energy production from agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
Energy production from agricultural and forestry biomass by gasification
Dr. Tanaka+, Mr. Yakushido+
&Dr. Murakami++, Dr. Sakai++
+: National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region ++: Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science
BIOMASS UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED IN JAPAN
Conventional technology can be applied.
• Primary demand is for heat output
• Comparatively easy to obtain biomass resources
EU• Primary demand is for
electric power, and liquid and gas fuel
• Mountainous topology limits availability of biomass resources
Japan
New technology is required for conversion to high-quality energy on a small scale.
Determination of Biomass Vision in Community
No
Yes
・Approach from Economical & LCA
Community Agreement
Biomass Production, Excessive& transportable Amount
Renewable resourcesDemand of Bio-
products&Energy
TechnologySpecification of each
technology
Diagnostic check of a target area by material flow
Assessment of new material flow system
Biomass Recycling and Utilization Vision in Community
Re-examinationtechnology, target area,
administration, etc.
•Identify the amount for RE along sustainable agric. productions
•R&D for High efficiency, cost
Cascade utilization of biomass in livestock industryCascade utilization of biomass in livestock industry
Biomass
Feed
Materials for livestock bedding
Biomass energy
Composting
Methane fermentation
Gasification
High utility value biomass
Low utility value biomass
ETC.
“Ministry of Agriculture Biomass Unit 2”
Target : Livestock excretion
Dual-fuel Engine-Driven Power Generation
Whole view of Co-generation System using Multistage Carbonization & Gasification
-High energy efficiency by combinations of carbonization, gasification and heat recovering systems-Electronic power generation and feed and fertilizer productions
Food Residue etc. Livestock Excrement
Electronic Power Fertilizer Feed
Food industry inLocal area
Household
Co-generation System
Promote utilizations of un-used biomass in local communityBiomass need to be collected to the facility from surrounding areas, but it is a hard task & costly. Recycling system should be materialized within the local community to save transportation fees and energy.
Material recycling system in local community
Food Residue(7 t/day)
Livestock Excrement(34t/day)
Material flow in Actual Scale Co-generation System
Electric power4,000kWh/day
(Actual scale)
(1300 head beef cattle)
Co-generation System consisted of Multistage
Carbonization & Gasification
High efficiency power generation & heat recovering system
Surplus Power3,000kW/day
Fertilizer1.4 t/day
superphosphate
Feed1.6 t/day
500 head Swine
-Energy efficiency=70% by power generation & heat recovering-Feed Production by drying food residue using waste heat-Effective uses of ash by gasification as fertilizer
CarbonizationPretreatment
(Drying)
GasificationPower Generation
pulverizing
Ash
Heat
Feed production from food waste, etc.
:Material flow
:Heat
:Gas
Direct fired deodorization
Biomass Flow in Co-generation System
(Tar, NH3,H2S etc.)
High Contents of Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium
→Utilization of Ash as Fertilizer
High NH3, Sulfur, Chlorine, Tar Contents→NOX, SOX, Hydrogen Chloride, Dioxin
Electricity
Pre-treatment (Drying biomass)
BiomassLivestock
excrement & forestry biomass
Fermentation with FA Drying in Green HouseWater content
60–70%
Biomass=34t 40-45%, 17t25%, 12.5t
Exhaust Heat from carbonization, 230CForced draft drier
BiomassCarbonization0%, 10t
2WK
5 – 14 D
NH3
Trapped by biomass, and is utilized as fertilizer
Water contents of most of biomass are high (Energy density based on weight is low)
Biomass needs to be dried by low cost treatment.
Efficiency using microorganism is 20-30 times higher than using fossil fuel
Carbonization
燃焼バーナー燃焼バーナーボイラーボイラースーパーヒータースーパーヒーター burnerburner
BoilerBoiler
Super heaterSuper heater
Carbide
WaterWater
PulverizerPulverizer
DriedBiomassDried
Biomass
Heat from Direct fired deodorizing equipment
Exhaust gas
Super steam
(Tar, NH3,H2S etc.)
