energy tech assignment (1)

7/27/2019 Energy Tech Assignment (1)

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WORLD ENERGY RESOURCES

FOSSIL FUEL

Remaining reserves of fossil fuel are estimated as :

Fuel

Proven energy

reserves in ZJ (end of

2009)

Coal 19.8

Oil 8.1

Gas 8.1

These are the proven energy reserves; real reserves may be up to a factor 4 larger. Significant

uncertainty exists for these numbers. The estimation of the remaining fossil fuels on theplanet depends on a detailed understanding of the Earth's crust. This understanding is still less

than perfect. While modern drilling technology makes it possible to drill wells in up to 3 km

of water to verify the exact composition of the geology, one half of the ocean is deeper than

3 km, leaving about a third of the planet beyond the reach of detailed analysis.

However one should keep in mind that these quantitative measures of the amount of proven

reserves of the fossil fuels do not take into account several factors critical to the cost of

extracting them from the ground and critical to the price of the energy extracted from the

fossil fuels. These factors include the accessibility of fossil deposits, the level of sulfur and

other pollutants in the oil and the coal, transportation costs, risky locations, etc. As said

before easy fossils have been extracted long ago. The ones left in the ground are dirty andexpensive to extract.

COAL

Coal is the most abundant and burned fossil fuel. This was the fuel that launched the

industrial revolution and has continued to grow in use; China, which already has many of the

world's most polluted cities, was in 2007 building about two coal-fired power plants every

week. Coal is the fastest growing fossil fuel and its large reserves would make it a popular

candidate to meet the energy demand of the global community, short of global warmingconcerns and other pollutants.[8]According to the International Energy Agency the proven
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reserves of coal are around 909 billion tonnes, which could sustain the current production rate

for 155 years, although at a 5% growth per annum this would be reduced to 45 years, or until

2051. With the Fischer-Tropsch process it is possible to make liquid fuels such as diesel and

jet fuel from coal. In the United States, 49% of electricity generation comes from burning

coal .

OIL

It is estimated that there may be 57 ZJ of oil reserves on Earth (although estimates vary from

a low of 8 ZJ, consisting of currently proven and recoverable reserves, to a maximum of

110 ZJ) consisting of available, but not necessarily recoverable reserves, and including

optimistic estimates for unconventional sources such as tar sands and oil shale. Current

consensus among the 18 recognized estimates of supply profiles is that the peak of extraction

will occur in 2020 at the rate of 93-million barrels per day (mbd). Current oil consumption isat the rate of 0.18 ZJ per year (31.1 billion barrels) or 85-mbd.

There is growing concern that peak oil production may be reached in the near future,

resulting in severe oil price increases. A 2005 French Economics, Industry and Finance

Ministry report suggested a worst-case scenario that could occur as early as 2013. There are

also theories that peak of the global oil production may occur in as little as 23 years. The

ASPO predicts peak year to be in 2010. Some other theories present the view that it has

already taken place in 2005. World crude oil production (including lease condensates)

according to US EIA data decreased from a peak of 73.720 mbd in 2005 to 73.437 in 2006,

72.981 in 2007, and 73.697 in 2008. According to peak oil theory, increasing production will

lead to a more rapid collapse of production in the future, while decreasing production willlead to a slower decrease, as the bell-shaped curve will be spread out over more years.

In a stated goal of increasing oil prices to $75/barrel, which had fallen from a high of $147 to

a low of $40, OPEC announced decreasing production by 2.2 mbd beginning 1 January 2009.

Nuclear fuel

Nuclear fission

The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates the remaining uranium resources to be

equal to 2500 ZJ. This assumes the use ofbreeder reactors, which are able to create

more fissilematerial than they consume. IPCC estimated currently proved economically

recoverable uranium deposits for once-through fuel cycles reactors to be only 2 ZJ. The

ultimately recoverable uranium is estimated to be 17 ZJ for once-through reactors and 1000

ZJ with reprocessing and fast breeder reactors.

