Energy Saving Analysis

for ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010

Bing Liu, P.E., C.E.M. LEED AP

Senior Research Engineer

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

ASHRAE Annual MeetingJune 29, 2010Albuquerque, NM

PNNL’s Energy Modeling Support to 90.1

Progress IndicatorMeasure progress toward the 30% improvement goal in Standard 90.1-2010

Update Progress Indicator (PI) and report to ASHRAE 90.1 committee at each quarterly meeting

Energy Saving AnalysesSupport subcommittees’ new proposalsDevelop the building load profile spreadsheet tools for mechanical subcommittee

DOE’s DeterminationEstimate the energy savings of 90.1-2007 and 90.1-2010 as part of DOE’s Quantitative Analysis.

2

90.1 Progress Indicator Structure

3

Develop prototype building models

Apply to climate zones

Generate minimally code-compliant models for 90.1-2004, 90.1-2007, and 90.1-2010

Develop new construction weighting factors

Calculate the national weighted energy use intensity and energy cost index

90.1 Prototype Buildings - Approach

Convene the 90.1 Simulation Working GroupRepresenting the 90.1 subcommitteesEstablish the ground rules for modelingReview the key building modeling inputs and assumptionsReview the energy saving analysis results

Follow the 80-20 Rule to determine the prototype buildingsGenerate the models for the whole building energy

Receptacle loads (office equipment, cooking appliance, refrigeration etc)ElevatorExterior lighting, including façade, walk way, entry, and parking lot

4

90.1 Prototype Buildings - Source

DOE’s Commercial Reference Building Models formerly DOE’s benchmark buildings

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html

Advanced Energy Design Guideshttp://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/938

PNNL’s new construction drawings databasePrevious research and studiesExperts reviews and inputs from 90.1 SWG and committee members

5

90.1 Prototype Buildings

Principal Building Activity

Building Prototype Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Heating Cooling Primary

SystemSecondary

System

Office

Small office 5,500 1 Heat Pump Unitary DX CAV No

Medium office 53,600 3 Gas furnace Unitary DX VAV w/ elect. reheat No

Large office 498,600 12 Boiler Chiller, cooling tower VAV w/reheat No

Mercantile Standalone retail 24,695 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV NoStrip mall 22,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No

EducationPrimary school 74,000 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No

Secondary school 210,900 2 Boiler Air cooled chiller VAV w/reheat CAV

Health Care

Outpatient health care 40,950 3 Boiler Unitary DX VAV w/reheat No

Hospital 241,410 5 Boiler Chiller, cooling tower VAV w/reheat Central CAV

LodgingSmall hotel/motel 43,200 4 Electricity DX PTAC No

Large hotel 122,132 6 Boiler Air cooled chiller Fan-coil units VAV w/reheat

Warehouse Non-refrigerated warehouse 49,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX Unit heater CAV

Food Service

Fast food restaurant 2,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No

Sit-down restaurant 5,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No

Apartment

Mid-rise apartment 33,700 4 Gas Split DX CAV No

High-rise apartment 84,360 10 Boiler Fluid Cooler Water-source

heat pump No

6

Small Office

Medium Office

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

53,600 3 1.5 33%

Large Office

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

498,600 12 (plus basement) 1.5 40%

3 Office Prototypes

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

5,500 1 1.5 15%

Non-refrigerated warehouse

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

49,500 1 2.2Office area: 12%Storage Area: 0%Overall: 0.71%

1 Warehouse Prototype

7

Stand-alone Retail

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

24,695 1 1.28 7%

Strip Mall

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

22,500 1 4 11%

2 Mercantile Prototypes 2 Education Prototypes

Primary School

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

74,000 1 NA 35%

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

210,900 2 NA 33%

Secondary School

8

Outpatient Health Care

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

40,950 3 NA 20%

2 Health Care Prototypes

Hospital

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

241,410 5(plus basement) 1.33 16%

2 Lodging Prototypes

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

43,200 4 3 11%

Small Hotel

Large Hotel

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

122,132 6(plus basement)

Ground & basement floor:

3.8All other floors:

