end show slide 1 of 26 copyright pearson prentice hall 3–3 cycles of matter

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter

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3-3 Cycles of Matter

How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?

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Recycling in the BiosphereRecycling in the Biosphere

Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.

Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is __________within and between ecosystems.

recycled

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Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through what____________________?

Recycling in the Biosphere

biogeochemical cycles

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Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it (during the food chain or associated processes with staying alive). What nature law is this ?

Law of Conservation of matter

Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products.

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Cycles & Major Nutrients to be studied

Water

Carbon/oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus


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The Water Cycle

All living things require water to survive.

Why do we need water? Why is it important to life?

The Water Cycle

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5 important reasons we need water to survive


•65-70% of body is water.

•Water is stable. Life likes stability!!

•Water is involved in life processes (ex. photosynthesis)

•Universal solvent

•Transportation

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The Water Cycle

Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

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Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water.

The process by which water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called What?______________

What is evaporation from the surface of plants called__________________?

The Water Cycle

evaporation

transpiration

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Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds.

The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of ________________________.

What’s the difference between these two terms?

Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it may enter plants through their roots(uptake) or continue down even to the _________ (below the soil).What is this process called? ____________________

And what is the horizontal movement of water on land surfaces called?________________

The Water Cycle

Precipitation & condensation

Infiltration or seepage

runoff

Ground water

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Nutrient Cycles

How are nutrients important in living systems?

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Nutrient Cycles

All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its ______________.

Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.

Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical ___________.

nutrients

cycles

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Primary producers, such as plants, usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms from their environment.

Consumers obtain nutrients by ________ other organisms.

Nutrient Cycles

eating

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Nutrient CyclesThe Carbon Cycle

Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. Why?_______________________

Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen. Why do organisms need oxygen?______________________

Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.

Main element in organic compounds

For respiration (making energy)

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Biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground.

Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Nutrient Cycles

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Nutrient Cycles

CO2 in Atmosphere

Photosynthesis

feeding

feeding

Respiration

Deposition

Carbonate Rocks

Deposition

Decomposition

Fossil fuel

Volcanic activity

Uplift

Erosion

Respiration

Human activity

CO2 in Ocean

Photosynthesis

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Nutrient Cycles

The Nitrogen Cycle

All organisms require nitrogen to make _______.

Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly.

Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia and then nitrates in a process known as _______________

protein

Nitrogen fixation

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NITROGEN CYCLE


Nitrogen gas(N2)

bacterianitrates

legumes

ammonia

Proteins in plantsConsumer eats

denitrificationNitrogen fixation

De-composition

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Nutrient Cycles

Bacterial nitrogen fixation

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers

Decomposition excretion

Atmospheric nitrogen fixation

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers

denitrification

Decomposition excretion

NO3 and NO2

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Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into _________.

Once these products are available, producers can use them to make __________.

Consumers then _______the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins.

Nutrient Cycles

nitrates

proteins

eat

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When organisms die, ____________return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia or nitrates .

These nitrogen forms may be taken up again by ____________.

Nutrient Cycles

decomposers

producers

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Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called________.

This process releases nitrogen into the _______ once again.

Nutrient Cycles

denitrification

air

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Nutrient Cycles

The Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like_________________________________.

Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate in soil or phosphorus in rock . These then are released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.

DNA( genetic material & ATP (energy molecule)

other nutrients, like K, is needed for conduction of things like nerve impulses and water (esp in plants)

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Phosphate, eventually enters the ocean, where it is used by marine organisms.

Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between organisms and the soil. Plants bind the phosphates into organic compounds.

Nutrient Cycles

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Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.

Nutrient Cycles

Ocean

Land

Organisms

Sediments

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Nutrient Limitation

Nutrient Limitation

The _____________________ of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers.

One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.

Primary productivity

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If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.

When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a_____________.

Nutrient Limitation

Limiting nutrient

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When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient—such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers.

This result is called an ___________.

Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem.

Nutrient Limitation

Algae bloom

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4-1 The Role of Climate

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What Is Climate?

Climate & Weather …what are they?

The day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place is called???

The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region is called???

weather climate

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What Is Climate?

