GENERAL REVIEWBEFORE YOUR FINAL EXAMS

PRESENT PERFECT

FIRST! PRESENT PERFECT.

• WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

• FOR SOMETHING THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES IN THE PRESENT:

• FOR SOMETHING WE HAVE DONE SEVERAL TIMES IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE TO DO. WE OFTEN USE A CLAUSE WITH SINCE TO SHOW WHEN SOMETHING STARTED IN THE PAST.

• WHEN WE ARE TALKING ABOUT OUR EXPERIENCE UP TO THE PRESENT:. NOTE: WE OFTEN USE THE ADVERB EVER TO TALK ABOUT EXPERIENCE UP TO THE PRESENT:

NOTE: AND WE USE NEVER FOR THE NEGATIVE FORM:

• FOR SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT IS IMPORTANT AT THE TIME OF SPEAKING.

PRESENT PERFECT IN NEGATIVE & QUESTIONS

• WHEN IN NEGATIVE, WE ADD “NOT” OR “NEVER”

• TO MAKE QUESTIONS, WE PUT “HAVE” AT THE BEGINNING.

USE OF “EVER” AND “NEVER”

USE OF “NEVER” AND “EVER”

• USE THE PRESENT PERFECT + EVER TO ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT EXPERIENCES IN SOMEONE’S LIFE.

• “HAVE YOU EVER TAKEN DANCE CLASSES?”“YES, I HAVE. I TOOK 6 WEEKS OF LESSONS BEFORE MY WEDDING!”

• “HAS YOUR BROTHER EVER BEEN TO INDIA?”“NO, HE HASN’T.”

• “HAVE YOUR FRIENDS EVER HELPED YOU MOVE TO A NEW APARTMENT?”“YES – TWICE!”

• DON’T USE EVER IN THE ANSWER. ONLY USE IT IN QUESTIONS.

USE OF “EVER” AND “NEVER”

• USE THE PRESENT PERFECT + NEVER TO TALK ABOUT THINGS YOU HAVE NOT DONE AT ANY TIME IN YOUR LIFE.

• I’VE NEVER FAILED A TEST. I’VE ALWAYS GOTTEN 80% OR MORE.

• HE’S NEVER HEARD OF MICHAEL JACKSON. I CAN’T BELIEVE HE DOESN’T KNOW THE KING OF POP!

• SAMANTHA HAS NEVER BEEN SURFING. SHE’S AFRAID OF THE OCEAN.

• WE’VE NEVER STUDIED ITALIAN. WE STUDIED FRENCH AND SPANISH IN SCHOOL, BUT ITALIAN WASN’T AVAILABLE.

• THEY’VE NEVER TOLD A LIE. I KNOW WE CAN TRUST THEM.

ADJECTIVES-ED; -ING

ADJECTIVES –ED & -ING

• IF YOU CALL SOMETHING INTERESTING YOU MEAN IT INTERESTS YOU. IF YOU CALL SOMETHING FRIGHTENING YOU MEAN IT FRIGHTENS YOU.

• I READ A VERY INTERESTING ARTICLE IN THE NEWSPAPER TODAY.THAT DRACULA FILM WAS ABSOLUTELY TERRIFYING.

• IF SOMETHING ANNOYS YOU, YOU CAN SAY YOU FEEL ANNOYED. IF SOMETHING INTERESTS YOU, YOU CAN SAY YOU ARE INTERESTED.

• THE CHILDREN HAD NOTHING TO DO. THEY WERE BORED.

ADJECTIVES –ED & -ING

FUTUREWILL, MIGHT, WILL BE ABLE TO

USE OF “WILL”

• FORM WILL

• [WILL + VERB]

• EXAMPLES:

• YOU WILL HELP HIM LATER.

• WILL YOU HELP HIM LATER?

• YOU WILL NOT HELP HIM LATER.

USE OF WILL

• "WILL" TO EXPRESS A VOLUNTARY ACTION

• "WILL" TO EXPRESS A PROMISE

• “WILL” TO MAKE PREDICTIONS

TO BE GOING TO

• "BE GOING TO" TO EXPRESS A PLAN

• "BE GOING TO" EXPRESSES THAT SOMETHING IS A PLAN. IT EXPRESSES THE IDEA THAT A PERSON INTENDS TO DO SOMETHING IN THE FUTURE. IT DOES NOT MATTER WHETHER THE PLAN IS REALISTIC OR NOT.

TO BE GOING TO

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES• WE USE COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE AND THINGS:

• THIS CAR IS CERTAINLY BETTER BUT IT’S MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE.I’M FEELING HAPPIER NOW.WE NEED A BIGGER GARDEN

• WE USE THAN WHEN WE WANT TO COMPARE ONE THING WITH ANOTHER:

• SHE IS TWO YEARS OLDER THAN ME.NEW YORK IS MUCH BIGGER THAN BOSTON.HE IS A BETTER PLAYER THAN RONALDO.FRANCE IS A BIGGER COUNTRY THAN BRITAIN.

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES• THE FORMATION OF THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEPENDS ON THE

NUMBER OF SYLLABLES IN THE ADJECTIVE:

• ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

• TO FORM THE COMPARATIVE, WE ADD -ER TO THE END OF THE ADJECTIVE.

• TO FORM THE SUPERLATIVE, WE ADD -EST TO THE END OF THE ADJECTIVE.

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES• SHORT ADJECTIVES: -ER; -EST

• LONG ADJECTIVES: MORE; MOST

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES• SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

• A SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE EXPRESSES THE EXTREME OR HIGHEST DEGREE OF A QUALITY. WE USE A SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE TO DESCRIBE THE EXTREME QUALITY OF ONE THING IN A GROUP OF THINGS.

• WE CAN USE SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES WHEN TALKING ABOUT THREE OR MORE THINGS (NOT TWO THINGS).

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES