Chapter 30Chapter 30

The War to End WarThe War to End War

1917-19181917-1918

War by Act of Germany War by Act of Germany During the Election of 1916, Wilson had run under the slogan During the Election of 1916, Wilson had run under the slogan “He “He Kept Us Out of War.”Kept Us Out of War.”Jan 22, 1917 - Jan 22, 1917 - Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson tried one last time to keep tried one last time to keep America out of warAmerica out of war– Germany’s response: unlimited sub. warfare on all shipsGermany’s response: unlimited sub. warfare on all ships– US was still not engaged in warUS was still not engaged in war

Zimmerman noteZimmerman note - intercepted & published March 1, 1917 - intercepted & published March 1, 1917 – it secretly proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico, and if it secretly proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico, and if

the the Central PowersCentral Powers won, Mexico could recover Texas, New Mexico, won, Mexico could recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona from the U.S.and Arizona from the U.S.

Germans began to sink numerous ships, while in Russia, a Germans began to sink numerous ships, while in Russia, a revolution toppled the tsarist regime (Bolshevik)revolution toppled the tsarist regime (Bolshevik)

April 2, 1917 - President Wilson asked for Congress to declare April 2, 1917 - President Wilson asked for Congress to declare war, which it did four days later war, which it did four days later – Still linked to isolationism, many Americans did not want to be in the warStill linked to isolationism, many Americans did not want to be in the war– Wilson told the people they were making the world safe for democracyWilson told the people they were making the world safe for democracy

““Wilson’s 14 points”Wilson’s 14 points”January 8, 1918 - Wilson delivered his January 8, 1918 - Wilson delivered his Fourteen Points Fourteen Points AddressAddress to Congress to Congress – No more secret treaties No more secret treaties – Freedom of the seas Freedom of the seas – removal of economic barriers among nations removal of economic barriers among nations – Reduction of armament burdens Reduction of armament burdens – Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers – Other points included: “Other points included: “self-determinationself-determination,” or independence for ,” or independence for

oppressed minority groups oppressed minority groups – Establishment of a Establishment of a League of NationsLeague of Nations

Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Informationheaded by headed by George CreelGeorge Creel

created to “sell” the war to those people who were against it created to “sell” the war to those people who were against it and gain support for it and gain support for it

Had an army of men (75,000) that were ready to give pro-war Had an army of men (75,000) that were ready to give pro-war speeches in publicspeeches in public

Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Germans (in America) were blamed for espionage activities, Germans (in America) were blamed for espionage activities, and a few were tarred, feathered, and beaten and a few were tarred, feathered, and beaten – Espionage ActEspionage Act of 1917 and the of 1917 and the Sedition ActSedition Act of 1918 showed of 1918 showed

American fears/paranoia about Germans American fears/paranoia about Germans – Fortunately, after the war, there were presidential pardons (from Fortunately, after the war, there were presidential pardons (from

Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding), but a few people still sat in jail into the 1930s), but a few people still sat in jail into the 1930s

Nation’s Factories Go to WarNation’s Factories Go to WarAmerica was very unprepared for warAmerica was very unprepared for warWilson created the Council of National Defense to study problems Wilson created the Council of National Defense to study problems with any mobilization and had launched a shipbuilding program with any mobilization and had launched a shipbuilding program – US ranked 15US ranked 15thth in the world (army size) in the world (army size)– Ignorance was a problem—no one knew how much the US could Ignorance was a problem—no one knew how much the US could

produceproduceAmerican businesses did not want govt. telling them what to American businesses did not want govt. telling them what to produce (laissez faire)produce (laissez faire)19181918 - Wilson named - Wilson named Bernard BaruchBernard Baruch to head the to head the War War Industries BoardIndustries Board——to decide what & how much to produce; didn’t to decide what & how much to produce; didn’t workwork

