end of world war i the end of wwi started with the us entry into the war in 1917, declaring war on...

End of World War I

• The end of WWI started with the US entry into the war in 1917, declaring war on Germany.

• By then, Germany had suffered severe losses. The people were starving, chaos on the streets, property and lives destroyed.

• To prevent further losses, the German government sought armistice from the Allies, thus ending the war in 1918.

Post World War One

New World Order? How? By whom?

“The War that changed the World”

The tangible legacy of the WW1

• Million of soldiers & civilians killed or wounded

• War Costs : 338 billion with towns and land destroyed in Europe and Russia

Collapse of the Empires

• Breakup of Austrian Hungarian Empire

• Ottoman Empire Dissolved

• Russian Empire

• German Losses

Collapse of the Empires

• Breakup of Austrian Hungarian Empire– Austria and Hungary become independent nations– Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia were formed– Italy and Romania gained land– Austria had to reduce its army and was forbidden

to ally with Germany (“Anschluss”)

Ottoman Empire Dissolved

• Turkey becomes independent

• Most of the Arab nations were put under the control of Britain and France Mandates

Russian and German Empire

• Russian and German Losses

• Other nations formed: Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

Peace Treaties

• Postwar Settlements

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG6U9lcPnAw

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK3X4Luq2L0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG6U9lcPnAw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG6U9lcPnAw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK3X4Luq2L0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK3X4Luq2L0

The Treaty of Versailles

• Also known as the Paris Peace Settlement (1919)

• Sealed the fate of Germany

• Formation of the League of Nations.

Impact of World War IEffects of World War I on Europe- Formation and aims of the League of Nations- Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and the creation of new states

Rise of Nazism Factors leading to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany - discontent with the Treaty of Versailles- weak leadership in the Weimar Republic

Adapted with materials from VS, Tan JL & Marshall Cavendish

Paris Peace Treaty 1919

Why did the ‘Big Three’ have different intentions?

FranceGeorges Clemenceau

BritainDavid Lloyd-George

USAWoodrow Wilson

• Lost 1.4 million men in the war — workforce had almost been wiped out.• Experienced great destruction and suffering.• World War I was the second time France was invaded by Germany.• People wanted harsh and vindictive punishment for Germany.• Georges Clemenceau’s intention was to punish — make Germany pay for the

destruction and suffering caused by the invasion and cripple Germany so that it would not happen again.

• The fiercest fighting did not take place on its land.• Losses not as great compared to France.• Did not feel as aggrieved as the French.• Seeking stern justice and deterrence, not vengeance.• David Lloyd-George’s intention was to deter Germany from starting. another

war and achieve a severe but not overly-harsh justice.

• Not at the forefront of the war and did not suffer heavy casualties.• Its people were comparatively oblivious to World War I as it was, strictly

speaking, not their war.• Woodrow Wilson was idealistic. His intention was to champion peace, the

principle of self-determination and democracy — Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

George Clemenceau (France)

Make Germany PAY!!They are responsible for all our losses for the past 4 years.

Germany has attacked us twice in 40 years. We must cripple them so bad that they cannot do any more harm to us.

They must return Alsace-Lorraine to us.

Germany must pay Reparations to France to cover the cost of rebuilding France.

France should be allowed to take possession of the Rhineland so that France can stop Germany from attacking her in future.

David Lloyd George (Britain)

“Make Germany Pay” and

"Squeeze them until the pips squeak”

“Hang the Kaiser!”

We will have our REVENGE

On Germany!!

In my earlier campaign, I have promised the peoplethat we will punish Germany.I must fulfil my word or I’ll lose support. Personally, I prefer notto treat Germany to harshly or it could spell to more trouble. She should be able to recover and self-sustain. But since I have gave my word…

Woodrow Wilson (USA)

My legacy…can be summed up in

Fourteen pointsi). Self determination- that people of Europe should be allowed to decide their own futureii). Democracy - Let the people have a say on how to run their country.iii) Formation of the League of Nations - collective monitoring body to stop or prevent impending conflicts.iv) Don’t be too harsh on Germany.

Woodrow Wilson (USA)

What did the Germans hope for?• No compensation, just a fresh start.

– New government was not the one responsible for the war.

– The German economy was also devastated by the war.

• Support for new democratic government.– Should not bear harsh punishment for what the former

authoritarian Kaiser did.

– Work together for peace, founded on a firm basis of democracy.

• Principle of self-determination to apply to Germany.– The country would remain a united nation.

What did the Germans get?• The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles:

Territorial lossesTerritorial losses

Military cut-downMilitary cut-down

War guilt clauseWar guilt clause

Reparationor Compensation

The main points of the Treaty [BRAT] The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out the Covenant of the League of Nations; the rest of the 440 Articles detailed Germany's punishment:

1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war (Clause 231). This was vital because it provided the justification for...

