encyclopedia soil science - springer978-1-4020-3995... · 2017-08-25 · encyclopedia of earth...

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofSOIL SCIENCE

edited by

WARD CHESWORTHUniversity of Guelph

Canada

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofSOIL SCIENCE

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: 978-1-4020-3994-2 Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New YorkThis publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-3995-9 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-5127-2

Published by SpringerPO Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Printed on acid-free paper

Cover photo:Mount Olga (Katatjula), 25 kmwest of Ayers Rock (reproduced courtesy of Getty Images, image 55862814, photographer: DAJ).

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced from other sources.Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that due acknowledgement may be made insubsequent editions.

All Rights Reservedã 2008 Springer

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOIL SCIENCE

Volume EditorWard Chesworth is Professor Emeritus of Geochemistry at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. He co-edited Weathering, Soilsand Paleosols, and three volumes of the annual Hammond Lecture Series broadcast in part by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation:Malthus and the ThirdMillennium, Sustainable Development, and The Human Ecological Footprint. He co-wrote Perspectives on CanadianGeology. In 2003 he received the Halbouty Prize of the Geological Society of America, of which he is a Fellow.

Advisory Board
Richard W. ArnoldNatural Resources Conservation ServiceUS Department of AgricultureWashington, DC, USA
Charles W. FinklCoastal Planning & Engineering, Inc.CPE Coastal Geology & GeomaticsBoca Raton, Florida, USA

Antonio Martínez CortizasFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain

Gary ParkinDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphOntario, Canada

Johnson SemokaSokoine University of AgricultureMorogono, Tanzania

Arieh SingerThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel

Yoong K. SoonAgriculture and Agri-Food CanadaAlberta, Canada

Otto SpaargarenWorld Data Centre for SoilsWageningen, The Netherlands

Felipe Macías VázquezFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSpain

Aims of the SeriesThe Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the EarthSciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, withcopious illustrations and reference lists.

These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated andnew works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysi-cists, climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the back of this volume for a current list of titles in theEncyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Go to http://www.springerlink.com/reference-works / to visit the “Earth Sciences Series” on-line.

About the EditorsProfessor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than 8 volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For thepast 25 years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the internationalJournal of Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Principal Marine Geologist with Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. andResearch Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the University of Western Australia(Perth) and previouslyworked for a wholly ownedAustralian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of Canada (INCO). Duringhis career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Caribbean; South America; SW Pacific islands; southern Africa; Western Europe;and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.

ProfessorMichael Rampino has publishedmore than 100 papers in professional journals including Science,Nature, and Scientific American. Hehas worked in such diverse fields as volcanology, planetary science, sedimentology, and climate studies, and has done field work on six con-tinents. He is currently Associate Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at New York University and a consultant at NASA’s GoddardInstitute for Space Studies.

Founding Series EditorProfessor Rhodes W. Fairbridge{ has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked asa petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, ArcticCanada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliatedwith the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Contents

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xxv

A Horizon
1
Abiotic
1
Abrasion
1
Abrupt Textural Change
1
Absorption
1
Acid Deposition Effects on SoilsRandy A. Dahlgren

2

Acid SoilsFelipe Macías Vázquez, Marta Camps Arbestain,and Ward Chesworth

7

Acid Sulfate Soils
10
AcidityWayne P. Robarge

10

Acids, Alkalis, Bases and pH
21
AcrisolsFelipe Macías Vázquez

22

Activity RatiosBryon W. Bache

24

Adobe
27
Adsorption
27
Aggregate
28
Aggregate Stability to Drying and WettingW. W. Emerson

28

AggregationRoger Hartmann

30

Agrichemical
33
Entries without author names are glossary terms

Agroecology
33
Agroecosystem
33
AgrogeologyNikola Kostic

33

Agronomy
35
AlbeluvisolsOtto Spaargaren

35

AlisolsOtto Spaargaren

35

Alkali
37
Alkaline SoilsWard Chesworth, Felipe Macías Vázquez,and Marta Camps Arbestain

37

Alkalization
39
Allitization
39
Allogenic
39
Alluvium
39
AndosolsOlafur Arnalds

39

Anthropogenic
46
AnthrosolsOtto Spaargaren

47

ArenosolsOtto Spaargaren

48

Argillaceous
49
Argillan
49
Arid
49
Arrhenius' Equation
49

vi CONTENTS

Association
50
Auger
50
Authigenic
50
Azonal Soil
50
B Horizon
51
Background
51
Badlands
51
Barchan
51
Barrens
51
Base
51
Base Level
51
Base SaturationBryon W. Bache

52

Basement
55
Basic
55
Basin
55
Beach
55
Bed
55
Bedrock
55
Bench
55
Berm
55
Biodegradation
55
Biodiversity
55
Biogeochemical CyclesWard Chesworth