GasificationFurnace
GasificationFurnace
Forced draftdrier
Forced draftdrier
Deodorization equipment
Pre-carbonization furnacePre-carbonization furnace
Exhaust gas
Carbonization furnaceCarbonization furnace
Direct fired deodorizing equipmentDirect fired deodorizing equipment
Super steam
Characteristic of Gasification Furnace
• Gasification using self combustion heat of biomass
• Gasification temperature:800 – 1,000 C• Combustion method to decomposes tar• Biomass supply : Continuous• Composition of combustible gas : CO, H2,
CH4, N2, CO2
• Heat quantity of gas : 800- 1,500 kcal/Nm3
• Problem: Meltdown of potassium, sodium, and stick on surface of furnace
Gasifier
Left : Direct fired deodorizing equipment
Right : Multistage carbonization
Dual-fuel (heavy oil and syngas)Type Electric Power Generator
“Ministry of Agriculture Biomass Unit 3”
Target : Forestry Biomass
Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation
Target biomass for the unit 3
•Biomass such as rice husks, rice straw, sugarcane (bagasse, trash) & forestry biomass, etc.
•Water content of most of biomass is high, so the biomass need be dried, <30%.Rice Straw
Mulberry Leaves
Powdered Cedar Wood
Biomass is pulverized into particles Biomass is pulverized into particles measuring about 1~2mm. measuring about 1~2mm.
Electricity
Electricity
Heat
Fuel Gas
Methanol
Pulverizer
Chips
Hot Gas Generation Furnace
Reaction Water
ExhaustFlue Gas
Dehydration Equipment
Gas Tank
Gas Engine
Methanol Synthesis
Output
Biomass
Powder
Gasifier
Fuel CellAir
HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION
HighHigh--calorie syngas can be used for gas fuel, liquid calorie syngas can be used for gas fuel, liquid fuel, and electric power.fuel, and electric power.
High-calorie gas Fuel Cell (Electricity)
Possible output of High calorie gas
Fuel Gas
MethanolGas Engine (Electricity) Methanol Synthesis
SUSPENSION/EXTERNAL HEAT TYPE HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION; ENLARGED VIEW[Conventional Technology]
Partial Combustion Gasification Using O2 and Steam
[New Technology] Suspension/External Heat Type Gasification Using Steam
H
C
Organic Substance
Steam(H2O)
H2O
CO2
H2
O2
CO
Ineffective Gas
Effective Gas
+
Biomass Gasifying Agent
800~1000℃
External Heat
CO
H2Organic Substance
Biomass Gasifying Agent
H
C
High Temp. Heat Release
Low Temp. Heat Absorption
Effective GasSteam(H2O)
N2 Free clean & High calorie gas
External heat is required, although it comes high calorie gas
CO2
C2~
100
80
60
70
90
5040302010
0
Oxygen Ratio [O2]/[C]
H2,C
O,C
H4,C
2~,C
O2
(vol
%)
Req
uite
d H
eat I
nput
0 0.50 0.75 1.000.25
H2
CO
CH4
Surplus Heat
External Heat
External heat is required, although the amount of effective gas is maximized due to the complete absence of oxygen (see left side of diagram).
Unit 3
SUSPENSION/EXTERNAL HEAT TYPE HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION; ENLARGED VIEW
Thermal Radiation
Reaction Tube(Metal Temp. of 850℃)
High Temp. Gas Heating(950~1000℃)
Raw Material of Powdered Biomass
Superheated steam (800℃)
Schematic Gasifying Phenomena
Biomass(Powder)
Clean High-Calorie Gas
Reaction Water
Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery
Ash
Biomass Combustion
Flue Gas 950~1000℃
Reduction of Tar and Soot
Reaction Water Evaporizer
Reaction Time of 0.3~0.7s
Secondary GasificationBreakdown of Tar and Soot
Primary Gasification
To Water Removal and Power Generation Processes
Biomass Powder is Gasified Due to Partial Combustion
Powdered biomass is heated by an external source, and reacts with steam. Dioxin is not composed due to the absent of air.
Total Reaction Time =2- 3 S
Gasifier Furnace
Chip Feeder
Combustor
Powder Feeder
Evaporator
Heat exchanger
Syngas Tank
100 vol%Total
17.0 vol%CO2
1.0 vol%C2~
6.5 vol%CH4
25.5 vol%CO
50.0 vol%H2
COMPOSITIONAL EXAMPLE OF THE MAJOR GASES PRODUCED
Gasified gas from biomass burns with a clean flame.