2. Germany had to pay £6,600 million (called Reparations) for the damage done during the war.

3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. Navy with only

six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men. In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France.

4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map, below). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

http://www.johndclare.net/league_of_nations1.htm

War Guilt Clause

• Germany to bear full responsibility for the war and compensate for it.

• She was to pay reparations totalling £6,600 million.

Financially-crippling Financially-crippling and kept Germany and kept Germany poor for many yearspoor for many years

• New German government to accept and bear the responsibility for the war.

• Germany totally responsible for the war.

• Germany to be responsible for the losses of the Allied Powers.

• Thus Germany has to pay compensation.

Article 231, Treaty of Versailles

The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected to as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies… Germany has to pay compensation to the Allies,… failing which the Allies will have the right to occupy its territories.

War Guilt ClauseARTICLE 231.

“The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.”

What is the implication of this clause?

What effects did it have on Germany?

Reparations• Germany was made to agree to pay Reparations to the

Allies for all of the damage caused by the war; these came to £6,600 million

Military deaths/losses (Estimated)- Germany 2,000,000 Russia 1,700,000- France 1,358,000 Austria-Hungary 1,000,000- Great Britain 761,210 Italy 460,000- Turkey 375,000 USA 114,095

Do you think it was justified for Germany to pay so much based on the losses each country incurred?

Military cut-down• Size of German army Restricted to 100,000

professional soldiers.

Ensured that Germany would never be able to build

up a large reserve force that it could call up in the event of war.

• Wartime weapons All were to be destroyed.

• Conscription Prohibited to prevent build-up of armed forces.

Military cut-down• War machines No air force, submarines or

tanks.

The Navy was limited to six battleships and a few smaller ships.

• Demilitarised zone No German military forces were allowed to be stationed in the Rhineland, an area

along Germany’s western borders with France.

Instead, Allied troops would occupy it for 15 years and thereafter, there was to be no troops in the zone.

28 Crisis and Conflict: Establishing Peace Copyright 2006

German territorial

losses Segments of Segments of

Germany’s Germany’s population population were divided were divided by new by new borders and borders and forced to join forced to join other nations.other nations.

Germany had to give up:Germany had to give up:1.1. Alsace-Lorraine to FranceAlsace-Lorraine to France


German territorial




2.2. Eupen and Malmedy to BelgiumEupen and Malmedy to Belgium


German territorial





3.3. Northern Schleswig to Denmark Northern Schleswig to Denmark


German territorial






4.4. The Polish Corridor to PolandThe Polish Corridor to Poland


German territorial


Germany’s Germany’s population population were divided were divided by new by new borders and borders and forced to join forced to join other nationsother nations..





5.5. Part of Upper Silesia to PolandPart of Upper Silesia to Poland


German territorial








6.6. Danzig, to be administered by a Danzig, to be administered by a new international organisationnew international organisation


German territorial









7.7. Hultschin to CzechoslovakiaHultschin to Czechoslovakia


German territorial


Germany’s Germany’s population population were divided were divided by new by new borders and borders and forced to join forced to join other nationsother nations..







7.7. Hultschin to CzechoslovakiaHultschin to Czechoslovakia

8.8. Memel to LithuaniaMemel to Lithuania

Loss of territory (Germany)

Loss of territories

German territorial lossesGermany also:-lost all of its overseas colonies.

-was not allowed to form anschluss (connection) with Austria.

-lost control of the coal-rich region, the Saar, to the French for 15 years, after which a plebiscite would be organised to allow the inhabitants to decide which country they wished to belong to.

A dismembering of German territories by the Allied Powers?

The Treaty of Versailles: War Guilt

• Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders

• Germany forced to pay the Allies £6,600 million in reparations over 30 years.

• Laid the ground work for WWII ???

Crippled military losses

Germany was forced to• Remove all soldiers or military equipment within

30 miles of the east bank of the Rhine. • Reduce its army to 100,000 men and was not

allowed to have conscription. • Reduce the navy to 6 warships and was not

allowed to have any submarines. • Destroy all of its air force.• Rhineland was to be demilitarised.

Loss of territories• Germany must hand over all its colonies, resulting in a 30% loss of her

land, including rich coalfields such as Saar.

• Eupen, Moresnet and Malmedy were given to Belgium

• Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.

• Rhineland was demilitarised

• Land given to Poland became known as the "Polish Corridor" and it separated the main part of Germany from East Prussia.

• Other new countries were created - Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formed from land

lost by Russia.

• Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The Fate of Germany• Treaty of Versailles (440 articles)

• Deemed as guilty, and made responsible for the outbreak and costs of war.