5.1

27%

9

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

2,500 1 1 14%

Quick-Service Restaurant

Full-Service Restaurant

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

5,500 1 1 18%

2 Food Service Prototypes 2 Apartment Prototypes

Mid-rise Apartment

Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR

33,700 4 2.74 15%

High-rise Apartment

Floor area (ft²) No. of Floors Aspect

Ratio WWR

84,360 10 2.75 15%

10

Climate Zones

Climate Zone Climate Zone Type Representative City

1A Very Hot - Humid Miami FL

1B Very Hot - Dry Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2A Hot - Humid Houston, TX

2B Hot - Dry Phoenix AZ

3A Warm - Humid Memphis, TN

3B Warm - Dry El Paso, TX

3C Warm - Marine San Francisco, CA

4A Mixed - Humid Baltimore, MD

4B Mixed - Dry Albuquerque NM

4C Mixed - Marine Salem OR

5A Cool - Humid Chicago IL

5B Cool - Dry Boise ID

5C Cool - Marine Vancouver, BC

6A Cool - Humid Burlington VT

6B Cool - Dry Helena MT

7 Very Cold Duluth, MN

8 Subarctic Fairbanks, AK

11

New Construction Weighting Factors

Serial No ASHRAE PrototypeTotal Floor Area

(x1000 ft²)Construction

Weights

1 Large Office 220,134 2.66%

2 Medium Office 400,091 4.84%

3 Small Office 371,009 4.49%

4 Stand-alone Retail 1,009,246 12.21%

5 Strip Mall 375,093 4.54%

6 Primary School 330,418 4.00%

7 Secondary School 685,508 8.29%

8 Hospital 228,131 2.76%

9 Outpatient Health Care 289,171 3.50%

10 Full-service Restaurant 43,650 0.53%

11 Quick -service Restaurant 38,809 0.47%

12 Large Hotel 327,562 3.96%

13 Small hotel/motel 113,837 1.38%

14 Non-refrigerated warehouse 1,105,951 13.38%

15 High-rise apartment 593,241 7.18%

16 Mid-rise apartment 484,343 5.86%

Covered by Prototypes 6,616,193 80.0%

17 No Prototype 1,649,785 20.0%

18 Total 8,265,977 100.0%

CBECS Type

Total Floor Area

(x1000 ft²) Weights

17A Pubic Assembly 414,953 5.02%

17B Food Sales 96,990 1.17%

17C Other 769,423 9.31%

17D Public Order and Safety 121,907 1.47%

17E Religious Worship 184,143 2.23%

17F Service 62,369 0.75%

McGraw-Hill New Construction Data by Building Type

Download PNNL report on construction weights: http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19116.pdf

12

13

New Construction Weights (cont’d)

1 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8

weights by bldg

type

Large office 0.102 0.326 0.061 0.445 0.285 0.117 1.132 0.000 0.154 0.442 0.121 0.133 0.000 0.011 0.000 3.33

Medium office 0.129 0.813 0.292 0.766 0.715 0.136 1.190 0.036 0.196 1.060 0.342 0.298 0.035 0.033 0.007 6.05

Small office 0.084 1.064 0.289 0.963 0.475 0.078 0.936 0.047 0.123 0.920 0.322 0.241 0.030 0.032 0.005 5.61

Standalone retail 0.224 2.220 0.507 2.386 1.250 0.191 2.545 0.119 0.428 3.429 0.792 0.948 0.091 0.109 0.014 15.25

Strip mall retail 0.137 0.991 0.254 1.021 0.626 0.103 1.008 0.023 0.107 1.023 0.201 0.153 0.016 0.007 0.001 5.67

Primary school 0.064 0.933 0.164 0.944 0.446 0.048 0.895 0.030 0.094 0.920 0.224 0.168 0.037 0.023 0.003 4.99

Secondary school 0.160 1.523 0.230 1.893 0.819 0.109 2.013 0.063 0.243 2.282 0.438 0.415 0.086 0.075 0.012 10.36

Hospital 0.040 0.479 0.096 0.468 0.273 0.039 0.615 0.022 0.106 0.812 0.218 0.221 0.024 0.034 0.001 3.45

Outpatient health care 0.037 0.567 0.134 0.581 0.275 0.061 0.818 0.023 0.181 1.058 0.218 0.342 0.033 0.039 0.002 4.37

Full-service restaurant 0.009 0.106 0.025 0.111 0.047 0.006 0.127 0.006 0.010 0.143 0.031 0.031 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.66

Quick-service restaurant 0.008 0.092 0.020 0.102 0.063 0.007 0.089 0.005 0.014 0.128 0.026 0.025 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.59

