assignment on renewable energy

8/19/2019 Assignment on Renewable Energy

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ABELLON CLEAN ENERGY LTD.

AN

ASSIGNMENTON

RENEWABLE ENERGY

PREPARED BY SUBMITTED TO

SWAPNEEL TANK MR. AVINASH GUPTA

ARPAN NAPAVLIYA GENERAL MANAGER

GOURAV SINGH

AN ASSIGNMENT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY DATED 07/07/2015


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO QUESTIONS

1 FIND OUT THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

CELLS.

2 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN THIN FILM CELLS AND CRYSTALLINE CELLS.

3 DEFINE IRRADIANCE AND INSOLATION. GIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

THEM.

4 DEFINITION OF BIOMASS.

5 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT.

6 FIND OUT RPPO NORMS IN GUARAT.

! PLF OF VARIOUS TYPES OF POWER PLANTS .

" CAPITAL COST OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.



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QUESTION 1# FIND OUT THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

CELLS

Solar technology explained - the differences between crystalline and thin film, mono

and poly etc.When buying a Solar Power system, it pays to understand the different types of technology on offer. There is a lot of marketing hype surrounding the various panel types

and their benefits, so it pays to know what features really matter, and what is !ustmarketing hype before you go shopping"There are four common panel types on the market today, they are#$ %onocrystalline panels$ Polycrystalline panels$ Thin film &amorphous silicon' panels$ (ybrid panels &which are monocrystalline with an embedded layer of thin film'%onocrystalline silicon solar cells

%onocrystalline panels get their name from the fact that the silicon wafer used to makethem is cut from a single crystal or )boule* of silicon. Silicon is grown in a laboratory toachieve a high degree of purity and is then sliced very thinly to make wafers.+enefits$ %onocrystalline cells have the highest efficiency of any cells on the market under standard operating conditions.$ Their high efficiency means they have the smallest footprint for their output, so you canmaximie power output when roof space is limited.rawbacks$ ue to higher production costs, monocrystalline cells are more expensive than other cells.$ %onocrystalline cells don*t perform as well as polycrystalline cells or thin film under higher temperatures &e.g. /01 2'. 3ll cells are sub!ect to )de-rating* as the ambienttemperature increases, and monocrystalline cells tend to produce less at higher temperatures than the other technologies.Polycrystalline silicon cells#These cells are cut from an ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon. 4n themanufacturing process, molten silicon is cast into ingots of polycrystalline silicon, thensaw-cut into very thin wafers and assembled into complete cells. Polycrystalline cells&also known as multicrystalline' are cheaper to produce than monocrystalline ones, due tothe simpler manufacturing process. (owever, they tend to be slightly less efficient for the

same sie cell.+enefits$ Polycrystalline cells typically offer a lower cost per watt of power produced.$ These cells have a better temperature de-rating co-efficient compared tomonocrystalline, meaning they produce more power in hotter weather, which usuallymore than offsets their slightly lower cell efficiency.rawbacks$ Polycrystalline cells are slightly less efficient than monocrystalline cells, so they needmore roof space to produce the same output capacity.Thin film silicon#Thin film, or amorphous, silicon cells are made up of silicon atoms in a thin layer rather

than a crystal structure. 3morphous silicon can absorb light more readily than crystalline



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silicon, so the cells can be thinner. 5or this reason, amorphous silicon is also known as)thin film* photovoltaic &P6' technology.+enefits$ Thin film offers the best shade tolerance of any solar technology.

$ When compared with other types of panels, thin film performs best under hotter temperatures.rawbacks$ Thin film has the lowest conversion efficiency of all the panel types$ These panels need about twice the roof space to achieve the same power output as asimilar crystalline panel

The %anufacturingProcessPurifying the silicon7 The silicon dioxide of either 8uartite gravel or crushed 8uart is placed into an electric arc

furnace. 3 carbon arc is then applied to release the oxygen. The products are carbon dioxide andmolten silicon. This simple process yields silicon with one percent impurity, useful in manyindustries but not the solar cell industry.7 The 99 percent pure silicon is purified even further using the floating one techni8ue. 3 rod of impure silicon is passed through a heated one several times in the same direction. This procedure:drags: the impurities toward one end with each pass. 3t a specific point, the silicon is deemed

pure, and the impure end is removed.%aking single crystal silicon7 Solar cells are made from silicon boules, polycrystalline structures that have the atomic structureof a single crystal. The most commonly used process for creating the boule is called the 1ochralskimethod. 4n this process, a seed crystal of silicon is dipped into melted polycrystalline silicon. 3s the

seed crystal is withdrawn and rotated, a cylindrical ingot or :boule: of silicon is formed. The ingotwithdrawn is unusually pure, because impurities tend to remain in the li8uid.%aking silicon wafers7 5rom the boule, silicon wafers are sliced one at a time using a circular saw whose inner diameter cuts into the rod, or many at once with a multiwire saw. &3 diamond saw produces cuts that are aswide as the wafer;. / millimeter thick.'