Resources and technology do not constrain the capacity of nuclear power to contribute to

meeting the energy demand for the 21st century. However, political and environmentalconcerns aboutnuclear safety and radioactive waste started to limit the growth of this energy
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supply at the end of last century, particularly due to a number ofnuclear accidents. Concerns

about nuclear proliferation (especially with plutoniumproduced by breeder reactors) mean

that the development of nuclear power by countries such as Iran and Syria is being actively

discouraged by the international community.

Nuclear fusion

Fusion poweris the process driving the sun and other stars. It generates large quantities of

heat by fusing the nuclei of hydrogen or helium isotopes, which may be derived from

seawater. The heat can theoretically be harnessed to generate electricity. The temperatures

and pressures needed to sustain fusion make it a very difficult process to control. Fusion is

theoretically able to supply vast quantities of energy, with relatively little pollution. Although

both the United States and the European Union, along with other countries, are supporting

fusion research (such as investing in the ITERfacility), according to one report, inadequate

research has stalled progress in fusion research for the past 20 years.

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Renewable resources are available each year, unlike non-renewable resources, which are

eventually depleted. A simple comparison is a coal mine and a forest. While the forest could

be depleted, if it is managed it represents a continuous supply of energy, vs. the coal mine,

which once has been exhausted is gone. Most of earth's available energy resources are

renewable resources. Renewable resources account for more than 93 percent of total U.S.

energy reserves. Annual renewable resources were multiplied times thirty years for

comparison with non-renewable resources. In other words, if all non-renewable resources

were uniformly exhausted in 30 years, they would only account for 7 percent of available

resources each year, if all available renewable resources were developed.

SOLAR ENERGY

Renewable energy sources are even larger than the traditional fossil fuels and in theory can

easily supply the world's energy needs. 89 PW[26]of solar power falls on the planet's surface.

While it is not possible to capture all, or even most, of this energy, capturing less than 0.02%

would be enough to meet the current energy needs. Barriers to further solar generation

include the high price of making solar cells and reliance on weather patterns to generate

electricity. Also, current solar generation does not produce electricity at night, which is a

particular problem in high northern and southern latitude countries; energy demand is highest

in winter, while availability of solar energy is lowest. This could be overcome by buying

power from countries closer to the equator during winter months, and may also be addressed

with technological developments such as the development of inexpensive energy storage.

Globally, solar generation is the fastest growing source of energy, seeing an annual average

growth of 35% over the past few years. Japan, Europe, China, U.S. and India are the major

growing investors in solar energy.
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WIND POWER

The available wind energy estimates range from 300 TW to 870 TW. Using the lower

estimate, just 5% of the available wind energy would supply the current worldwide energy

needs. Most of this wind energy is available over the open ocean. The oceans cover 71% of

the planet and wind tends to blow more strongly over open water because there are fewer

obstructions.

WAVE and TIDAL POWER

At the end of 2005, 0.3 GW of electricity was produced by tidal power.[28]

Due to the tidalforces created by the Moon (68%) and the Sun (32%), and the Earth's relative rotation with

respect to Moon and Sun, there are fluctuating tides. These tidal fluctuations result

in dissipation at an average rate of about 3.7 TW.

Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans,

which is about 0.6 EJ (exajoule). Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total rotational energy

of the Earth. Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (at a dissipation rate of 3.7

TW) in about foursemi-diurnal tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the

tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefore, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8

TW (20% of the dissipation rate) in order not to disturb the tidal dynamics too much.

Waves are derived from wind, which is in turn derived from solar energy, and at each

conversion there is a drop of about two orders of magnitude in available energy. The total

power of waves that wash against our shores add up to 3 TW.

GEOTHERMAL

Estimates of exploitable worldwide geothermal energy resources vary considerably,

depending on assumed investements in technology and exploration and guesses about

geological formations. According to a 1999 study, it was thought that this might amount to

between 65 and 138 GW of electrical generation capacity 'using enhanced technology'. Other

estimates range from 35 to 2000 GW of electrical generation capacity, with a further potential

for 140 EJ/year of direct use.