War, Workers, and Women War, Workers, and Women Congress imposed a rule that made any unemployed Congress imposed a rule that made any unemployed man available to go into the war man available to go into the war – Many men were fearful to strikeMany men were fearful to strike– There were strikes: 6000 strikes broke out during the war; There were strikes: 6000 strikes broke out during the war;

blacks (who emigrated to the North) were often brought in to be blacks (who emigrated to the North) were often brought in to be strike breakersstrike breakers

– sparked racial violencesparked racial violence

Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, since the men were gone to war since the men were gone to war – gained support for women’s suffrage, which was finally gained support for women’s suffrage, which was finally

achieved with the achieved with the 19th Amendment19th Amendment (1920) (1920) – most women gave up their jobs (to the men) at war’s endmost women gave up their jobs (to the men) at war’s end

Forging a War EconomyForging a War Economy Mobilization relied more on passion and emotion than laws Mobilization relied more on passion and emotion than laws Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover was chosen to head the was chosen to head the Food Food AdministrationAdministration::– ration cards in favor of voluntary meatless Tuesdays and ration cards in favor of voluntary meatless Tuesdays and

wheatless Wednesdays wheatless Wednesdays – Created posters, billboards, ads for patriotismCreated posters, billboards, ads for patriotism– People volunteered to sacrifice for the good of the warPeople volunteered to sacrifice for the good of the war– citizens grew “victory” gardens on street corners to help citizens grew “victory” gardens on street corners to help

the farmersthe farmers– people observed “heatless Mondays,” “lightless nights,” people observed “heatless Mondays,” “lightless nights,”

and “gasless Sundays” in accordance with the and “gasless Sundays” in accordance with the Fuel Fuel AdministrationAdministration

– wave of self-sacrifice also sped up the drive against wave of self-sacrifice also sped up the drive against alcohol, culminating with the alcohol, culminating with the 18th Amendment18th Amendment

– Money was raised through the sale of war bonds Money was raised through the sale of war bonds

Making Plowboys into DoughboysMaking Plowboys into Doughboys Europe confessed to America that they Europe confessed to America that they couldn’t repay the loans to US & they were couldn’t repay the loans to US & they were running out of menrunning out of men– Wilson was forced to pass the DraftWilson was forced to pass the Draft– Within a few months, the army had grown to 4 Within a few months, the army had grown to 4

million men and women million men and women

African-Americans were allowed in the army, African-Americans were allowed in the army, but they were usually assigned to non-combat but they were usually assigned to non-combat dutyduty

Fighting in FranceFighting in FranceIt took a year for US to send troops to FranceIt took a year for US to send troops to France

Bolsheviks had pulled Russia out of the warBolsheviks had pulled Russia out of the war– Allowed Germans to focus on Western Allowed Germans to focus on Western

frontfront

U.S. troops helped in an Allied invasion of U.S. troops helped in an Allied invasion of Russia at Russia at ArchangelArchangel to prevent munitions to prevent munitions from falling into German hands from falling into German hands – Bolsheviks resented US being thereBolsheviks resented US being there

America Helps Hammer the “Hun” America Helps Hammer the “Hun” Spring (1918) America arrived just in time to keep the Germans Spring (1918) America arrived just in time to keep the Germans from taking Parisfrom taking ParisSecond Battle of the MarneSecond Battle of the Marne, Allies pushed Germany back , Allies pushed Germany back some more, marking a German withdrawal that was never again some more, marking a German withdrawal that was never again effectively reversed effectively reversed – American forces would later cut German RR linesAmerican forces would later cut German RR lines– US Marines were given the nickname “Devil Dogs” by German US Marines were given the nickname “Devil Dogs” by German

soldierssoldiers

By August 1918, Germans were exhausted and ready to By August 1918, Germans were exhausted and ready to surrender surrender – German troops were surrendering on the Western front just to get the German troops were surrendering on the Western front just to get the

food allowed to an Allied prisonerfood allowed to an Allied prisoner– British blockade was starving them, and the Allied blows just kept British blockade was starving them, and the Allied blows just kept

coming coming

Nov. 11, 1918 - At 11:00, the Germans laid down their arms Nov. 11, 1918 - At 11:00, the Germans laid down their arms after overthrowing their Kaiser in hopes that they could get a after overthrowing their Kaiser in hopes that they could get a peace based on the Fourteen Pointspeace based on the Fourteen Points– Allied Powers had refused to enter peace talks with Imperial Allied Powers had refused to enter peace talks with Imperial