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manufacturers.

Placing electrical contactsD Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another and to the receiver of produced current. The

contacts must be very thin &at least in the front' so as not to block sunlight to the cell. %etals suchas palladiumFsilver, nickel, or copper are vacuum-evaporated through a photoresist, silkscreened, or merely deposited on the exposed portion of cells that have been partially covered with wax. 3llthree methods involve a system in which the part of the cell on which a contact is not desired is

protected, while the rest of the cell is exposed to the metal.7 3fter the contacts are in place, thin strips &:fingers:' are placed between cells. The mostcommonly used strips are tin-coated copper.The anti-reflective coating7 +ecause pure silicon is shiny, it can reflect up to ?/ percent of the sunlight. To reduce the amountof sunlight lost, an anti-reflective coating is put on the silicon wafer. The most commonly usedcoatings are titanium dioxide and silicon oxide, though others are used. The material used for coating is either heated until its molecules boil off and travel to the silicon and condense, or thematerial undergoes sputtering. 4n this process, a high voltage knocks molecules off the material anddeposits them onto the silicon at the opposite electrode. Get another method is to allow the siliconitself to react with oxygen- or nitrogen-containing gases to form silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.1ommercial solar cell manufacturers use silicon nitride.Encapsulating the cell7 The finished solar cells are then encapsulatedH that is, sealed into silicon rubber or ethylene vinylacetate. The encapsulated solar cells are then placed into an aluminum frame that has a mylar or tedlar backsheet and a glass or plastic cover.



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SOURCE # http#FFwww.madehow.comF6olume-BFSolar-1ell.html>ix?f1Ig


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QUESTION 2# DIFFRENCE BETWEEN THIN FILM CELLS AND CRYSTALLINE

CELLS



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QUESTION 3 # DEFINE IRRADIANCE AND INSOLATION. GIVE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THEM.

Solar irradiance is a measure of the irradiance &power per unit area on the EarthLs surface' produced by the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which is perceived by humans as sunlight.Solar irradiance in a specific area may be measured as insolation, the solar radiation energy per unitarea during a given time, or as direct insolation, insolation which reaches a location after absorptionand scattering in the atmosphere. Total solar irradiance &TS4', is a measure of the solar radiative

power per unit area normal to the rays, incident on the EarthLs upper atmosphere. The solar constantis a conventional measure of mean TS4 at a distance of one 3stronomical Mnit &3M'.

The SunLs energy output varies over the solar cycle. Solar irradiance :varies significantly from one place to another and changes throughout the year: as well as by the EarthLs changing distance fromthe sun.NBO Sunlight only reaches the parts of the Earth that are facing the Sun at any given time.The most intense irradiance is experienced by those parts that are approximately normal to the Sunas the Earth turns4rradiance is a measurement of solar power and is defined as the rate at which solar energy falls

onto a surface. The unit of power is the Watt &abbreviated W'. 4n the case of solar irradiance weusually measure the power per unit area, so irradiance is typically 8uoted as WFm - that is Watts per s8uare meter. The irradiance falling on a surface can and does vary from moment to moment whichis why it is important to remember that irradiance is a measure of power - the rate that energy isfalling, not the total amount of energy

SOURCE # https#FFen.wikipedia.orgFwikiFSolarQirradiance


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance


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INSOLATION

4nsolation &from Ratin insolare, to expose to the sun'NBONO is the total amount of solar radiationenergy received on a given surface area during a given time. 4t is also called solar irradiation.

U$%&'

4t is expressed as :hourly irradiation: if recorded during an hour or :daily irradiation: if recordedduring a day.