Climate is caused by:

• trapping of heat by the atmosphere

• latitude

• transport of heat by winds and ocean currents

• amount of precipitation

• shape and elevation of landmasses

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The Greenhouse Effect

How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere's temperature range?

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Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include:

• carbon dioxide

• methane

• water vapor

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The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect.

Sunlight

Earth’s Surface

Atmosphere

Some heat escapes into space

Greenhouse gases trap some heat

Greenhouse gases trap some heat

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How the carbon cycle connects to the climate and oceans

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgEZpX3n5mo)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zpu7IZcdzXE


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The Effect of Latitude on Climate


Solar radiation strikes different parts of Earth’s surface at an angle that varies throughout the year.

At the equator, energy from the sun strikes Earth almost directly.

At the North and South Poles, the sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface at a lower angle.

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What are Earth's three main climate zones?

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As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones:

• polar,

• temperate, and

• tropical

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Earth’s Main Climate Zones

Sunlight

Most direct sunlight

90°N North Pole

Temperate

Tropical

Temperate

Polar

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Antarctic Circle

90°S South Pole

66.5°S

23.5°S

23.5°N

66.5°N

Polar

Sunlight

Sunlight

Sunlight

0°

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The polar zones are cold areas where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle.

Polar zones are located in the areas around the North and South poles, between 66.5° and 90° North and South latitudes.

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The temperate zones sit between the polar zones and the tropics.

Temperate zones are more affected by the changing angle of the sun over the course of a year.

As a result, the climate in these zones ranges from hot to cold, depending on the season.

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The tropical zone, or tropics, is near the equator, between 23.5° North and 23.5° South latitudes.

The tropics receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round, making the climate almost always warm.

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Heat Transport in the Biosphere


Unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere.

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Warm air over the equator rises, while cooler air over the poles sinks toward the ground.

The upward and downward movement of air creates air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the atmosphere.

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Earth’s WindsWINDS

66.5°N

23.5°NN

0°

23.5°S

66.5°S Prevailingwinds

Southeast Trade WindsWesterlies

Polar Easterlies

Equator

Northeast Trade WindsWesterlies

Polar Easterlies

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Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in Earth’s oceans. Cold water near the poles sinks, then flows parallel to the ocean bottom, and rises in warmer regions.

Water is also moved at the surface by winds.

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The movement of the water creates ocean currents, which transport heat energy throughout the biosphere.

Surface ocean currents warm or cool the air above them, affecting the weather and climate of nearby landmasses.

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Ocean Currents OCEAN CURRENTS

66.5°N

23.5°NN

00°

23.523.5°S

66.5°S

Equator

Warm currentsCold currents

North Atlantic current

Gulf stream

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Facts Supporting Global Climate Change

In the United States, 200 cities broke their highest temperature records this summer.

In Texas, 252 out of the state's 254 counties had experienced major wildfires during 2011.

China, Iraq and Iran also recorded their highest ever temperatures during this time period.

FACTS SUPPORTING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

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Facts Supporting Global Climate Change

Heavier and more violent storms and flooding incidents in Pakistan have displaced 20 million

people earlier this year, and forced out 8.5 million in China.

There were 387 million people affected by droughts in the first six months of 2011.

The city of Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan recorded a temperature of 53.5°C, or 128.3°F.

FACTS SUPPORTING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18xOj_nEDtw

Highlights: Hawaii

From the “24 Hours of Reality” Project

Sources:

http://www.theatlantic.com/life/archive/2011/09/24-hours-of-reality-al-gores-latest-climate-change-

project/245049/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/sep/28/al-gore-proof-climate-change

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4-1

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4-3

When the climate in a small region of a biome is different from the overall climate of the biome, the region’s climate is called

a. tolerance.

b. a harsher climate.

c. a microclimate.

d. a local variation.

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4-3

Variation of temperature in the temperate zone is due primarily to

a. air and ocean currents.

b. the greenhouse effect.

c. variation in the sun’s energy production.

d. latitude and season.

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4-3

The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air creates

a. upwellings.

b. air currents.

c. ocean currents.

d. the greenhouse effect.

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end show slide 1 of 26 copyright pearson prentice hall 3–3 cycles of matter

Documents

earths winds

earths climates

result of earths rotation

earths temperature range

ocean currents

biosphere cycles

dissolved carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide gas