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HVAC Systems

… Complying To ECBCEMERSON CLIMATE TECHNOLOGIES (I) LIMITED



Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 Applicable To Buildings With > 500KW Load Or 1000 Sq M

Conditioned Space

Prescribes Norms & Standards For Energy Consumption In Per Sq M Basis

Bureau Of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Mandated To Prescribe

Guidelines For ECBC

Central And State Governments Can Amend ECBC To Suit

Regional And Local Climatic Conditions

ECBC 2007 Will Become Mandatory To Comply Once Legislated

– Now At Voluntary Adoption Stage



Scope For ECBCCovers Entire Aspects Related To Energy Utility In A Building

Building Aesthetics

Building Envelop

Mechanical Systems And Equipments Including HVAC Systems

Lighting Systems : Interior & Exterior

Service Hot Water

Electrical Motors In Non-Conditioned Buildings



Building Energy Consumption Pattern

Air Conditioning

Lighting

MIS Equip

Ventilation Fans

57%

22%

16%

5%



Key Market Considerations For

Air Conditioning

Easy Installation

Reliability

Easy Maintenance Bil ling Per Usage

Scalability

Easy Installation

Reliability

Bil ling Per Usage Easy Maintenance

Facility

Professional

Lifecycle Cost Operating Flexibility

Better Comfort

Lifecycle Cost Better Comfort

Aesthetics

Sound

End User

Commercial

(Office, Hotel, Factory)

Residential

(House, Villa, Apartment)



Key Drivers For High Efficiency ACGovernment Regulations

Energy Efficiency Standards

Market Dynamics

Energy Standards Awareness & Pull From Users

Competit ive Scenario

LEED Rating Requirements Of End Users

Carbon Credit Potential



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9.00 AM 12.00 AM 3.00 PM 6.00 PM

t o n s

Summer Monsoon Winter

Unit Selection Is Made For Peak

Load Consideration

Only 20% Of Time The Actual SpaceHeat Load Is >80%

45% Of Time The Actual Heat Load Is

Between 40% - 80% The Appliance

Capacity

35% Of Time Capacity Needed

Is <40%

Year-Round Site Conditions

Pune Site Example

An efficient capacity control

solution is very much essential



HVAC Complying To ECBC Design Considerations

Equipment Selection

Technology Trends

Operation & Maintenance



Design Considerations Roof Shading, Insulation

Reduce Solar Gain Through Glasses

Consider 24oC For Heat Load Estimate For Comfort

Efficient Lighting

Reduce Starting Current – Multiple Compressor

– Unloaded Start

– Soft Starter

Review Diversity Factor And Yearly Heat Load To Optimise PlantCapacity



Equipment Selection Non Ducted Split AC

Multiple Ducted Or Packaged ACs

Water Chil lers

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Units



Non Ducted Split AC Split AC Contributes To 55% of 1.8Mn Pcs Sold In India In FY07

IS1391:2002 & ISO 5151:1994 Standards Followed

Trends So Far

First Cost IS The Concern For OEMs

– Low Cost, Low Efficiency Compressors & AC s From China

Unverif ied Claims By OEMs On System COP

Today’s Scenario

Awareness On Efficiency Brought Back To Centre Stage With India

Labeling Norms In FY07

– In Voluntary Adoption Phase Now

– Expected To Become Mandatory In June’08



Room AC Energy Standards

2007 2008 2010

3.1 3.3 3.5 Star 5

2.9 3.1 3.3 Star 4

2.7 2.9 3.1 Star 3

2.5 2.7 2.9 Star 2

2.3 2.5 2.7 Star 1

India Efficiency Plans

• Applicable Upto 3TR Window & Spli t

• Single Point 350C Ambient Rating

• Balanced Ambient Calorimeter Method

• Now In Voluntary Adoption Phase

• Buy Only Star Labeled AC

• Higher Star Results In Higher Saving

• Initial Cost Offset By Faster Pay Back



Pay Back With 5 Star ACEnergy Savings For End User With High Efficiency Airconditioner

No o f ho urs of o pe rati on : Con servati ve estim ate : 768 ho urs (8 ho urs x 30 da ys x 4 m on ths x 80% run tim e)