The unit recommended by the World %eteorological


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QUESTION 4# DEFINITION OF BIOMASS

+iomass has always been an important energy source for the country considering the benefits it

offers. 4t is renewable, widely available, carbon-neutral and has the potential to provide significantemployment in the rural areas. +iomass is also capable of providing firm energy. 3bout ? of thetotal primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass and more than @A of thecountry*s population depends upon it for its energy needs. %inistry of ew and =enewable Energyhas realised the potential and role of biomass energy in the 4ndian context and hence has initiated anumber of programmes for promotion of efficient technologies for its use in various sectors of theeconomy to ensure derivation of maximum benefits +iomass power generation in 4ndia is anindustry that attracts investments of over =s.IAA crores every year, generating more than /AAAmillion units of electricity and yearly employment of more than BA million man-days in the ruralareas. 5or efficient utiliation of biomass, bagasse based cogeneration in sugar mills and biomass

power generation have been taken up under biomass power and cogeneration programme.

+iomass power U cogeneration programme is implemented with the main ob!ective of promotingtechnologies for optimum use of country*s biomass resources for grid power generation. +iomassmaterials used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells,soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, !ute wastes, groundnut shells, saw dust etc

SOURCE # (((.)$*+.,-.%$


http://www.mnre.gov.in/http://www.mnre.gov.in/http://www.mnre.gov.in/


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QUESTION 5# CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT


P-(+* R/$,+ N-. -0 H-)+' P-(+*+1

Pico A kW / kW A /

%icro / kW BAA kW / BAA

%ini BAA B,AAA

Small B,AAA BA,AAA

%edium BA,AAA BAA,AAARarge BAA %W2 BAAAAA

H21*-C/&+,-*2

BAA kW B%W

B %W BA%W

BA %W BAA

%W


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QUESTION 6# FIND OUT RPPO NORMS IN GUARAT

I$%/' *+$+(/+' )%$%'&* /%)' /& %$%$, RPO *+' 7 *+8-*&

4ndia*s %inistry of ew and =enewable Energy &%=E' is calling for amendments to the

Electricity 3ct that will make the renewable purchase obligation &=P


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energy.

The commission noted that VM6R purchased C,IAB million units of renewable energy &@.CA ' in

AB-AB? as against the re8uired C,?/C million units &@.A ', as per state regulation. +ut even the

extra C@ million units bought could not cover the shortfall of D?I million units of the previous year

which was carried over to AB-AB?.

This total shortfall to be covered, therefore, amounted to /D9 million units. VM6R had petitioned

the regulatory commission to waive off this carry over obligation on the ground that there was no

sufficient renewable energy available in the state to fulfill the re8uirement. Even after tying up

almost the entire capacity of renewable energy commissioned in the state in AB-B?, =P< could

not be met,X says VM6R in the petition.

4t says there was a shortfall in installation of renewable energy, especially wind energy, because of

the withdrawal of incentives like Veneration +ase 4ncentive &V+4' and accelerated depreciation for

wind pro!ects in %arch AB. The capacity addition of wind power in Vu!arat was A@ %W till

Kanuary AB?, which was less than the 9A %W capacity addition in ABB-AB. The nationwide

installation of wind energy was B,@AA %W in the financial year ending %arch AB?, which was

almost /A per cent less than that of previous year.

=enewable energy certificates too expensive

There is one more route to fulfill =P


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gu!aratpower-utilities

SOURCE# http#FFwww.cercind.gov.inFAA9FKulyA9FPresentations-by--A@-A9FPresentation-by-3bellon-1lean-Energy.pdf

SOURCE# http#FFmnre.gov.inFfile-managerFMser5ilesFSolarA=P


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SOURCE# http#FFmnre.gov.inFfile-managerFMser5ilesFSolarA=P


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Solar Power 1apacity =e8uirement by A

ote# 7+ased on the ational Electricity Plan for Veneration Kanuary AB 3ssumptions# 3verage1M5 for Solar Power Technologies to be B9 Yey 4nference# To achieve ? =P< compliance byA, we would need Z?C,AAA%W of solar capacity To be able to achieve such capacity additions,states have come up with =enewable Purchase


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SOURCE# http#FFmnre.gov.inFfile-managerFMser5ilesFSolarA=P:'PCL:'E2A ! Solar PV State Policy