56

Biomass
60
Biome
60
Biomes and their SoilsWard Chesworth

61

Bioremediation
68
Biosequence
68
Biospheric Role of Soil
68
Biostasis
69
Biotic
69
Bisiallitization
69
Black Cotton Soil
69
Black Earth
69
Blanket
69
Blowout
69
Bog
69
Boreal Forest
69
Boulder
69
Brunification
69
Buffers, BufferingCarlo Gessa

70

Bulk DensityDavid T. Lewis

74

Buried Soil
75
C Horizon
77
Calcareous SoilsWard Chesworth, Marta Camps Arbestain, and FelipeMacías Vázquez

77

CalcisolsOtto Spaargaren

79

CambisolsOtto Spaargaren

80

Capability
81
Capillary PressureY. Mualem and H. J. Morel-Seytoux

81

Carbon Cycling and Formation of Soil OrganicMatterWilliam R. Horwath

91

Carbon Sequestration in SoilGonzalo Almendros

97

CarbonatesWard Chesworth

99

Catchment
101
Catena
101
Cation Exchange
102
Cement
102
Cheluviation
102
Chemical AnalysesPaul R. Grossl and Donald L. Sparks

102

Chemical Composition
108
Chemisorption
108
ChernozemsOtto Spaargaren

108

Chronology of SoilsRhodes W. Fairbridge

109

CONTENTS vii

Chronosequence
111
Classification of Soils: FAOArieh Singer

111

Classification of Soils: Soil TaxonomyHari Eswaran

113

Classification of Soils: World ReferenceBase (WRB) for Soil ResourcesErika Micheli

120

Classification of Soils: World ReferenceBase (WRB) Soil ProfilesOtto Spaargaren

122

Clastic
122
Clay Mineral Alteration in SoilsP. M. Huang

122

Clay Mineral FormationArieh Singer

135

Clay Mineral Structures
141
Clay Minerals: SilicatesCharles E. Weaver

141

Clay-Organic InteractionsB. K. G. Theng

144

Climate
150
Climosequence
150
Coastal Soils
150
Colloid
151
Colluvium
151
Comminution
151
CompactionIain M. Young

151

Complex Soil
153
Compost
153
Computer ModelingKeith Paustian

153

Computerized TomographyRichard J. Heck

159

Concretion
160
Conductivity, ElectricalCharles W. Finkl

161

Conductivity, HydraulicHerman Bouwer

162

Conductivity, ThermalAmos Hadas

165


ConservationWard Chesworth and David M. Lavigne

168

Consistence
170
Consolidation
170
Contour
170
Cordillera
171
Corrasion
171
Corrosion
171
Craton
171
Creep
171
Critical Load
171
Crotovina
171
Crusts, CrustingMarcello Pagliai

171

Cryopedology
179
CryosolsOtto Spaargaren

179

Cryoturbation
181
Cuesta
181
Cultivation
182
Cumulization
182
Cutan
182
Datum Level
183
Debris
183
Degradation
183
Delta
183
Denitrification
183
Desalinization
184
Desert
184
Desertification
184
Desiccation
184
Desilication
184
Detritus
185
Diffusion
185
Diffusion ProcessesSiobhán Staunton

185

viii CONTENTS

Dispersion
191
Dissection
191
Dissolved Material
191
Divide
191
Doline
191
Drainage
192
Drumlin
192
Dry Deposition
192
Dune
192
Duricrusts and IndurationRhodes W. Fairbridge

192

DurisolsOtto Spaargaren

198

Dust
198
E Horizon
199
Earth CyclesRhodes W. Fairbridge

199

Ecology
202
Edaphic
202
Edaphic Constraints on Food ProductionFriedrich H. Beinroth, Hari Eswaran, and Paul F. Reich

202

Edaphology
207
Effective
207
Effluent
207
Electrical Double Layer
207
Electrochemistry
207
Electro-Osmosis
207
Elutriation
207
Eluviation
207
Endogenous
207
Energy BalanceGaylon S. Campbell

208

Envelope-Pressure PotentialPieter H. Groenevelt

210

Environment
210
Enzyme Activity
210
Enzymes and Proteins, Interactions withSoil-Constituent SurfacesHervé Quiquampoix

210

Eolian
216
Epigenous
216
ErosionRhodes W. Fairbridge

216

Erratic
221
Escarpment
221
Esker
222
Eutrophication
222
EvaporationR. J. Hanks and G. E. Cardon

222

Evapotranspiration
224
Evolution
224
Exchange Complex
224
Exchange PhenomenaRobert G. Gast

224

Exfoliation
227
Exogene
227
Extract
227
F Horizon
229
Fabric
229
Factors of Soil FormationCarlota Garcia Paz and Teresa Taboada Rodríguez

