had a stroke of luck. He was given an address by an agency and the rent that they mentioned seemed extremely low, so low in fact that we thought it might not be worth even going there. It was bound to be a dump. Obviously, a lot of other people had thought the same because it was still available. The rent was low because it was in a poor and rather rough area of London but the flat itself was very spacious. As it was within walking distance of the place where he worked, he decided to take it. There were two other people in the flat, which was on the first and second floor above a shop. They each had their own room and there was a kitchen, living-room, bathroom and toilet plus a little paved patio at the back.

In his delight of finding a cheap and spacious room he had given no thought to what the other tenants were like. In fact, they were all right. One was a man who was very fond of curry, which he cooked every night. The flat usually smelt of curry but he didn’t mind. The other was a zoologist who worked with chimpanzees. When she came home from work her clothes stank of chimpanzee, as did her room. The two smells sort of cancelled each other out. Their front door was opposite a bus stop and people waiting for a bus would sometimes get bored and write rude words on the door. Another problem was that he would often be woken up late at night by the sound of shouting, broken glass, screams and police sirens. Two months later, he invited me for dinner. When I got in front of the building I saw a group of policemen sprinkling sawdust on a large pool of blood on the pavement.

Exercises 1. Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is similar in meaning to:1 gave up hope; 2 a dirty and unattractive place; 3 smelt badly; 4 liked very much; 5 scattering;6 tomato juice; 7 large; 8 had an opposite effect to each other, so that neither one had any effect

2. Many verbs have a more emphatic meaning if we add up. Add a suitable word to these sentences:1 … up! We can’t hear you!2 … up your dinner or you won’t get any cake!3 … up the house before you leave.4 … up, the bar is closing soon.5 … up so that everybody can see you.

3 .Practise this dialogue using the information given.(B covers this part) (A covers this part)

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A. I’m going to England to do an English course.B. Really! When will you be there?A. In the …B. How long will the course take?A. I’m taking a course that runs from … to …B. Is the course in London?A. …B. How will you get from … to …?A. … It’s only … minutes.B. Where will you stay in Hamilton? In a hotel?A. No, …B. How many hours tuition a week will you have?A. …B. And do they organize any other activities?A. Yes, there will be …B. It sounds great! Your English will improve!

ENGLISH FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS Come to Hamilton for a holiday course Special summer courses for students 16 years and over

Course A July 2nd – July 29st

Course B July 30th- Aug 26th

Course C Aug 27th- Sept 16rd

* A minimum 15 hours of tuition a week* Excursions, outings, theatre visits * Films, parties, sports events* 15 minutes from Central London* Accommodation in friendly British families * Modest fees/ Fee-free for Romanian good-looking students

4. Fill in the conversation.M … Is Jim there, …?A No, I’m … he’s out.M Oh. It’s Mark here. When … he be back?A He’ll be back about five …, Mark.M … you give … a message, please?A …, certainly.M Please tell him I’ll call in at the office … morning.A … right. I’ll … him when he … back. M … you … much.

5. Combine the following sentencesa. She’ll be back in an hour. I’ll tell her the news.b. I’ll go to NY. I’ll visit Mary.c. You will study English at Hamilton. You’ll learn to speak it fluently.

6. Match the questions in A with the answers in B. A B

1 Why are you going to take accountancy?2 What subjects are you going to take this

semester?3 What’s the point of going there?4 What are you going to do on Wednesday?5 Why are you going to change everything?6 Where are they going to build a car park?

a We are going to see the marina.b It’s very dull. It needs redecorating.c It’ll be down near the river.d I want to work in commerce.e I will have to do English, and I think

Economics.f To get away from it all. I need a complete

rest.

7. You go to see a fortune-teller. Ask questions about your future.e.g. Will I live to be a hundred?

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8. What are these people going to do?a window-cleanerb football playerc mechanicd thief

9. Translate the following sentences:a. El va telefona cand va sosi de la Londra.b. Ea va rade cand va auzi această glumă.c. Ele se vor mărita cand vor termina şcoala.d. John se va întoarce la lucru cand se va simţi mai bine.e. Ei vor fi bogaţi cand vor avea 75 de ani.f. Ce ai de gand să faci marţea viitoare ?

10. Change these 20 sentences into their passive forms. Some will require only the simple, basic change:

Example: ‘They are preparing the meal.’ Answer: ‘The meal is being prepared.’

But others will require the more complicated change which uses an infinitive:

‘They say that it was a good party.’ ‘It’s said to have been a good party.’

