engl 1301. unity topic sentence adequate development organization coherence
TRANSCRIPT
ENGL 1301
Effective Paragraphs, Diction, Tone, Style
Characteristics of Effective Paragraphs
Unity Topic Sentence Adequate Development Organization Coherence
Transitional Devices
Connecting Words and Phrases Repeating Key Words or Mixing Nouns and their Pronouns
Parallelism
What Is Parallelism?
Repetition of grammatical form to express a series of equivalent ideas. It adds
rhythm and balance.
Introductions
Engage Audience Announce Topic and
Briefly Acquaint Reader with It
May Directly State Thesis Can Map Out the Way the
Writing Will Progress Usually Single Paragraph
for Short Essay, may be more for a longer essay
First Sentence of Introduction
Engage the reader! Set the tone
What Is Tone?Tone is author’s attitude towards the
topic. Tone of voice is conveyed through word choice, syntax,
punctuation, rhythm, sentence length.
Some Good Ways to Start
Anecdote or Brief Personal Experience
Arresting StatementDefinition Interesting Details/DescriptionQuestionQuotation
Some Bad Ways to Start
Stating What You Are DoingStating a ClichéMaking a Sweeping Generalization
Transitional Paragraphs
Summarize Previous IdeasRepeat the ThesisPoint to Ideas to Follow
Conclusions Summary Question Ironic Twist or Surprising Observation Clever or Light-Hearted Ending Personal Challenge Hope or Recommendation Book End Technique
Cautions for Conclusions
Don’t Introduce New MaterialsDon’t Tack on an Ending Don’t Apologize Don’t Moralize
Avoid Wordiness Vary Sentence Length and Complexity
◦Simple sentences◦Coordination (and)◦Subordination (because, although—shows
relationship)◦Relative clauses (who and that—modify)◦Prepositional phrases (around) ◦Participle (ing) and infinitive (to) phrases◦Intentional fragment
Effective Sentences
• Independent clause—subject + verb• Inverted order (questions)•Expletive constructions (there and it begin sentence)
Word Order
•Position of moveable modifiers (beware of misplaced or dangling modifiers) modifiers after main statement modifiers before main statement modifiers within main statement
More on Word Order
Parallelism—same grammatical construction
Balance—parallel constructions divided by pivot point (word or punctuation)
Sentence Rhythm
Active voice (subject active)Passive voice (subject has something done to it)
Verb Voice
Word meanings Concrete versus Abstract
Words Specific and General Terms Use Dictionary Level of Diction—depends on
writer’s purpose and audience Formal Informal Technical writing Colloquial or slang
Diction
Denotation Connotation Objective tone
Tone
Figurative language—use of concrete words in a non-literal way to create images that catch and hold
reader’s attention ◦Simile and Metaphor◦Personification◦Overstatement/hyperbole◦Understatement
Special Stylistic Techniques
Verbal Irony