229

Fallout
231
Fallow
231
Family
231
Fan
231
FaunaValerie M. Behan-Pelletier and Stuart B. Hill

231

Fen
237
Ferralitic
237
Ferralitization
237
FerralsolsPablo Vidal-Torrado and Miguel Cooper

237

Ferran
240
Ferri-Argillan
240
Ferrods
241
Ferrolysis
241
Fersiallitization
241
Fertilizer Raw MaterialsPeter van Straaten

241

CONTENTS ix

Fertilizers, InorganicJ. J. Oertli

247

Fertilizers, OrganicC. Wesley Wood

263

Fibric, Hemic and Sapric
270
Field Capacity
270
Field pHL. R. Hossner

271

Field Water CycleWilliam O. Rasmussen

272

FlocculationW. O. Williamson

275

Flood Plain
278
Flow TheoryH. Magdi Selim

278

Fluvial
280
Fluviolacustrine
281
FluvisolsOtto Spaargaren

281

Folic
282
Fragipan
282
Frigid
282
Frost Action
282
Fulvic Acid
282
Furrow
282
Gabion
283
Gelifluction
283
Geochemistry in Soil ScienceGarrison Sposito

283

Geography of SoilsWard Chesworth and L. J. Evans

289

Geology and SoilsWard Chesworth

292

Gilgai
298
Glacial
298
Glaciation
298
Glaciofluvial
299
Glaciolacustrine
299
Gley
299

GleysolsOtto Spaargaren

299

Gossan
300
Groundwater
301
Guano
301
Gully
301
Gypsan
301
GypsisolsOtto Spaargaren

301

H Horizon
303
Halomorphic
303
Hardening
303
Hardpan
303
Harrow
303
Health
303
Health Problems and SoilJ. Lag

304

Heat CapacityAmos Hadas

305

Heath
307
History of Soil ScienceRhodes W. Fairbridge

307

HistosolsJ. C. Nóvoa Muñoz, X. Pontevedra Pombal,and A. Martínez Cortizas

312

Hoodoo
314
Horizon
314
Horizon Designations in the Wrb
314
Humic SubstancesGonzalo M. Almendros

315

Humid
323
Hummock
323
Hydric SoilsW. Chesworth, M. Camps Arbestain, F. Macías,and A. Martínez Cortizas

323

Hydrological CycleWard Chesworth

325

Hydromorphic
328
Hydrophilicity, HydrophobicityWilliam F. Jaynes

328

x CONTENTS

Hygroscopicity, Hygroscopic ConstantHans F. Winterkorn

330

Hypogene
331
Ice ErosionWard Chesworth, Augusto Perez‐Alberti, andEmmanuelle Arnaud

333

Ice Wedge and Polygon
338
Igneous
339
Illuviation
339
ImbibitionH. J. Morel‐Seytoux

339

Imogolite
350
Impermeable
350
Impervious
350
Induration
350
InfiltrationH. J. Morel‐Seytoux

350

Inheritance
362
Inorganic Fertilizers
362
Inorganic Soil
362
Insolation
362
Intensive Agriculture
362
Interfluve
362
Intergrade
362
Ion
362
Ion Exchange
363
Ionic Activities
363
Iron OxidesUdo Schwertmann

363

Iron Pan
369
IrrigationErnest Rawitz

369

JournalsCharles W. Finkl

381

Kame
421
Karst
421
KastanozemsOtto Spaargaren

421

Koppen
423
Krotovinas
423
Kubiena Box
423
L Horizon
425
Labile PoolS. A. Ebelhar

425

Lacustrine
426
Lagoon
426
Land
427
Landfill
427
Landscape
427
Landscape and SoilsWard Chesworth

427

Laterite
431
Law of the MinimumQuirino Paris

431

Leaching
437
LeptosolsOtto Spaargaren

437

Lessivage
438
LFH Horizon
438
Light Fraction
439
Lime
439
Liquefaction
439
Lithic
439
Lithosequence
439
Litter
439
LixisolsOtto Spaargaren

439

Loading
440
Loam
440
Loess
440
LuvisolsOtto Spaargaren

440

MacronutrientsL. R. Hossner

443

Mangan
445
Manure
445
Marginal Land
445

CONTENTS xi

Marl
446
Marsh
446
Mass Movement
446
Matran
446
Matric Potential
446
Matrix
447
Meadow
447
Mechanical WeatheringEiju Yatsu

447

Melanization
449
Metal Complexing
449
Metamorphic
449
Microbial Ecology and Clay Minerals
450
MicrohabitatsIain M. Young

450

MicrometeorologyJon S. Warland

453

MicromorphologyGeorges Stoops

457

MicronutrientsWard Chesworth

466

Microstructure, Engineering AspectsPeter Smart

475

Midden
481
Mineral Analysis
482
Mineral Soil
482
Mineralization
482
Minesoil
482
MireA. Martínez Cortizas, X. Pontevedra Pombal,and J. C. Nóvoa Muñoz