A 2006 report by MIT that took into account the use ofEnhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)

concluded that it would be affordable to generate 100 GWe (gigawatts of electricity) or more

by 2050, just in the United States, for a maximum investment of 1 billion US dollars in

research and development over 15 years. The MIT report calculated the world's total EGS

resources to be over 13 YJ, of which over 200 ZJ would be extractable, with the potential to

increase this to over 2 YJ with technology improvements - sufficient to provide all the
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world's energy needs for several millennia. The total heat content of the Earth is 13,000,000

YJ.

BIOMASS

Production of biomass and biofuels are growing industries as interest in sustainable fuel

sources is growing. Utilizing waste products avoids a food vs fuel trade-off, and

burning methane gas reduces greenhouse gas emissions, because even though it releases

carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide is 23 times less of a greenhouse gas than is methane. Biofuels

represent a sustainable partial replacement for fossil fuels, but their net impact on greenhouse

gas emissions depends on the agricultural practices used to grow the plants used as feedstock

to create the fuels. While it is widely believed that biofuels can be carbon-neutral, there is

evidence that biofuels produced by current farming methods are substantial net carbon

emitters. Geothermal and biomass are the only two renewable energy sources that requirecareful management to avoid local depletion.
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WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

World Energy Consumption refers to the total energy used by all of human civilization.

Typically measured per-year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source we

use, applied towards humanity's endeavors across everyindustrial and technological sector,

across every country. Being the power source metric of civilization, World Energy

Consumption has deep implications for humanity's social-economic-political sphere.

Institutions such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the U.S. Energy Information

Administration (EIA), and the European Environment Agencyrecord and publish energy data

periodically. Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal

systemic trends and patterns, which could help frame current energy issues and encourage

movement towards collectively useful solutions.

According to IEA (2012) the climate goal of limiting warming to 2C is becoming more

difficult and costly with each year that passes. If action is not taken before 2017, all the

allowable CO2 emissions would be locked-in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017.

Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix, supported by $523 billion subsidies in

2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables.

Fossil energy use increased most in 2000-2008. In October 2012 the IEA noted that coal

accounted for half the increased energy use of the prior decade, growing faster than all

renewable energy sources. Since Chernobyl disasterin 1986 investments in nuclear power

have been small.

Energy use (PWh)[3]

Fossil Nuclear Renewable Total

1990 83.374 6.113 13.082 102.569

2000 94.493 7.857 15.337 117.687

2008 117.076 8.283 18.492 143.851

Change 2000-2008 22.583 0.426 3.155 26.164

1PWh=1000TWh
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The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the

remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ =1024J) and the available nuclear

fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of

reserves ofmethane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The totalenergy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources.

Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 19902008 (%)[14][15]

kWh/capita Population (million) Energy use (1,000 TWh)

1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth

USA 89,021 87,216 2% 250 305 22% 22.3 26.6 20%

EU-27 40,240 40,821 1% 473 499 5% 19.0 20.4 7%

Middle

East 19,422 34,774 79% 132 199 51% 2.6 6.9 170%

China 8,839 18,608 111% 1,141 1,333 17% 10.1 24.8 146%

Latin

America11,281 14,421 28% 355 462 30% 4.0 6.7 66%

Africa 7,094 7,792 10% 634 984 55% 4.5 7.7 70%

India 4,419 6,280 42% 850 1,140 34% 3.8 7.2 91%

Others* 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23% 36.1 42.2 17%

The World 19,422 21,283 10% 5,265 6,688 27% 102.3 142.3 39%
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Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The

use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada

energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.

Emissions

Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem.

Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce

harmful climate impacts, which a number of nations have signed. Dangerous concentration

remains a subject of dubious debate. Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degreesCelsius, thought to be a risk by the SEI, is now doubtful.

To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75%

decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in

2050.[16]Across 40 years, this averages to a 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the emissions of

energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem.

Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute), in order to prevent

collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade

regardless of the economy or population (2009).