PL' Photovoltaic *& Solar PV State Policy

Precio(s Energy Services Pvt Limited !".* Solar PV State Policy

7a)esh Power Services Pvt Ltd ! Solar PV State Policy

7asna ar1eting Services LLP ! Solar PV State Policy

7esonsive S(ti Ltd. *" Solar PV State Policy

7oha 2yechem Pvt. Ltd *".&4 Solar PV State Policy

S ; 'reen Par1 Energy Pvt. Ltd. ".!* Solar PV State Policy

Sandland real estate Pvt. Ltd. *" Solar PV State Policy

SE- Solar Power '()arat Pvt. Ltd *" Solar PV State Policy

Solar?ield Energy Pvt. Ltd. *&.& Solar PV State Policy

Solar Semicond(ctor *& Solar PV State Policy

Solitaire Energies Pvt Ltd a oser $aer 'ro( Comany !" Solar PV State Policy

Som Shiva Ltd ! Solar PV State Policy

S(nborne Energy Technologies !" Solar PV State Policy

S(nclean 7enewable Power Pvt. Ltd. Solar PV State Policy

S(n1on Energy Pvt. Ltd. !& Solar PV State Policy

S(rana Telecom = Power Limited " Solar PV State Policy

Tata Power Comany Ltd *" Solar PV State Policy

>nity Power Pvt Ltd " Solar PV State Policy>niversal Solar System * Solar PV State Policy

Vis(al Percet Solar ro)ects Pvt Ltd *" Solar PV State Policy

@aa Solar Pvt Ltd !&.** Solar PV State Policy

@els(n >r)a -ndia Limited !" Solar PV State Policy

antra e:Solar -ndia Pvt. Ltd 4.9" Solar PV State Policy

B? Steering 'ear #-ndia% Limited " Solar PV State PolicyTotal 824.!

ects >nder ;S &

ects (nder the State Policy 6*4.&9

ects >nder 7PSS'P'$- Scheme &

ects >nder 7EC Scheme &

er ro)ects &

al 824.!

Back to Summary Sheet

http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/solar-RPO-requirement-by-2022.pdfhttp://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/solar-RPO-requirement-by-2022.pdfhttp://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/solar-RPO-requirement-by-2022.pdfhttp://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/solar-RPO-requirement-by-2022.pdf


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QUESTION !# WHAT IS PLF OF VARIOUS TYPES OF POWER PLANTS @

C/8/9%& 0/9&-*

The net 9/8/9%& 0/9&-* of a power plant is the ratio of its actual output over a period of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full nameplate capacity continuously over thesame period of time. To calculate the capacity factor, take the total amount of energy the plant

produced during a period of time and divide by the amount of energy the plant would have produced at full capacity. 1apacity factors vary greatly depending on the type of fuel that is usedand the design of the plant. The capacity factor should not be confused with the availability factor ,capacity credit &firm capacity' or with efficiency.

B/'+-/ 8-(+* 8/$&

3 base load power plant with a capacity of B,AAA megawatts &%W' might produceICD,AAA megawatt-hours &%W[h' in a ?A-day month. The number of megawatt-hours that wouldhave been produced had the plant been operating at full capacity can be determined by multiplyingthe plantLs maximum capacity by the number of hours in the time period. B,AAA %W \ ?A days\ C hoursFday is @A,AAA %W[h. The capacity factor is determined by dividing the actual outputwith the maximum possible output. 4n this case, the capacity factor is A.9 &9A'.

W%$ 0/*)

The +urton Wold Wind 5arm consists of ten Enercon E@A-EC wind turbines ] %W nameplatecapacity for a total installed capacity of A %W. 4n AAD the wind farm generated C?,CBI %W[h ofelectricity. &ote AAD was a leap year.' The capacity factor for this wind farm in AAD was !ustunder /#

3s of 3pril ABB, the anish wind farm &the worldLs largest when it was inaugurated in SeptemberAA9comprising 9B Siemens SWT-.?-9? wind turbines each of .? %W' with a nominal totalcapacity of A9 %W, has the best capacity factor of any offshore wind farm at CI.@ having

produced over B./ years B,@D VW[h.The record for an onshore wind farm is held by +urradale,which reached an annual capacity factor of /@.9 for AA/.

