energy erasmus plus

SAFE ENERGY, ENERGY FOR FUTURE SAFE ENERGY, ENERGY FOR FUTURE PROJECTPROJECT

RESOURCES OF ENERGY ANALYSIS IN RESOURCES OF ENERGY ANALYSIS IN TURKEYTURKEY

WWHHAATT

IISS

TTHHIISS

Today, the need of energy increases because of the human population and industrialization. In a world where the need of energy increases every day, energy usage is an important fact for some countries to develop. Energy is a strategical source for companies and countries. Countries need renewable and clean energy to increase their living standarts and also increase their economies.

YG

ENER

In this case when we look at Turkey, we can easily see that Turkey’s import and usage of energy increase our country has limited sources of energy. That’s why we cant afford our own energy. Also the difference between our production and consumption of energy increase everyday. It is getting more cruicia for us to create our own energy.

ENERGY

Turkey's importance in world energy markets is growing, both as a regional energy transit hub and as a growing consumer. Turkey's energy demand has increased rapidly over the past few years and likely will continue to grow in the future.According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy use will continue to grow at an annual growth rate of around 4.5% from 2015 to 2030, approximately doubling over the next decade. The IEA expects electricity demand growth to increase at an even faster pace.Meeting this level of growth will require significant investment in the energy sector, much of which will come from the private sector. Although Turkey is planning large investments in natural gas and electricity infrastructure, the government seeks to reduce the country's dependence on imported natural gas by diversifying its energy mix.

EY

KRUT

YGRE

NE

TURKEY

In addition to being a major market for energy supplies, Turkey's role as an energy transit hub is increasingly important. Turkey is a key part of oil and natural gas supplies movement from Russia, the Caspian region, and the Middle East to Europe. The country has been a major transit point for seaborne-traded oil and is becoming more important for pipeline- traded oil and natural gas. Growing volumes of Russian and Caspian oil are being sent by tanker via the Turkish Straits to Western markets, while a terminal on Turkey's Mediterranean coast at Ceyhan serves as an outlet for oil exports from northern Irag and for both oil and natural gas exports from Azerbaijan.

The gross electricity consumption in Turkey in 2012 was 242,4 billion kWh, while this figure rose by 1,3% in 2013, reaching 245,5 billion kWh. At the same time our electricity output fell by 0,1% when compared to the previous year (239,5 billion kWh) to 239,3 billion kWh. According to the highly probable scenario of an increase of 6,9% to 392 TWh in the base scenario, electricity consumption in the year 2020 is expected to rise by 5,5% to 357,4 TWh. In 2013, power plants containing a total of 6.985 MW additional capacity were added to the system, and our capacity has risen to around 64.044 MW.

E EY

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

Y

NE

GRE

ELECTRICITY

43,8% of our electricity output in 2013 came from natural gas, 24,5% from coal, 24,8% from hydraulic energy, %2 from liquid fuels, and 4% from renewable sources.

It is aimed that a transparent and competitive market be formed in the electricity sector, and that the environment for investment be developed in this way. Within this scope, the efforts to establish EPIAS (Electricity Markets Operating Corporation) are continuing.

From the year petrol exploration began in our country to the end of 2009, 1.424 exploration wells and 1.808 production, injection and development wells had been opened, and 23 natural gas fields and 102 oil fields, of various sizes, had been discovered.

In 2012, 55,50 person/months geological of field work, and 44,46 team/months of geophysical field work was undertaken in our country, a total of 158 wells – 82 exploration wells, 24 detection wells, 51 production wells and 1 reconnaissance well – were opened, and 298.442 meters of drilling was carried out.

E EY

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E RO LP

Y

NE

GRE

PETROL

Within the scope of activities directed at meeting the ever increasing demand for petrol and natural gas from domestic sources, the studies being carried out in the basins of our country, which have not been sufficiently explored, and in particular on the sea in the Black Sea and Mediterranean areas, have gained great momentum.

It is planned that the efforts directed at searching for and producing shale gas, which has re-shaped the dynamics in the natural gas markets throughout the whole world, be undertaken in the South-Eastern Anatolian region. Apart from the South-Eastern Anatolian region, it is also believed that there are significant amounts of available shale gas in the Hamitabat and Mezdere areas of the Thracian region, which have yet to be taken into the scope of the operating agreement, but which may be put on the agenda in the coming period.