Large hotel 0.109 0.621 0.125 0.635 0.793 0.106 0.958 0.037 0.123 0.919 0.200 0.227 0.058 0.038 0.004 4.95

Small hotel 0.010 0.288 0.030 0.268 0.114 0.022 0.315 0.020 0.039 0.365 0.089 0.107 0.031 0.020 0.004 1.72

Warehouse 0.349 2.590 0.580 2.966 2.298 0.154 2.446 0.068 0.435 3.580 0.688 0.466 0.049 0.043 0.002 16.72

High-rise apartment 1.521 1.512 0.076 0.652 0.741 0.173 2.506 0.000 0.358 1.163 0.115 0.125 0.016 0.008 0.000 8.97

Mid-rise apartment 0.257 1.094 0.093 0.825 0.862 0.260 1.694 0.022 0.371 1.122 0.318 0.313 0.056 0.032 0.000 7.32

weights by zone 3.24 15.22 2.98 15.03 10.08 1.61 19.29 0.52 2.98 19.37 4.34 4.21 0.57 0.51 0.06 100.00

Progress Indicator – Addenda Update

90.1-2004 = baseline

90.1-2007 = 90.1-2004 + 44 addenda

June 2010 Progress IndicatorTotal 108 addenda considered

44 addenda to 90.1-200460 addenda to 90.1-2007 (through May 2010)4 addenda pending for approval (BB, BY, CB, CY)

90 addenda in Section 5 through 1053 addenda have energy saving impacts

41 addenda captured in PI 12 addenda can’t be captured in PI

14

Progress Indicator Structure

15

• 90.1-2004 refers to 62-1999• 90.1-2007 refers to 62.1-2004• 90.1-2010 refers to 62.1-2007

Multiple ventilation standards

• Each set of PI requires 1632 model runs• 1632 runs = 16 prototypes x 17 locations x 3 Standards x 2 Ventilation Standards

Massive simulation runs

• Design day to size HVAC equipment• Annual run to calculate the energy use• Automatic process to generate inputs and extract results from EnergyPlus models

PNNL’s simulation framework

June 2010 PI Summary (Same Ventilation Std)

16

Smal

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Med

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Offic

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Stand

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Stripm

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Secon

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Outpa

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Larg

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War

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Fast-

food

Res

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Sit-do

wn Res

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Mid

-rise

Apa

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t

High-

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Apartm

ent

Natio

nal W

eigh

ted

Avera

ge0

100

200

300

400

500

600

3289.2%3916.8%3536.3%4820.4%5764.4%5295.0%4924.6%

11054.4%13680.3%

6206.1%

17575.5%

2094.3%

52230.5%

35177.4%

3865.6%4040.2%

21.7%

Prototype EUI vs. National Weighted Average EUIsame OA standards

Base- Site Energy [kBtu/sf]

Target- Site Energy [kBtu/sf]

Prototype Name

En

erg

y U

se I

nte

nsi

ty [

kBtu

/sf]

Prototypes EUI National Weighted

Average EUI

June 2010 PI Summary (Same Ventilation Std)

Building PrototypeSite Energy [kBtu/sf] Energy Cost [$/sf]

Site Energy Savings

Energy Cost Savings90.1-2004 June2010 PI 90.1-2004 June2010 PI

Small office 40.0 32.9 $1.04 $0.86 17.7% 17.4%Medium office 47.3 39.2 $1.23 $0.98 17.1% 19.9%

Large office 45.9 35.4 $1.18 $0.92 22.9% 22.1%Standalone retail 71.2 48.2 $1.69 $1.18 32.3% 29.9%Strip mall 75.4 57.6 $1.77 $1.34 23.5% 24.5%Primary school 69.8 52.9 $1.59 $1.25 24.2% 21.5%Secondary school 70.4 49.2 $1.68 $1.24 30.0% 26.2%

Outpatient healthcare 151.2 110.5 $3.56 $2.59 26.9% 27.1%

Hospital 186.5 136.8 $4.31 $3.19 26.6% 26.1%Small hotel 69.2 62.1 $1.53 $1.36 10.3% 11.4%