20
16
12
C1.3H2O0.9 + 0.4H2OBiomass Steam
H2, CO, CH4,CO2
0
20
40
60
80
100
800℃ 900℃ 1000℃
No Formation of Tar or SootVolume Ratio of Steam/Biomass = 2
Com
posi
tion
(dry
vol
.%)
Hig
h H
eatin
g Va
lue
(MJ/
Nm
3 )
Composition and HHV of Product GasComparison:
Conventional Gasification(5MJ/Nm3, 1194kcal/ Nm3)
CO2C2+CH4COH2
N2
All organic matter, with the exception of ash, is converted to gAll organic matter, with the exception of ash, is converted to gas.as.
(3344kcal/ Nm3)(4061kcal/ Nm3) 2.8 – 3.4 times greater
Direct Combustion
1921
19902013
20562080
2084
1800 2000 2100
19631961
18501895
1900
Methane (CH4)GasolinePropane
Carbon (C)Gasified Gas
BiomassHydrogen (H2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
EthanolMethanol
Theoretical Temperature (C)
Insulated Theoretical Temperature(25˚C Air Combustion)
Gasified gas from biomass features a higher theoretical temperature than gasoline, Methane and Propane, so the gas also can be applied to gas engine & gas turbine.
Fuel Gas
Electric Power
Heat
Output
Wood
Grass
Waste
Straw
Crashing
Powder
Chips
Air
Hopper
※Steam
Steam Reformer
Water
Smokestack
※SteamExhaust Gas
Boiler
Gas EngineCombustor
Fuel Gas Tank
Fuel Gas
Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation System
Syngas fire (Bamboo)
Light Output
50kW Gas Engine
Exhaust air to atmosphereDr. Sakai
Syngas Products : 45.6m3/hTotal Efficiency : 21%
Gasifying Agency H2O :113kg/h (H2O : Biomass= 2 : 1)
Gasification Efficiency: 75%
Wood ChipsFeed Rate: 20kg/h
Engine Efficiency:30%
Biomass PowderFeed Rate: 31kg/h
Power Output:50kW
Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation SystemMain Specification
Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation SystemMain Specification
EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND
CONVENTIONAL (DIRECT COMBUSTION) GENERATION
Particularly in Japan, where biomass resources are dispersed, Particularly in Japan, where biomass resources are dispersed, smallsmall--scale installations would be highly effective.scale installations would be highly effective.
60 6,000 60,000 600,000
100 1,000 10,000 100,0000
10
20
30
40
10
600Biomass (ton/year)
Power Generationby Biomass Gasification
Small Scale Plant
Direct Combustion/Steam Power Generation
Elec
tric
Pow
er E
ffici
ency
(%)
Woody Material(Thailand)Woody Material(Japan)
Plant Capacity of Power Generation (kW)
Data From ReferencesPilot plant50kW, 21%
The system has the highest efficiency in the world.
HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY CONVERSION AND CO-GENERATION UTILIZATION
Electricity
Heat Utilization
= 2~3e
thQ
Q
Biomass energy is converted into electricity and heat. Generally, the ratio of heat to electricity is
eQ
thQ
ethe QQQ (3 ~ 4))( =+Total Efficiency
With generating efficiency of over 25%, total thermal efficiency of 80% can be achieved.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30
3
2
eth
Generating Efficiency (%)
Tota
l Effi
cien
cy (%
)
WasteHeat
Biomass
Generating Efficiency Generated Energy/Biomass Energy Input x100
High Calorie Gasification using manure, Lab. testSpecification of carbonized excretionCarbonization Temp. 580 CSupply speed 90 kg/hVolatile component 19.05 %Fixed carbon 44.28 %Ash content 36.67 %Water content 2.1 %
CarbonizationDried biomass
CarbideMilling
Gasification Produced gas
Combustion Temp. 1000 CH2O/Biomass Ratio 2 -
H2 63.0 %CO 14.4 %CO2 20.5 %CH4 2.1 %C2H4 0.01 %
Composition of produced gas
Gasification flow for biomass in Asia, proposal
Drying by Fermentation or/and Heat
High water
content biomass
High-Calorie Gasification
Carbonization
Milling
Low water
content biomass
Sugarcane(bagasse, trash)
Rice husks, Rice straw
Gas
–Electricity
–Fuel gas
–Liquid fuel
Livestock excretion
Coconut & Palm residue
Empty fruit bunch
Heat
Sand separation
Effectual utilization system of heat
Unit 2
Unit 3