As of the end of 2012, our remaining producible natural gas reserves were 6,8 billion m3. Our installed capacity using natural gas for the generation of electricity as of the end of 2013 was 20.268 MW, and this value meets 31,6 percent of our total installed capacity.Domestic petrol and natural gas search and production activities will continue to be prioritised, and protect their importance. Strategic importance will be placed on the passage of project directed at the transportation of natural gas to Europe, in order for the increasing natural gas demand of Europe to be met from the resources in our region. Our policies directed at our country becoming a natural gas hub in the medium and long term will be continued with persistence.

E E

SAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E RO LP

Y

NE

GRE

GAS

As a result of the serious coal exploration activities carried out in recent years, the lignite reserves in our country have increased significantly. Together with this, the efforts directed at classifying the said reserves in accordance with international standards, and determining our economically exploitable reserves, are continuing. Our country is evaluated as being at medium levels in terms of the reserves and production amounts of lignite, and at low levels in terms of anthracite.Approximately 1,6% of the total world reserves of lignite are in our country. Together with this, as the grade of a large portion of our lignite is low, its use in thermal plants has stood out. Approximately 46% of the lignite reserves in our country are located in the Afsin – Elbistan basin. The most important anthracite reserves of our country are in Zonguldak and the surrounding regions. The total anthracite reserves in the Zonguldak basin are 1.322 billion tonnes, and the visible reserves are around 519 million tonnes.

E E

SAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E R O LP

C

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

COALIn 2012, our country possessed 121 Million Tonnes of Equivalent Petrol (MTEP), with the share of coal in the total primary energy consumption being 31%.As of the end of 2013, the power plant installed capacity dependent on coal in our country, was 12.563 MW, and this is equal to 20% of the total installed capacity. The installed capacity using domestic coal is 8.515 MW (13,3%) and using imported coal is 4.048 MW (6,3%).In 2013, a total of 61,5 TWh gross electricity was generated from coal, and this is around 25,7% of the total gross electricity generation amount. An increase of a total of around 5,8 billion tonnes of reserves was realised between 2005-2012. The level of lignite reserves in 2005 were 8,3 billion tonnes, while at the end of 2012 this level had risen to14 billion tonnes.The efforts directed at putting our lignite fields, whose reserves have been determined, and which possess the features required to establish thermal plants, into operation quickly, rather than using natural gas, which is an imported resource, in the generation of electricity, and of adding new units to existing plants, are continuing.

E E

SAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E R O LP

U IL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

HYDRAULICS

Among the various sources of energy, hydroelectricity power stations are preferred due to their being environmentally friendly and carrying low potential risk.The theoretical hydroelectricity potential of our country is 1% of theoretical potential of the world, while its economic potential is 16% of the economic potential of Europe.Our hydraulic resources, which hold the most important position in the renewable energy potential of our country, possess a hydroelectricity potential of 433 billion kWh, while the technically usable potential is 216 kWh, and the economic hydroelectricity potential is 140 billion kWh/year. As of the end of 2013, 41% of the potential which is said to be economic, was in operation, and 27% was in the process of being built (including private sector projects).

As of the end of 2013, there were 467 HES plants, with a total installed capacity of 22.289 MW. This is the equivalent of 34,8% of the total potential. In 2013, 24,8% of our electricity output came from hydraulics.It is aimed that all of the hydroelectricity potential which can be evaluated – both technically and economically – be used in the generation of electricity until 2023, with the target of using all of our 36.000 MW hydroelectricity potential by that year.

The wind energy potential of Turkey has been determined as 48.000 MW. The total area which is equivalent to this potential is just 1.30% of the total surface area of Turkey.

E E

SAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E R O LP

DNWU IL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

WIND

Our country is very lucky to possess a high solar energy potential, in terms of its geographical location.According to the Solar Energy Map (SEM) of Turkey prepared by the Renewable Energy General Directorate, it has been determined that the total annual insolation time is 2.737 hours (a total of 7i5 hours per day), and the total solar energy derived per year is 1.527 kWh/m2 per year (total 4,2 kWh/m2 per day).

E E

SAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E R O LP

DNW

R

SOLA

U IL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

SOLAR

The top 5 countries in geothermal heat and hot springs applications are China, the USA, Sweden, Turkey and Japan.As Turkey is situated on the Alps – Himalayas belt, it is a country with quite a high geothermal potential. In theory, the geothermal capacity of our country is 31.500 MW. 79% o the areas with a potential within our country are situated in Western Anatolia, 8,5% in Central Anatolia, 7,5% in the Marmara Region, 4,5% in Eastern Anatolia and 0,5% in the other regions. 94% of our geothermal resources are low and medium heat, and suitable for direct applications (heating, thermal tourism, the output of minerals, etc.), while 6% are suitable for indirect applications (the generation of electricity energy).