Large hotel 208.5 175.8 $4.44 $3.67 15.7% 17.4%

Warehouse27.4 20.9 $0.56 $0.43 23.6% 22.1%

Fast food restaurant 557.9 522.3 $10.18 $9.35 6.4% 8.2%Sit-down restaurant 388.7 351.8 $7.50 $6.46 9.5% 13.9%Mid-rise apartment 43.5 38.7 $1.04 $0.94 11.2% 9.7%High-rise apartment 44.0 40.4 $1.11 $1.03 8.2% 7.3%National-weighted average 74.6 58.4 $1.71 $1.35 21.7% 21.4%

17

Example: Standalone Retail

18

1B R

iyadh

2B P

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ix

3B E

l_pas

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4A B

altim

ore

4C S

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5B B

oise

6A B

urlin

gton

7 Dulu

th 15

15

16

27%24%

34%30% 31%

24% 21%

35%

24%21%

35%

21% 20%

38%34%

40%35%

Progress Indicator (Jun '10): Stand-alone Retail Energy End Use

Series13

Series12

Refrigeration

Humidification

SWH

Heating

Cooling

Heat Recovery Aux.

Pumps

Fans

Plug Loads

Climate Location

Sit

e E

UI

(kB

tu/s

f/year)

National Weighted-Average Energy Saving: 32.3%

National Weighted-Average Energy Cost Saving: 29.9%

Example: Fast Food Restaurant

19

1B R

iyadh

2B P

hoen

ix

3B E

l_pas

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4A B

altim

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4C S

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5B B

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6A B

urlin

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7 Dulu

th 15

15

15

7% 6% 6% 6%

4% 4%3%

8%7% 7%

8% 7% 7%8% 8% 8% 8%

Progress Indicator (Jun '10): Fast-food Restaurant Energy End Use

Series13

Series12

Refrigeration

Humidification

SWH

Heating

Cooling

Heat Recovery Aux.

Pumps

Fans

Plug Loads

Climate Location

Sit

e E

UI

(kB

tu/s

f/year)

National Weighted-Average Energy Saving: 6.4%

National Weighted-Average Energy Cost Saving: 8.2%

June 2010 PI Summary (Different Ventilation Std)

Building PrototypeSite Energy [kBtu/sf] Energy Cost [$/sf]

Site Energy Savings

Energy Cost Savings90.1-2004 June2010 PI 90.1-2004 June2010 PI

Small office 40.3 32.9 $1.05 $0.86 18.4% 17.9%Medium office 48.0 39.2 $1.24 $0.98 18.4% 20.5%

Large office 46.3 35.4 $1.18 $0.92 23.6% 22.3%Standalone retail 76.0 48.2 $1.75 $1.18 36.5% 32.4%Strip mall 80.1 57.6 $1.84 $1.34 28.1% 27.2%Primary school 73.6 52.9 $1.65 $1.25 28.0% 24.2%Secondary school 78.3 49.2 $1.82 $1.24 37.1% 31.8%

Outpatient healthcare 153.2 110.5 $3.59 $2.59 27.8% 27.8%

Hospital 184.8 136.8 $4.28 $3.19 26.0% 25.5%Small hotel 72.7 62.1 $1.58 $1.36 14.6% 14.3%

Large hotel 221.9 175.8 $4.65 $3.67 20.8% 21.1%

Warehouse27.4 20.9 $0.56 $0.43 23.6% 22.1%

Fast food restaurant 567.4 522.3 $10.23 $9.35 8.0% 8.6%Sit-down restaurant 403.5 351.8 $7.69 $6.46 12.8% 16.1%Mid-rise apartment 43.6 38.7 $1.04 $0.94 11.2% 9.8%High-rise apartment 44.0 40.4 $1.11 $1.03 8.3% 7.3%National-weighted average 77.6 58.4 $1.76 $1.35 24.8% 23.4%

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2010 Progress Indicator Summary

BuildingType Building Prototype

Same Ventilation Standard Different Ventilation Standard

January PI April PI June PI January PI April PI June PI

Office

Small office 11.3% 11.3% 17.7% 12.0% 12.1% 18.4%Medium office 13.0% 12.8% 17.1% 14.0% 13.8% 18.4%

Large office 11.7% 11.8% 22.9% 12.8% 12.9% 23.6%

RetailStandalone retail 18.2% 27.8% 32.3% 23.6% 32.6% 36.5%Strip mall 17.2% 17.1% 23.5% 22.3% 22.2% 28.1%