3ccording to,the average capacity factor for wind farms in AAD was B.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_capacityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz'_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt-hourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Wold_Wind_Farmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_capacityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_capacityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_capacityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz'_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt-hourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Wold_Wind_Farmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_capacityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_capacity


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H*-++9&*%9 /)

3s of ABA, Three Vorges am is the largest power generating station in the world by nameplate

capacity. 4n AA9, not yet fully complete, it had I main generator units ] @AA %W and two

auxiliary generator units ] /A %W for a total installed capacity of BD,?AA %W. Total generation in

AA9 was @9.C@ TW[h, for a capacity factor of !ust under /A#

1apacity factor and renewable energyNeditOWhen it comes to several renewable energy sources such as solar power , wind

power and hydroelectricity, there is a fourth reason for unused capacity. The plant may be capableof producing electricity, but its :fuel: &wind, sunlight or water ' may not be available. 3hydroelectric plantLs production may also be affected by re8uirements to keep the water level fromgetting too high or low and to provide water for fish downstream. (owever, solar, wind andhydroelectric plants do have high availability factors, so when they have fuel available, they arealmost always able to produce electricity.

When hydroelectric plants have water available, they are also useful for load following, because of

their high dispatchability. 3 typical hydroelectric plantLs operators can bring it from a stopped

condition to full power in !ust a few minutes.

Wind farms are variable, due to the natural variability of the wind. 5or a wind farm, the capacity

factor is mostly determined by the availability of wind. Transmission line capacity and electricity

demand also affect the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors of wind farms are between / and

C/.

Solar energy is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of

cloud cover. 3ccording to, the Sacramento %unicipal Mtility istrict observed a B/ capacityfactor in AA/. (owever, according to the SolarP31ES programme of the 4nternational Energy3gency &4E3', solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summernoon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain or the south-westernMnited States, although in some locations solar P6 does not reduce the need for generation ofnetwork upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or earlyevening when solar output is ero. SolarP31ES states that by using thermal energy storage systemsthe operating periods of solar thermal power &1SP' stations can be extended to become dispatchable&load following'. The 4E3 1SP Technology =oadmap &ABA' suggests that :in the sunniestcountries, 1SP can be expected to become a competitive source of bulk power in peak andintermediate loads by AA, and of base-load power by A/ to A?A:. 3 dispatchable source is

more valuable than baseload power.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capacity_factor&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarPACEShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capacity_factor&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarPACEShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_power


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Veothermal has a higher capacity factor than many other power sources, and geothermal resourcesare available C hours a day, @ days a week. While the carrier medium for geothermalelectricity &water' must be properly managed, the source of geothermal energy, the EarthLs heat, will

be available for the foreseeable future.Veothermal power can be looked at as a nuclear battery

where the heat is produced via the decay of radioactive elements in the core and mantle of the earth.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity


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QUESTION "# WHAT IS THE CAPITAL COST OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT@

Pro!ected uclear Power Plant 1onstruction 1osts 3re Soaring The construction cost estimates fornew nuclear power plants are very uncertain and have increased significantly in recent years.1ompanies that are planning new nuclear units are currently indicating that the total costs&including escalation and financing costs' will be in the range of ^/,/AAFkW to ^D,BAAFkW or

between ^I billion and ^9 billion for each B,BAA %W plant.

WHICH COMES OUT TO BE BETWEEN RS 34 CRORE MV TO RS 51 CRORE MV

SOURCE# http#FFwww.psr.orgFnuclear-bailoutFresourcesFnuclear-power-plant.pdf


http://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/nuclear-power-plant.pdfhttp://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/nuclear-power-plant.pdf


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.http://www.ma!h"w.#"m/$"%&m!'1/S"%a('C!%%.htm%)*+,,-COI

2.http3://!4.w**p!*a."(/w**/S"%a(6*((a*a4#!

-.http3://!4.w**p!*a."(/w**/S"%a(6*43"%at*"4

. www.m4(!."8.*4

5.http://(!4!wa9%!3.3!!4!w3.#"m/4!w3/*4*a3'(!4!wa9%!3'm*4*3t('a*m3'at'

9*4*4'(p"'(&%!3'(!p"(t'05;;1

.http://www."w4t"!a(th."(.*4/#"4t!4t/(!4!wa9%!'!4!('p&(#ha3!'

"9%*at*"4'wa*8!('&.http://m4(!."8.*4/*%!'ma4a!(/?3!(@*%!3/S"%a(20R=O/a4a%3*3'"'3tat!'

R=O'(!&%at*"43.p

;.http://m4(!."8.*4/*%!'ma4a!(/?3!(@*%!3/S"%a(20R=O/3"%a('R=O'

(!&*(!m!4t'9'2022.p


http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Solar-Cell.html#ixzz3fC6gOQIJhttp://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Solar-Cell.html#ixzz3fC6gOQIJ


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