E E EH

GEOT

R

SL

MAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E R O LP

DNW

R

SOLA

U IL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

GEOTHERMAL

In theory, the electricity which can be potentially generated through geothermal energy in Turkey has been estimated as 2.000 MW. As of the end of 2013, the geothermal electricity generation potential of those who had obtained licenses from EMRA, reached 706,4 MW. This figure is expected to reach 1.000 MW by the end of 2023. There are a total of 15 geothermal energy plants in our country as of today, and our installed capacity has reached 404,9 MW.

In our country, biodiesel is a fuel which can be used in every area where diesel is used, except for our very cold regions. While biodiesel is used in place of diesel in the transport sector, it is also a fuel which can be used as fuel oil in the housing and industrial sectors.The total consumption of fuels in our country is 22 million tonnes. 3 million tonnes of this is petrol. In contrast to this the installed capacity for biodiesel in our country is 160 thousand tonnes.Our biomass sources are comprised of agricultural, forestry, animal, organic, urban, etc. waste. Our waste potential is close to 8,6 MTEP, and 6 MTEP of this is used for heating purposes.

E B E EH

GEOT

R

SL

MAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E R O LP

DNW

R

USOLA

F

OI

U IS

EL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

BIO-FUELS

Nuclear reactors are the systems which convert nuclear energy into electricity energy. In respect of the continuity of electricity generation, nuclear plants are safer and more disposable than thermal and hydraulic plants.The ideal of our country for half a century has been to establish a nuclear power plant. This has begun to be realised with the signing of the Agreement Concerning the Cooperation for the establishment and Operation of a Nuclear power Plant in the Akkuyu Field, between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Russian Federation, on 12 May 2010.

E B E EH

GEOT

R

SL

MAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E R O LP

DNW

E RAL

U

N U C

SOLA

F

OI

U IS

EL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

NUCLEAR

In order to meet the fast rising demand for electricity, and reduce the risks associated with being dependent on imports, it is planned to take 2 nuclear power plants into operation by 2023, and to begin the construction of a further 3 during the same period. Based on the supply and demand projections for electricity energy in our country, it is aimed that the share of the electricity generated by nuclear energy plants within the total, reach 5% by 2020. With this purpose in mind, the Legislation on the Establishment and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants, and their Sales of Energy, numbered 5710, was passed in 2007.

The fuel from the heat emanated by the sun and the other stars in response to thermo-nuclear reactions is hydrogen, which is the basic energy source of the universe.Researches have shown that under current conditions hydrogen is approximately three times more expensive than other fuels and that its widespread use will be dependent on the development of technologies which will lower the cost of hydrogen production.

E B E EH

GEOT

R

SL

MAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E RO LP

DNW

EGOR

HY

RALN

U

N U C

SOLA

F

OI

U IS

EL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

HYDROGEN

Together with this, the storage of any excess supply of electricity energy, which may become available from time to time (on a daily or seasonal basis) as hydrogen, can be evaluated as a valid alternative for today. The widespread use of the energy stored in this way (for example for mass transport vehicles) is dependent on the development of automotive technologies using fuel cells.

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN

TURKEYR E N E WA B L E E N NIYGRE T

HEKRU

GEOT

R

SL

MAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

E RO LP

DNW

EGOR

HY

RALN

U

N U C

SOLA

F

OI

U IS

EL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

This questionnaire is prepared by students and teachers as a part of the ERASMUS plus program’s project ‘’Safe energy – energy for the future’’.

Let’s have a look at the results. R E N EW A B L E E N NIYGRE T

HEKRU

GEOT

R

SL

MAG

Y

KRUT

LE

CTRICITY

U ITSQ O

E

ERIAN

RO LP

DNW

EGOR

HY

RALN

U

N U C

SOLA

F

OI

U IS

EL SCR AY DH

AO

L

Y

NE

GRE

QUESTIONAIRE

R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y I N T U R K E YHTOEG

RMALSG

KRUT

Y

L

EQ U

YTICIRTC

E S

E

T

N

RG

ERIANOI

HYDNW

P LORE

AN U C RAL

NEGORL

E

F

O

US

U

I

SOL

D R A SCI

LAO

H Y

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