Ele ctricity tariff : INR 5.60 in Mum ba i

Appliance

size

Annual Energy

cost Zero star

AC (INR)

Annual Energy

cost 1 star AC

(INR)

Annual Savings

of 1 Star(INR)

Over Zero star

Annual Energy

cost 5 star

Annual Savings

of 5 star (INR)

over zero star

Annual Savings

of 5 star (INR)

over 1 star

2HP(1.5TR) 10304 9856 448 7313 2992 2543

2.5HP(2TR) 13739 13141 597 9750 3989 3391

2.4339180002.5HP (2TR)

* INR 1500 To 2000 Per Higher Star

2.4254360002HP (1.5TR)

Pay Back Period

(Years)

Annual Savings

(INR)

Higher Initial Cost

(INR)*



Multiple Ducted / Packaged AC

Outdoor Unit

Ducted AC

Packaged AC



Ducted / Packaged ACsTrends So Far

Have Higher COP Than Room AC Due To High Efficiency 12 Btu/W

Scroll Compressors

Today’s Scenario

Few OEMs Started Bringing Low Cost, Low Efficiency Compressors &

AC s From China

OEMs Stop Publishing Power Consumption Value On Catalogues

– Will Be Difficult To Control At Small Offices / Non-Consultants Jobs

– Improved Awareness On ECBC Could Be The Anti-Dote



Typical Application LayoutEnergy Saving Guidelines

• Separate Out Continuous

Use And Intermittent Use Area. Apply Individual

Equipments

• Pay More Attention To

Ducting And Air

Distribution

• If Poorly Done, Wil l Lead

To Frequent Thermostat

Adjustments & Guzzling Of

Energy

• Minimise Tubing Length;

Every 10C Pressure Drop

Impacts Capacity By 2%



Merits

Aesthetics Of Central AC

Capacity Control

Very Good Effic iency & Reliabili tyThrough Use Of ScrollCompressors

Mostly Air Cooled Version –Serves the Scarce Water Scenario

Easy To Operate; No Operation &Maintenance Team

Lowest 1st Cost Amongst AllOptions

Faster Installation

De Merits

Packaged AC s Consumes Costly

Floor Space; Ducted ACs Growing

Multiple Ducted / Packaged AC



Water Chillers

Scroll Chiller Screw Chil ler Recip Chiller

• Rotative Technologies Replace Reciprocating Technology

• Mostly Air Cooled Version, Due To Scarce Water Supply

• Air Cooled Modular Construction Provides Installation Flexibi lity



Water Chillers Trends / Constraints

ARI550 / 590 Standards

Conventionally Known; Lot Of Available Standards

India OEMs In The Process Of Applying For ARI Certification

– Need To Establish Test Facilit ies & Comply With Norms

Offer Good Efficiency Due To High Efficiency Scroll / Screw /Centrifugal Compressors

OEMs Do Not Publish Power Consumption Values



Water Chiller SystemsMerits

Central AC Aesthetics

Capacity Control

Good Efficiency

Multi Compressors Offer Standby Facil ity

– Standby For Higher Capacity

Screw Or Centrifugal May Push

Up 1st Cost

De Meri ts

Higher Overall Cost

Costly Floor Space For AHUs

And Occasionally Chiller

Operation & Maintenance

Personnel Required

Longer Installation Period



Minimum Equipment Efficiency

6.435.75Water Cooled> 300TR

6.175.40Water Cooled150 – 300TR

5.494.70Water Cooled< 150TR

3.223.05 Air Cooled> 150TR

3.162.90 Air Cooled< 150TR

IPLVCOPTypeChil ler Capacity

• DX Air Condi tioners To Comply With BIS / ASHRAE Standards

BMS Needed To Comply With Control Requirements

– 3 Different Day Start-Stop Schedule Per Week

VFD For Pumps To Meet Hydronic Balancing

Soft Water MUST For Chiller And Condenser Circuits



VRF - Multi Evaporator Central A/C

Residential Central

Digital Scroll

Controller

Residential Traditional



C

a p a c i t y

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Inadequate Heating

Inadequate

Cooling

Ambient Temperature (o C)