482

Moisture Regimes
485
Monadnock
485
Mor
485
Moraine
485
Morphology
485
Mottle
485
Muck
485
Mulch
486

Mull
486
Munsell Chart
486
Muskeg
486
Near-Neutral SoilsMarta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macías Vázquez, andWard Chesworth

487

Neoformation
488
Neolithic RevolutionWard Chesworth

488

Net Primary Productivity
489
NitisolsOtto Spaargaren

490

Nitrification
491
Nitrogen CycleJohnson Semoka

491

Nitrogen Fixation
494
Nodule
494
Nutrient
494
Nutrient Cycling
494
Nutrient PotentialsKonrad Mengel

494

O Horizon
501
Order
501
Organan
501
Organic Fertilizers
501
Organic Matter
501
Organic Soil
501
Organic Weathering
501
Ortstein
502
Osmosis
502
Outwash
502
Overburden
502
Paddy Soils
503
Paleosol
503
Pallid Zone
503
Paludification
503
Pan
504
Paralithic
504
Parent Material
504

xii CONTENTS

Parent Rock
504
Particle DensityGeorge R. Blake

504

Particle-Size DistributionGary C. Steinhardt

505

Pasture
510
PeatX. Pontevedra Pombal, J. C. Nóvoa Muñoz,and A. Martínez Cortizas

510

Ped
512
Pedalfer
512
Pedocal
512
Pedogenic Grid
512
Pedology and PedogenesisRichard W. Arnold

512

Pedon
516
Pedosphere
516
PedoturbationRandall J. Schaetzl

516

Peneplain, Pediplain, Etchplain
522
Penetrability
522
Peptization
522
PercolationF. Stagnitti, J.-Y. Parlange, and T. S. Steenhuis

522

Periglacial
525
Periodic Table in Soil ScienceWard Chesworth

525

Permafrost
530
PermeabilityY. Mualem and H. J. Morel-Seytoux

531

Permeameter
538
Petrocalcic
538
Petrogypsic
538
pH
538
PhaeozemsOtto Spaargaren

538

Phase Rule and Phase DiagramsWard Chesworth

539

Phi Scale
547
Phosphorus CycleYoong K. Soon

547

Phreatic
555
Physical ChemistryD. S. Orlov

555

Physical Properties
559
Physical Weathering
559
Phytolith
559
Pingo
559
PlanosolsOtto Spaargaren

559

Plant NutrientsJ. J. Oertli

560

Plant Roots and Soil Physical FactorsJan Gliński, Jerzy Lipiec, and Witold Stępniewski

571

Plasma
578
Plastic
578
Playa
578
Plinthite
578
PlinthosolsOtto Spaargaren

579

Plow
580
Plow Layer
580
PodzolsOtto Spaargaren

580

Point of Zero Net Charge
582
Pollution
582
Polycyclic
582
Polygenetic
582
Polygonal
582
Polypedon
583
Pore
583
Pore Size Distribution
583
Pore Space, Drainable
583
Porosity
583
Potassium CycleWard Chesworth

583

Prairie
587
Primary Mineral
587
Primary Productivity
588
Prismatic
588

CONTENTS xiii

ProfileCarmela Monterroso Martinez

588

Profile, Physical ModificationKeith D. Cassel and David Hammer

589

Pseudogley
593
PuddlingPedro A. Sanchez

593

Pugging
596
QualityWard Chesworth

597

Radiocarbon Dating
599
Radioisotopes
599
Rangeland
599
Reaction
599
Redoximorphic Features
599
Redox Reactions and Diagrams in SoilBurl D. Meek and Ward Chesworth

600

Regolith
605
RegosolsOtto Spaargaren

605

Relief
606
Rendzina
606
Residence Time
606
Residua System of Weathering
607
Residual Soil
607
Reverse Weathering
607
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
607
RhizosphereMichael Herlihy

608

Ria
608
Ridge
609
Rockland
609
Rolling
609
Rotation
609
Rubifaction or Rubefaction
609
Runoff
609
Sabkha
611
Saline
611
Salt Affected Soils
611

Salt LeachingRaj K. Gupta and I. P. Abrol

611

Sand
613
Sandur, Sandr
614
Saprolite
614
Saprolite, Regolith and SoilCharles W. Finkl

614

Saturation
622
Savanna
622
Scalping
622
Scarify
622
Scrub
622
Secondary Mineral
622
Sedimentary
622
Seepage
622
Self-Mulching
622
Semi-Arid
623
Series
623
Sesquan
623
Sesquioxide
623
Shear
623
Shield
623
Shrinkage
623
Silicates
623
Silt
623
Simulation of Soil Systems
623
Skeletan
624
Skeleton Grains
624
Slickensides
624
Slope Classes
624
Sludge
624
Sludge DisposalM. B. Kirkham