EducationPrimary school 13.0% 19.9% 24.2% 17.9% 24.7% 28.0%Secondary school 14.0% 26.4% 30.0% 23.6% 34.7% 37.1%

Health Care

Outpatient healthcare 11.8% 11.4% 26.9% 13.0% 12.9% 27.8%

Hospital 5.8% 5.8% 26.6% 6.1% 6.0% 26.0%

LodgingSmall hotel 6.1% 6.4% 10.3% 10.6% 10.9% 14.6%

Large hotel 6.7% 6.7% 15.7% 13.4% 13.4% 20.8%

Warehouse Warehouse14.0% 17.9% 23.6% 13.9% 17.9% 23.6%

Food Service

Fast food restaurant 4.3% 4.3% 6.4% 5.5% 5.8% 8.0%Sit-down restaurant 4.9% 5.3% 9.5% 8.9% 8.4% 12.8%

ApartmentMid-rise apartment 8.7% 8.7% 11.2% 8.8% 8.8% 11.2%High-rise apartment 4.6% 6.2% 8.2% 4.6% 6.3% 8.3%

National-weighted Average 11.4% 14.7% 21.7% 15.1% 18.3% 24.8%21

Alternative June 2010 PI (exclude receptacle loads in the saving calculations)

22

Building PrototypeSame Ventilation Standard EUI [kBtu/sf] Different Ventilation Standard EUI [kBtu/sf]

90.1-2004 June2010 PI Savings 90.1-2004 June2010 PI SavingsSmall office 30.9 23.8 22.9% 31.2 23.8 23.7%Medium office 32.4 24.5 24.2% 33.1 24.5 25.9%Large office 31.5 21.2 32.6% 31.9 21.2 33.4%Standalone retail 63.7 40.7 36.1% 68.5 40.7 40.5%Strip mall 70.0 52.2 25.4% 74.7 52.2 30.1%Primary school 48.5 31.9 34.2% 52.3 31.9 39.0%Secondary school 56.3 35.4 37.2% 64.2 35.4 44.9%Outpatient healthcare 118.8 78.2 34.2% 120.8 78.2 35.3%Hospital 136.6 87.4 36.0% 134.8 87.4 35.2%Small hotel 52.1 45.0 13.6% 55.6 45.0 19.1%Large hotel 173.1 140.7 18.7% 186.5 140.7 24.6%

Warehouse 24.9 18.4 26.0% 24.9 18.4 26.0%Fast food restaurant 288.5 252.9 12.3% 298.0 252.9 15.1%Sit-down restaurant 235.9 198.9 15.7% 250.6 198.9 20.6%Mid-rise apartment 32.6 27.8 14.9% 32.6 27.8 15.0%High-rise apartment 32.7 29.2 10.6% 32.7 29.2 10.7%National-weighted average 58.8 42.7 27.4% 61.8 42.6 30.9%

)(

)()(%

receptaclebase

receptacleBasereceptaclebase

EUIEUI

EUIEUIEUIEUIngEnergySavi

Summary of June 2010 PI Results

23

National-weighted Energy Saving

Same Ventilation Rate

62.1-2004

Different Ventilation Rate

90.1-2004|62-1999 90.1-2010|62.1-2007

WithReceptacle

Loads

Without Receptacle

Loads

With Receptacle

Loads

WithoutReceptacle

Loads

Site Energy 21.7% 27.4% 24.8% 30.9%

Energy Cost 21.4% 26.5% 23.4% 28.9%

This is not the final yet…

Apply the remaining BOD-approved addenda to Final PI (90.1-2010)

S (DX performance)CK (Ventilation reset)and more…

Document PNNL’s Energy Saving Analysis for 90.1-2010 and publish as a technical report

Complete all the load profiles for all 16 prototype buildings in 17 locations

Support DOE’s 90.1-2010 Determination analysis

24

Time for Questions…

25

PNNL’s Building Simulation TeamBing Liu, team leadBing.Liu@pnl.gov

Mike Rosenberg, Dr. Weimin Wang, Brian ThorntonDr. Yulong Xie, Dr. Heejin Cho, Dr. Jian ZhangYunzhi Huang, Rahul Athalye, Vrushali Mendon

With many thanks to 90.1 Simulation Working GroupRon Jarnagin, Drake Erbe, Dick Lord, Susanna Hanson,

Merle McBride, John Hogan, and Martha VanGeem