• Lost territories

• Lost valuable income

• Hefty reparations

• Crippled militarily

• Lost of pride, faced humiliation

What’s your Verdict on the Treaty of Versailles?

• Do you think that the verdict on Germany was too harsh/unfair?

• Who were responsible for the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles and what were their intentions?

And what did Germany thinkabout their decisions?

The humiliation

• Apart from the lost of territories, hefty reparations, militarily handicapped, the War Guilt Clause humiliated the Germans.

• Worst of all, many Germans did not believe they had lost the war, but was instead ‘betrayed’ by their own government for surrendering even before the end of the war.

• Many Germans felt that they were ‘stabbed in the back’ by the own politicians (whom they labelled as the “November criminals”)

• They also felt that they were not consulted about the treaty, but forced to accept it. The TOV became known as the “Diktat” (order or decree)

47

How did the Germans react?

“The Allies have taken away everything I own.”

We wanted a fair treaty and got nothing of the sort. The German population feels angry and in part, humiliated by the terms. This treaty does not stand for right. It is a dictated peace that will provoke fresh hatred between the nations. This peace will not be a peace that will last.

We wanted a fair treaty and got nothing of the sort. The German population feels angry and in part, humiliated by the terms. This treaty does not stand for right. It is a dictated peace that will provoke fresh hatred between the nations. This peace will not be a peace that will last.German President Friedrich German President Friedrich

EbertEbert

Outrage!

Injustice!Humiliation!

Why did the Germans feel this way?

Why reparations?Why reparations?

Why total responsibility?

Why total responsibility?

The Allies had also The Allies had also contributed to the contributed to the chain of events that chain of events that led to the war!led to the war!

The war was the The war was the responsibility of responsibility of Kaiser Wilhelm’s Kaiser Wilhelm’s government, not the government, not the new democratic new democratic government!government!

The Germans had The Germans had suffered even more suffered even more war casualties than war casualties than the French!the French!

Germany was in Germany was in economic crisis after economic crisis after the war, how could it the war, how could it afford the afford the compensations?compensations?


Why exclusion from peace discussions and League of Nations?

Why exclusion from peace discussions and League of Nations?

Why stripping of Germany’s land?

Why stripping of Germany’s land?

German people could German people could not choose where not choose where they wanted to they wanted to belong. What belong. What happened to ‘self-happened to ‘self-determination’? determination’?

By taking away land By taking away land and the resources on and the resources on it, Germany was left it, Germany was left with nothing to with nothing to support industrial support industrial growth!growth!

Germany did not Germany did not surrender, why was it surrender, why was it not included in the not included in the discussions at discussions at Versailles? Why a Versailles? Why a diktatdiktat and not ne and not ne4949gotiated peace?gotiated peace?

The new democraticThe new democratic government wanted government wanted to work towards to work towards permanent peace. permanent peace. Why ban it from the Why ban it from the League of Nations?League of Nations?


• Stripped of its military, the basic means to defend itself.

• Stripped of its territorial integrity with its land being divided up and its people being forced to live within new borders.

• Stripped of resources, colonies, trading fleet and thus the basic means of industrial production and economic recovery.

• Saddled with huge debts due to reparations, meaning more hardship for the people.

• Forced to shoulder all the blame for the war.

Stabbed in the Back• Many blamed their politicians for agreeing to the Treaty of Versailles. • They felt betrayed as many did not feel that Germany had lost the war

when they surrendered.

• Most of all, Germany and the defeated were not allowed consulted when the TOV was signed.

• They called it a diktat - dictated peace

• Also, Germany joined and did not start the war but was punished the heaviest.

• It was this very political climate which marked the birth of the Weimar republic, the new German Government after World War I

Were the Allied Powers satisfied with the outcome?

• The Allied leaders argued that Germany had itself imposed even harsher terms on Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.


25%

34%

50%

80%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Territory lost Population lost Industries lost Coal mines lost

Comparison of terms

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk


25%

13%

34%

12.5%

50%nearly 50%

80%

16%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Territory lost Population lost Industries lost Coal mines lost

Comparison of terms

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Versailles


The ‘Big Three’

Georges Clemenceau

(France)

• Felt the Treaty of Versailles was not harsh enough.

• Feared that France would continue to face threats from Germany.

David Lloyd-George

(Britain)

• Felt that the Treaty of Versailles was harsh — ‘a great pity’.

• Predicted that another war would occur because its terms had created deep resentment among the Germans.

Woodrow Wilson(USA)

• Felt the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh.

• Agreed to the terms only because he needed the support of Britain and France to form the League of Nations.

end of world war i the end of wwi started with the us entry into the war in 1917, declaring war on...

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