624

S-Matrix
629
Sod
629
Sodicity
629

xiv CONTENTS

SoilMarta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macías Vázquez, andWard Chesworth

629

Soil BiologyJames J. Germida

634

Soil ChemistryRichard H. Loeppert

637

Soil ColorMaurice G. Cook

641

Soil Components, Organic
643
Soil Conservation Service
643
Soil DrainageG. O. Schwab

643

Soil EngineeringKrystyna Konstankiewicz and Jarosław Pytka

646

Soil FertilityJ. J. Oertli

656

Soil Health
668
Soil Horizon Designations in the WRB Soilclassification systemArieh Singer

668

Soil Mapping and SurveyWilliam J. Edmonds

670

Soil Mechanics
673
Soil MicrobiologyYucheng Feng

673

Soil MineralogySteven B. Feldman, C. Shang, and Lucian W. Zelazny

678

Soil Organic Matter
686
Soil PhysicsP. W. Ford

686

Soil PoresBrent E. Clothier

693

Soil Probe
699
Soil Quality
699
Soil Reaction
699
Soil Salinity and SalinizationM. A. Arshad

699

Soil Science
704
Soil Seperates
704
Soil SolutionBryon W. Bache

704

Soil Stabilization
705
Soil Survey
705
Soil VariationInakwu O. A. Odeh

705

Soil Water
707
Soil Water and its ManagementPaul W. Unger

707

Soil-Root InterfaceCarlo Gessa

709

Soils of the Coastal ZoneCharles W. Finkl

711

Soils, Non-Agricultural UsesFred P. Miller

734

Soil-Solvent Interactions
736
Solifluction
736
SolonchaksOtto Spaargaren

737

SolonetzOtto Spaargaren

738

Solum
739
Solute Sorption-Desorption KineticsH. Magdi Selim

739

Sorption PhenomenaN. J. Barrow

745

Spheroidal
756
StagnosolsOtto Spaargaren

756

Stony
757
Stratification
757
Structure
757
Subsoil
757
Sulfur Transformations and FluxesMyron J. Mitchell and Christine Alewell

757

Supergene
764
Surface Soil Water Content
764
Surficial
764
Sustainable Agriculture
764
Swamp
764
Tableland
765
Taiga
765
Tailings
765
TechnosolsWard Chesworth and Otto Spaargaren

765

CONTENTS xv

Temperature Regime
766
Tensiometer
767
Terrace
767
Terrain
767
Terric
767
Texture
767
Thermal RegimeAmos Hadas

767

Thermodynamics of Soil WaterPieter H. Groenevelt

772

Thermogenic
776
Thermosequence
777
Thionic or Sulfidic SoilsXosé L. Otero, Tiago O. Ferreira, Pablo Vidal-Torrado,Felipe Macías Vázquez, and Ward Chesworth

777

Thixotropy, ThixotropismCharles W. Finkl, Jr.

781

Till
782
TillageJohn W. Doran and Lloyd N. Mielke

782

Topography
785
Toposequence
785
Topsoil
785
Trace ElementsM. B. Kirkham

785

Transport
790
Transport ProcessesPieter H. Groenevelt

791

Tropical SoilsCharles W. Finkl

793

Truncated Soil
803
Tundra
804
Turf
804
Type
804
UmbrisolsOtto Spaargaren

805

Undifferentiated Map Unit
806
Universal Soil Loss Equation
806
Unsaturated Flow
806
Vadose
807
VentifactsRhodes W. Fairbridge

807


VertisolsOtto Spaargaren

807

Void
809
Vugh
809
Wasteland
811
Water Budget in SoilGary W. Parkin

811

Water Content
813
Water Content and RetentionWalter H. Gardner

814

Water ErosionK. Auerswald

817

Water Fluxes
822
Water Holding Capacity
822
Water MovementJohannes Bouma

822

Water Potential
825
Water Table
825
Waterlogged
825
Watershed
825
Weathering Systems in Soil ScienceWard Chesworth

825

Wentworth Scale
830
Wetland
830
Wettability
830
Wetting FrontH. J. Morel-Seytoux

830

Wilting Point
835
Wind ErosionMichael Brookfield

835

Wind Erosion Equation
838
Windthrow
838
Woodland
838
Yield
839
Zeta PotentialR. J. Zasoski

841

Zonal Soil
845
Zone
845
Author Index 847

Subject Index 849

Contributors

I. P. AbrolCentre for the Advancement of Sustainable AgricultureNational Agricultural Science Centre (NASC) ComplexDPS Marg, PusaNew Delhi 110 012, Indiaemail: [email protected]