Heating Cooling

Compressor Output

Compressor

Cycling

(Inefficient)

Fixed Speed Systems Do Not Match

Load Requirements



C

a p a c i t y

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

• Capacity Matches Load

• Energy Savings

•

High Comfort

Ambient Temperature (o C)

Heating Cooling

Compressor Output

Modulated Compressor Matches Supply & DemandModulated Compressor Matches Supply & Demand

Inverter 40% - 100%

Digital Scroll 10% - 100%



Typical Modulated System Configuration

Outdoor Unit Single/Mult iple Indoor Units

Communication



Merits Of VRF Applications

Saves Operating Cost By As Much As 30 -

40%, Depending On Technology

More Precise Room Temperature &

Humidity Control

Superior Aesthetics On Both Interior &

Exterior

Allows More Flexible Design For The

Interior

Zoning – Flexibility In Operation & Bill ing

Scalable – Important Financing

Consideration

Very Easy To Operate; NO need Of

Operation & Maintenance Team

1st Cost In Between Packaged AC &

Chiller



VRF ACDe Merits

Needs Qualified & Certified Installers

– OEMs Pay Special Attention



VRF Standards Followed In India

Specific For Japan Climate ARI: Common for all climate

GB: Specif ic For China

Climatic condition

Performance measured @ 100

% & 50 % Load condition

100%,75%, 50%, 25% Load

condition

Performance

measured @

Indoor :27˚C DBT/19˚C WBT,

Outdoor: 35˚C DBT

Both indoor and outdoor @

27˚C DBT/19

˚C WBT

Testing condition

(Cooling capacity)

APF (Annual power factor)IPLV (Integrated Part load

value)

Measurement

Capacity modulation systemCapacity modulation system Applicable

JIS B8616 - 2006 ARI 340/360, GB18837-2002Reference No

JIS (Japanese standard) ARI /GB(Chinese standard)Standard



Central AC Technology ParticipationChina Example

0

100

200

300

400

11075

32

127

64

110

55

95

45

2003 2004 2005 2006

Chiller

Ducted

VRF

300

240

172

Residential 82 123 158 199

Commercial 90 117 142 176

Total 172 240 300 375

145

150

375

80

CAGR

FY03-06

Chiller 21.1%

Ducted 16.4%

VRF 65.5%

Pieces (000)



Air Conditioning Technology Trends

Villa

Apartment

Offices

Current Future

VRF

Modular Chiller Central Plant

Mini Splits

Large

Commercial

Energy

Comfort

Aesthetics

Energy

Maintenance

Flexibility



Modular Chiller Replacing Central Plant

Japan Case Study

3 x 120HP 12 x 30HP

R22 R410A

4 x 30HP 3 X 10HP

Semi-Hermetic Scroll

AC Fan Motor DC Fan Motor

Inverter Water Pump Inverter Water Pump

No Redundancy Partial Operation

No Flexibility Add. Module

Space Scalable

0

5

10

15

20

25

13.0

22.9

Central Modular

0

20

40

60

80

100

57% Reduct ion

Central Modular

76% Increase

Btu/w

Ton/Year

Energy Efficiency (IPLV)

100

43

CO2 Emission

Central Plant Modular Chiller



Global Energy And Refrigerant TrendsFull Load Seasonal

Today 3-5 Yrs Today 3-5 Yrs Today 3-5 Yrs

USA Yes Yes SEER SEER R22/R410A R410A

Europe Yes Upgraded IPLV IPLV R410A R410A

China Yes Upgraded IPLV IPLV R22 R410A/R22

Australia Yes Upgraded - IPLV R22/R410A R410A

Korea Yes Upgraded - IPLV R22 R410A/R22

Thailand Yes Upgraded - IPLV R22 R22/R410A

India Beginning IPLV IPLV R22/R410A R22/R410A

Energy Ratings/Regulations Refrigerant



Operational Measures

Is Thermostat Working?

– Electronic Thermostats Sensitive & Reliable

Room Temperature Setting – How Much To Set Thermostat At?

Poor Air Distribution Leads To Fiddling Of Set Temperature

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