Fossil fuels

The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between

1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[7]According to the US Energy

Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in

2004 was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's

energy:

Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the

automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oilbecame the dominant fuel

during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled

by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of1973 and 1979,

during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift

away from oil.[23]Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity

generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average

car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil

shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the

world. From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the

energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.
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If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008, proven and

economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years. This is much

more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe. Coal is the largest source of carbon

dioxide emissions in the world. According to IEA Coal Information (2007) world production

and use of coal have increased considerably in recent years.

GAS

In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was

outside EU, North America Latin America and Russia. Others include Middle East, Asia and

Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the

North America 20002009.

Nuclear power

As of 7 March 2013, the world had 434 operable reactors with 66 others currently under

construction. Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the firstyear that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected

in 2009.

Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007,

decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh, and another 1.6% in 2011 to 2518 TWh despite in

increases in production from most countries worldwide while Germany and Japan showed

significant drops in output. Nuclear power meets 1314% of the world's electricity demand.

Renewable energy

Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). As of 2010, about 16% of

global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from

traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New

renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted

for another 2.8% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity

generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and

3% from new renewables.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the productionof electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. It is the

most widely used form ofrenewable energy, accounting for 16% of global electricity

consumption, and 12,340 PJ (3,427 TWh) of electricity production in 2010, which continues

the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent

of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 2,600 PJ

(721 TWh) of production in 2010, representing around 17% of domestic electricity use. There

are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in

China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.
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Wind power

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of

238,351 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2011, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and

the United States. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power

penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal,16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010. As of 2011, 83 countries around

the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.

Solar energy

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient

times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar

heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make

considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces.

The International Energy Agencyprojected that solar power could provide "a third of the

global final energy demand after 2060, while CO2 emissions would be reduced to very low

levels."

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as eitherpassive solaroractive solardepending

on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include

the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive

solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with

favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces thatnaturally

circulate air.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries. In 2004, 200 petajoules(56 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270

petajoules (75 TWh) of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In

2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an

additional 28 GW ofdirect heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps. Heat

pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and

range up to 100 GW.

Biomass and biofuels

Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it hasonly a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources

was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in

Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for

heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The

use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.

World production ofbioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres (8.7109 US

gal), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of

consumption in Brazil. Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 gigalitres (1.0109 US gal), making

it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawattshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigalitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_gallonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_gallonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_gallonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_gallonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigalitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawattshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacity


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ENERGY SOURCES IN INDIA

About 70% of India's energy generation capacity is from fossil fuels, with coal accounting for

40% of India's total energy consumption followed by crude oil and natural gas at 24% and

6% respectively. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands

by 2030, India's dependence on energy imports is expected to exceed 53% of the country's

total energy consumption.In 2009-10, the country imported 159.26 million tonnes of crude oil

which amounts to 80% of its domestic crude oil consumption and 31% of the country's total

imports are oil imports. The growth ofelectricity generation in India has been hindered by

domestic coal shortagesand as a consequence, India's coal imports for electricity generation

increased by 18% in 2010.

Due to rapid economic expansion, India has one of the world's fastest growing energy

markets and is expected to be the second-largest contributor to the increase in global energy

demand by 2035, accounting for 18% of the rise in global energy consumption .[3]Given

India's growing energy demands and limited domestic fossil fuel reserves, the country has

ambitious plans to expand its renewable and nuclear power industries. India has the world's

fifth largest wind power market and plans to add about 20GW of solar power capacity by

2022.[3]India also envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall

electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years. The country has five nuclear

reactors under construction (third highest in the world) and plans to construct 18 additional

nuclear reactors (second highest in the world) by 2025.