Christine AlewellEnvironmental GeosciencesUniversity of BaselBernoullistr. 32CH-4056 Basel, Switzerlandemail: [email protected]

Gonzalo Almendros MartínCenter of Environmental SciencesSoils Dept. /Soil Biochemistry Lab.c / Serrano 115 dpdo28006 Madrid, Spainemail: [email protected]

Olafur ArnaldsKeldnaholtReykjavik 112, Icelandemail: [email protected]

Emmanuelle Arnaud(no address)

Richard W. Arnold1145 GlenwayWest Lafayette, IN 47906-2203, USAemail: [email protected]

M. A. ArshadAgriculture Canada Research StationBox 29Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canadaemail: [email protected]

K. AuerswaldLehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, TU MünchenAm Hochanger 185354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germanyemail: [email protected]

Bryon W. BacheThe ChestnutsThe GreenLolworthCambridge, CB3 8HF, UK

N. J. Barrow22 Townsend DaleMt. ClaremontWestern Australia 6010, Australiaemail: [email protected]

Valerie M. Behan-PelletierAgriculture and Agri-Food CanadaK.W. Neatby Bldg.960 Carling AvenueOttawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Friedrich H. BeinrothDepartamento de Agronomia y SuelosUniversidad de Puerto RicoP.O. Box 9030Mayaguez, PR 00681-9030, Puerto Ricoemail: [email protected]

George R. Blake2215 N 1400 E StProvo, UT 84604, USAemail: [email protected]

Johannes Bouma(no address)

xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Herman Bouwer(no address)

Michael BrookfieldDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Gaylon S. CampbellDecagon Devices, Inc.2365 NE Hopkins CourtPullman, WA 99163, USAemail: [email protected]

Marta Camps ArbestainNEIKERc/ Berreaga, 148160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spainemail: [email protected]

G. E. CardonDepartment of Plants, Soils & BiometeorologyUtah State University, Ag. Science Building4820 Old Main HallLogan, UT 84322-4820, USAemail: [email protected]

Keith D. CasselDepartment of Soil ScienceNorth Carolina State University100 Derieux Street, Williams HallRaleigh, NC 27695-7619, USAemail: [email protected]

Ward ChesworthDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Brent E. ClothierHortResearch Palmerston NorthPrivate Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail CentrePalmerston North 4442, New Zealandemail: [email protected]

Maurice G. CookEcologistics LimitedConsultants in Environmental Management3458 Leonard StreetRaleigh, NC 27607, USAemail: [email protected]

Miguel CooperDepto de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, University of São PauloAvenida Pádua Dias, 1113418-900 Piracicaba, Brazilemail: [email protected]

Randy A. DahlgrenLand, Air and Water Resources, University of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavis, CA 95616-8627, USAemail: [email protected]

John W. DoranSchool of Natural ResoucesUniversity of Nebraska119 Keim HallLincoln, NE 68583-0934, USAemail: [email protected]

S. A. EbelharUniversity of IllinoisDixon Springs Agricultural CenterCrop Sciences DivisionRR1, Box 256, Simpson, IL 62985, USAemail: [email protected]

William Joseph Edmonds1610 Kennedy AvenueBlacksburg, VA 24060, USA

W. W. Emerson(no address)

Hari EswaranUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service1400 Independence Avenue (Room S-4836)Washington, DC 20250, USAemail: [email protected]

L. J. EvansDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Rhodes W. Fairbridge(deceased)

Steven B. FeldmanConsulting Mineralogist238 West Main St.Millbury, MA 01527, USAemail: [email protected]

Yucheng FengDepartment of Agronomy and SoilsUniversity of Alabama202 Funchess HallAuburn, AL 36849, USAemail: [email protected]

Tiago O. FerreiraDep. de Ciências do SoloCCA/UFCFortaleza, Brazil

CONTRIBUTORS xix

Charles W. FinklCoastal Planning & Engineering, Inc.CPE Coastal Geology & Geomatics2481 Boca Raton BoulevardBoca Raton, FL 33431, USAemail: [email protected]

P. W. FordCSIRO Land & WaterGPO Box 1666Canberra, ACT 2601, Australiaemail: [email protected]

Carlota Garcia PazDepartamento de Edafologia y Quimica AgricolaFacultad de BiologiaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaCampus Universitario Sur s /n15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

Walter H. Gardner1160 Telegraph Road #10Washington, UT 84780, USA

Robert G. Gast(no address)

James J. GermidaDepartment of Soil Science, University Saskatchewan51 Campus DriveSaskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Carlo GessaDipartimento di Scienze e Technologie AgroambientaliUniversita di BolognaVia Fanin, 4040100 Bologna, Italyemail: [email protected]

Jan GlińskiInstitute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420290 Lublin 27, Polandemail: [email protected]