Germany, so the democratic Weimar Republic is establishedGermany, so the democratic Weimar Republic is established– The German people felt betrayed by this new government The German people felt betrayed by this new government

immediatelyimmediately

Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Wilson went to Paris (for the peace treaty) not having the Wilson went to Paris (for the peace treaty) not having the majority of support at homemajority of support at home– American support had wavered once soldiers actually started dyingAmerican support had wavered once soldiers actually started dying

the the Big FourBig Four—Italy, led by —Italy, led by VittorioVittorio OrlandoOrlando, France, led by , France, led by Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau, Britain, led by , Britain, led by David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George, , and the U.S., led by Wilson—basically dictated the terms of and the U.S., led by Wilson—basically dictated the terms of the treaty the treaty At the Paris Conference in 1919At the Paris Conference in 1919– Wilson managed to get his League of Nations accepted by the other Wilson managed to get his League of Nations accepted by the other

powers and nationspowers and nations– Great Britain and France had determined that they would cripple Great Britain and France had determined that they would cripple

GermanyGermany– Italy had joined the Allied cause in 1915 & hoped to get a victor’s Italy had joined the Allied cause in 1915 & hoped to get a victor’s

share of the spoils of warshare of the spoils of war– Japan hoped to increase it’s imperial holdings in the PacificJapan hoped to increase it’s imperial holdings in the Pacific– Germany would be devastated by the treaty they were forced to signGermany would be devastated by the treaty they were forced to sign

Major Provisions:Major Provisions:Territorial changesTerritorial changes

Germany surrendered many lands in Europe & colonial holdingsGermany surrendered many lands in Europe & colonial holdings

Colonial LossesColonial LossesGermany ceded all colonies to the AlliesGermany ceded all colonies to the Allies

DisarmamentDisarmamentGerman army was limited to 100,000 volunteersGerman army was limited to 100,000 volunteersConscription was forbiddenConscription was forbiddenGerman navy was reduced to a few small ships.German navy was reduced to a few small ships.Subs, military aircraft, and war industries were prohibited.Subs, military aircraft, and war industries were prohibited.All of the restrictions were intended to prevent Germany from All of the restrictions were intended to prevent Germany from waging war again.waging war again.

War Guilt and Reparations War Guilt and Reparations - Article 231 - Article 231Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the war.Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the war.Germany had to pay reparations for war damages - $33 billionGermany had to pay reparations for war damages - $33 billionGer.made a few payments, stopped making payments in 1933.Ger.made a few payments, stopped making payments in 1933.

Hammering Out the Treaty Hammering Out the Treaty France received a promise that the U.S. and Great Britain France received a promise that the U.S. and Great Britain would aid France in case of another German invasion would aid France in case of another German invasion Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles was forced upon Germany under the was forced upon Germany under the threat that if it didn’t sign the treaty, war would resumethreat that if it didn’t sign the treaty, war would resumeNov 19, 1919 - U.S. ratification the Treaty of Versailles was Nov 19, 1919 - U.S. ratification the Treaty of Versailles was defeated by a vote of 55 to 39 defeated by a vote of 55 to 39 U.S. isolationism doomed the Treaty of Versailles and U.S. isolationism doomed the Treaty of Versailles and indirectly led toindirectly led to World War II World War II– League of Nations doomed as well, since the US did not joinLeague of Nations doomed as well, since the US did not join– France, without an ally, built up a large military forceFrance, without an ally, built up a large military force

suffering of Germany and the disorder of the time allowed suffering of Germany and the disorder of the time allowed Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler to seize power in Germany, build up popularity, to seize power in Germany, build up popularity, and drag Europe into war and drag Europe into war US sat back and let things happen because we didn’t want to US sat back and let things happen because we didn’t want to get into another world warget into another world war– Yet that’s where we ended upYet that’s where we ended up