Total Installed Capacity (December 2012)

Source Total Capacity (MW) Percentage

Coal 120,873.38 57.29

Hydroelectricity 39,339.40 18.64

Renewable energy source 25,856.14 12.25

Gas 18,903.05 8.96

Nuclear 4780 2.26

Oil 1,199.75 0.56
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Total 2,10,951.72

Sector Total Capacity (MW) Percentage

State Sector 86,405.85 40.96

Central Sector 62,886.63 29.81

Private Sector 61,659.24 29.22

Total 2,10,951.72

Oil

The state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) acquired shares in oil fields in

countries like Sudan, Syria, Iran, and Nigeria investments that have led to diplomatic

tensions with the United States.[21]Because of political instability in the Middle East and

increasing domestic demand for energy, India is keen on decreasing its dependencyon OPEC to meet its oil demand, and increasing its energy security. Several Indian oil

companies, primarily led by ONGC and Reliance Industries, have started a massive hunt for

oil in several regions in India including Rajasthan,Krishna-Godavari and north-eastern

Himalayas. The proposed Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline is a part of India's plan to meet its

increasing energy demand.

Nuclear power

India boasts a quickly advancing and active nuclear power programme. It is expected to have

20 GW of nuclear capacity by 2020, though they currently stand as the 9th in the world interms of nuclear capacity.

An achilles heel of the Indian nuclear power programme, however, is the fact that they are

not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. This has many times in their history

prevented them from obtaining nuclear technology vital to expanding their use of nuclear

industry. Another consequence of this is that much of their programme has been domestically

developed, much like their nuclear weapons programme. United States-India Peaceful

Atomic Energy Cooperation Act seems to be a way to get access to advanced nuclear

technologies for India.

India has been using imported enriched uranium and are under International Atomic supportits reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited
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imports. Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it

allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a

great amount of work in the development of a Thorium centred fuel cycle. While Uranium

deposits in the nation are extremely limited, there are much greater reserves of Thorium and

it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that

Thorium can theoretically be utilised in heavy water reactors has tied the development of thetwo. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a

Thorium blanket is under construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station.

Uranium used for the weapons programme has been separate from the power programme,

using Uranium from scant indigenous reserves.

Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen Energy programme started in India after joining the IPHE (International

Partnership for Hydrogen Economy) in the year 2003. There are nineteen other countries

including Australia,USA, UK, Japan are members. This globe partnership helps India to setup commercial use of Hydrogen gas as an energy source. This will implemented through

Public Private Partnership.

Solar Energy

5000 T kWh per year (i.e. ~ 600 TW), far more than its current total

consumption.[22][23]Currently solar power is prohibitive due to high initial costs of

deployment. HoweverIndia's long-term solar potential could be unparalleled in the world

because it has the ideal combination of both high solar insolation and a big

potential consumer base density.[24][25]With a major section of its citizens still surviving off-

grid, India's grid system is considerably under-developed. Availability of cheap solar canbring electricity to people, and bypass the need of installation of expensive grid lines. Also a

major factor influencing a region's energy intensity is the cost of energy consumed for

temperature control. Since cooling load requirements are roughly in phase with the sun's

intensity, cooling from intense solar radiation could make perfect energy-economic sense in

the subcontinent, whenever the required technology becomes competitively cheaper.
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA

Electricity consumption in India

Electricity Consumption

The Per capita Consumption(kWh) in 200910 was as follows:

State Per capita Consumption(kWh)

Goa 2004.77

Puducherry 1864.5

Punjab 1663.01

Gujarat 1558.58

Haryana 1491.37

Delhi 1447.72

Chandigarh 1238.51

Tamil Nadu 1210.81

Himachal Pradesh 1144.94

Andhra Pradesh 1013.74

Jammu & Kashmir 968.47

Rajasthan 811.12


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Uttar Pradesh 386.93

Uttarakhand 930.41

Madhya Pradesh 618.1

Maharashtra 1054.1

Karnataka 855

Kerala 536.78

Lakshadweep 428.81

Bihar 117.48

Jharkhand 750.46

Orissa 837.55

West Bengal 515.08

Andaman and Nicobar Islands 506.13

Sikkim 845.4

Assam 209.2


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Manipur 207.15

Meghalaya 613.36

Nagaland 242.39

Tripura 253.78

Arunachal Pradesh 503.27

Mizoram 429.31

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