Pieter H. GroeneveltDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Paul R. GrosslDepartment of Plants, Soils, and BiometeorologyUtah State University4820 Old Main Hill, AGS 348Logan, UT 84322-4820, USAemail: [email protected]

Raj K. GuptaICARDA – CAC Regional OfficeP.O. Box 4564, TashkentUzbekistan

Amos HadasInstitute of Soils, Water and Environmental SciencesThe Volcani Center, A.R.O.P.O. Box 6Bet Dagan 50250, Israelemail: [email protected]

R. David HammerNational Leader, Soil Survey InvestigationsUSDA-NRCS-NSSCFederal Building, Room 152100 Centennial Mall NorthLincoln, NE 68508-3866, USAphone: 402-437-5321email: [email protected]

R. J. Hanks1305 E. 2050 N.Logan, UT 84341, USAemail: [email protected]

Roger HartmannAgr Sci, Coupre Links 65State University of GhentGhent 9000, Belgiumemail: [email protected]

Richard J. HeckDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Michael Herlihy(no address)

Stuart B. HillSchool of Education, University of Western SydneyLocked Bag 1797Penrith South DCNSW 1797, Australiaemail: [email protected]

William R. Horwath3226 Plant and Environmental Science BuildingUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavis, CA 95616-8627, USAemail: [email protected]

L. R. HossnerDepartment of Soils & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University370 Olsen BlvdCollege Station, TX 7784-2474, USAemail: [email protected]

xx CONTRIBUTORS

P. M. HuangDepartment of Soil Science, University Saskatchewan51 Campus DriveSaskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canadaemail: [email protected]

William F. JaynesPlant and Soil Science, MS 2122Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX 79409, USAemail: [email protected]

M. B. KirkhamDepartment of AgronomyKansas State University2004 Throckmorton HallManhattan, KS 66506, USAemail: [email protected]

Krystyna KonstankiewiczInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Scienceul. Doświadczalna 420-290 Lublin 27, Polandemail: [email protected]

Nikola KosticFaculty of Agriculture, University of BelgradeNemanjina 611080 Belgrade, Yugoslaviaemail: [email protected]

J. Lag(deceased)

David M. LavigneInternational Fund for Animal Welfare40 Norwich Street EastGuelph, ON N1H 2G6, Canadaemail: [email protected]

David T. Lewis2520 Penny LaneRogers, AR 72758, USA

Jerzy LipiecInstitute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 Lublin 27, Polandemail: [email protected]

Richard H. LoeppertDepartment of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University370 Olsen BldvCollege Station, TX 77843-2474, USAemail: [email protected]

Felipe Macías VázquezDepartamento de Edafologia y Quimica AgricolaFacultad de Biologia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Campus Universitario Sur s /n15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

Antonio Martínez CortizasDepartamento de Edafologia y Quimica AgricolaFacultad de Biologia, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaCampus Universiatario Sur s /n15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

Burl D. Meek(no address)

Konrad MengelInstitut für Pflanzenernährung, IFZ, Justus Liebig UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 26-3235392 Gießen, Germanyemail: [email protected]

Erika MicheliSoil Science and Agrochemistry DepartmentSzent Istvan UniversityPáter Károly u. 12100 Godollo, Hungaryemail: [email protected]

Lloyd N. MielkeP.O. Box 98Gallatin Gateway, MT 59730, USAemail: [email protected]

Fred P. Miller(deceased)

Myron J. MitchellEnvironmental Sciences and Forest BiologySUNY, 210 Illick Hall1 Forestry DriveSyracuse, NY 13210-2788, USAemail: [email protected]

Carmela Monterroso MartinezDepartamento de Edafologia y Quimica AgricolaFacultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago de CompostelaCampus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

H. J. Morel-Seytoux57 Selby LaneAtherton, CA 94027-3926, USAemail: [email protected]

Y. MualemHebrew University of JerusalemDepartment of Soil and Water SciencesP.O. Box 12Rehovot 76100, Israel

CONTRIBUTORS xxi

J. C. Nóvoa MuñozDepartamento Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do SoloFacultade de Ciencias, Universidade de VigoAs Lagoas s /n32004 Ourense, Spainemail: [email protected]

Jnakwa O. A. OdehFaculty of AgricultureA05-JRA McMillan, The University of SydneyNSW 2006, Australiaemail: [email protected]

J. J. OertliSchaienweg 254107 Ettingen, Switzerlandemail: [email protected]

D. S. Orlov(no address)

Xose L. OteroDepartamento de Edafologia y Quimica AgricolaFacultad de Biologia, Campus Sur s /n15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

Marcello PagliaiIstituto Sperimentale per lo Studio e la Difesa del SuoloCRA-ISSDSPiazza D’Azeglio, 3050121 Firenze, Italyemail: [email protected]