1. Somebody has burnt a hole in this carpet.2. They are building a new aerodrome there.3. Rumour says that the Princess is expecting a baby.4. Some people think that this portrait, which has no signature, was painted by Da Vinci.5. The students said that Susan Kerr is the most beautiful girl in the college this term.6. It disappoints me that the Council has adopted this policy.7. People expect that the Home Secretary will resign.8. They will be overhauling the machines all day tomorrow.9. They’re going to do it while we watch.10. They have built an extremely good road between Belgrade and the Greek frontier.11. Most people believed that he had been telling the truth.12. The radio reports that all out-going flights have been cancelled because of the fog..13. They have offered him the presidency.14. The radio reports that the Cabinet has resigned.15. The newspaper says that our Professor is being considered for that top job.16. Everybody knows that this machine is by far the best.17. He has had to do it all over again.18. Someone had let the air out of the tyres and they couldn’t move the car. They had to

borrow a bicycle from a cottage nearby and fetch a car from the village.19. Last night’s paper said that poor Mary Moppet has had her throat cut.20. People assume only too easily that politics solve all human problems. No one ought ever

to make so false an assumption.

11. Home assignment. Give the correct forms of the verbs in brackets:

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Example: ‘You ought (have) (be) listen) all the time.’ Answer: ‘You ought to have been listening all the time.’

1. Phillip loves (give) barbecue parties.2. Phillip loves (give) barbecue parties.3. You are not yet used to (take) orders, I (see).4. I wish I (speak) as many languages as you (do).5. She used (play) tennis very well indeed.6. You seem(have) (be) (make) a lot of progress since I (see) you last.7. Beethoven’s Fifth (be) (go) (be) (play) at eight on the radio tonight.8. I ought not (have) (forget) his birthday.9. We shall probably (have) (pay) a fine for leaving the car here so long.10. He (be) (plan) (go) to America soon.11. Why do you always put off that job?You (have( (be) (go) (do) it every day this month,

but you don’t keep your word.12. Last night I (think) it (be) (go) (snow).13. If we can (afford) it next year, we’ll (have) the front of the house (paint) again.14. I (have) (grow) accustomed to not (believe) what he tells me.15. The children ought (be) (get) ready for bed now.16. That type of skirt (be) now (be) (wear) again.17. Peter is behaving more correctly today, isn’t he? He must (have) (be) (speak) to!18. You must be wrong. He can’t(have) (forget) That he was (invite). He (be) probably on

the way.19. I wish we could stop him (make) such a fool of himself.20. They decided (ask) him (resign).21. My hair needs (cut) badly.22. I’d prefer anybody but her (dance) with.23. Would you mind (come) back again tomorrow at about the same time?24. He would (have) (explain) it again for you if he (have) (know) that you (have) not

(understand).25. We should (have) (like) (be) there with you.

12. Ask questions to which the words in italics are the answers:

1. It’s three hundred and ten miles from here.2. It’s three hundred and ten miles from here.3. She was panting because she had run up the stairs.4. She was panting.5. That is the Prime Minister’s house.6. That is the Prime Minister’s house.7. Polly kissed Bob on the end of his nose.8. Polly kissed Bob on the end of his nose.9. Polly kissed Bob on the end of his nose.10. Polly kissed Bob on the end of his nose.11. Polly kissed Bob.12. Jackie and Susan won the secon race.13. Jackie and Susan won the second race yesterday.14. Jackie and Susan won the second race at Canterbury.15. Jackie and Susan won the second race.16. Jackie and Susan won the second race.17. You are going to be my partner next time.

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18. You are going to be my partner next time.19. You are going to be my partner next time.20. You are going to be my partner next time.21. The governess spanked Basil with her hair-brush.22. The governess spanked Basil with her hair-brush.23. The governess spanked Basil with her hair-brush.24. The governess spanked Basil with her hair-brush.

Football or Polo?The Wayle is a small river that cuts across the park near my home. I like sitting by the

Wayle on fine afternoons. It was warm last Sunday, so I went and set on the river bank as usual. Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river. Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball very hard and it went towards a passing boat. Some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat, but he didn’t hear them. The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water. I turned to look at the children, but there weren’t any in sight: they had all run away! The man laughed when he realized what had happened. He threw the ball back to the bank.

Shopping Made EasyPeople are not as honest as they once were. The temptation to steal is greater than ever

before - especially in large shops. A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings. One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her. The woman first bought a few small articles. After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. Then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying. When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop assistant was her daughter. The girl ‘gave’ her mother a free dress once a week!

1. Answer the following questions:a. Who(m) did a detective watch in a large store one Monday?b. What did she buy? Did she choose an expensive dress or not?c. Who wrapped it up for her?d. Did the woman pay for the dress?e. Who was the assistant?f. What did she give her mother once a week?

2. True or falsea. People today are more honest than ever.b. A young lady came to the same shop every Monday.c. There wasn’t a large crowd in the shop that day.d. The woman first bought some inexpensive things.e. The assistant was the woman’s husband’s daughter.f. The woman put the dress on and left.

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