Quirino ParisDepartment of Agricultural and Resource Economics3105 Social Science and Humanities Bldg.University of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavis, CA 95616, USAemail: [email protected]

Gary W. ParkinDepartment of Land Resource Science, University of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

J.-Y. ParlangeDepartment of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell UniversityIthaca, NY 14853-5701, USAemail: [email protected]

Keith PaustianNatural Resources Ecology LabColorado State UniversityFt. Collins, CO 80523, USAemail: [email protected]

Augusto Perez-AlbertiDepartamento de GeografiaUniversidad de SantiagoPlaza de la Universidad15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

X. Pontevedra PombalDepartamento Edafologia y Quimica AgricolaFacultad de Biologia, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaCampus Universitario Sur s /n15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

Jarosław PytkaInstitute of Agrophysics PASul. Doświadczalna 4, P.O. Box 20120-290 Lublin 27, Polandemail: [email protected]

Hervé QuiquampoixUMR Rhizosphère et Symbiose, INRA-ENSAM2 Place Pierre Viala34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, Franceemail: [email protected]

William O. RasmussenDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems EngineeringThe University of ArizonaTucson, AZ 85721, USAemail: [email protected]

Ernest Rawitz(deceased)

Paul F. ReichSoil Survey DivisionUSDA-Natural Resources Conservation ServiceRoom 4250 South Building, 14th & Independence Ave, SWWashington, DC 20250, USAemail: [email protected]

Wayne P. RobargeDepartment of Soil Science, North Carolina State UniversityP.O. Box 7619Raleigh, NC 27695-7619, USAemail: [email protected]

Pedro A. Sanchez(no address)

Randall J. SchaetzlDepartment of Geography, Michigan State University128 Geography BuildingEast Lansing, MI 48824-1117, USAemail: [email protected]

xxii CONTRIBUTORS

G. O. Schwab(deceased)

Udo SchwertmannInstitut für Bodenkunde, TU MünchenAm Hochanger 285354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germanyemail: [email protected]

H. Magdi SelimDepartment of Agronomy and Environmental ManagementLouisiana State UniversitySturgis HallBaton Rouge, LA 70803, USAemail: [email protected]

Johnson SemokaSokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Soil ScienceP.O. Box 3008Morogoro, Tanzaniaemail: [email protected]

C. ShangDepartment of Crop and Soil Environmental SciencesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA 24061-0404, USAemail: [email protected]

Arieh SingerSeagram Centre for Soil and Water SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemP.O. Box 12Rehovot 76100, Israelemail: [email protected]

Peter SmartDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of GlasgowGlascow, G12 8LT, UKemail: [email protected]

Yoong K. SoonBeaverlodge Research FarmP.O. Box 29Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Otto SpaargarenWorld Data Centre for SoilsP.O. Box 3536700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlandsemail: [email protected]

Donald L. SparksPlant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware152 Townsend HallNewark, DE 19716, USAemail: [email protected]

Garrison SpositoDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementCollege of Natural Resources, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720-3114, USAemail: [email protected]

F. StagnittiSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences and Centre for AppliedDynamical Systems & Environmental ModellingDeakin UniversityP.O. Box 423Warrnambool 3280, Australiaemail: [email protected]

Siobhán StauntonUMR Rhizosphère & SymbioseINRA, place Viala34060 Montpellier Cedex, Franceemail: [email protected]

T. S. SteenhuisDepartment of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell UniversityIthaca, NY 14853-5701, USAemail: [email protected]

Gary G. SteinhardtDepartment of AgronomyLilly Hall of Life SciencesPurdue University915 W. State StreetWest Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USAemail: [email protected]

Witold StępniewskiWydział Inżynierii Środowiska Politechniki Lubelskiejul. Nadbystrzycka 40B20-618 Lublin, Polandemail: [email protected]

Georges StoopsLaboratorium voor Mineralogie, Petrologie en MicropedologieUniversiteit GentKrijgslaan 281, S8Gent 9000, Belgiumemail: [email protected]

Peter van StraatenDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Teresa Taboada RodríguezDepartamento Edafologia y Quimica AgricolaFacultad de BiologiaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaCampus Universitario Sur s /n15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spainemail: [email protected]

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

B. K. G. ThengLandcare ResearchPrivate Bag 11052Manawatu Mail CentrePalmerston North 4442, New Zealandemail: [email protected]

Paul W. Unger3603 Thurman St.Amarillo, TX 79109, USAemail: [email protected]

Pablo Vidal-TorradoDepto de Ciencia do Solo, ESALQ/USPUniversity of São PauloAvenida Pádua Dias, 1113418-900 Piracicaba, Brazilemail: [email protected]

Jon S. WarlandDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadaemail: [email protected]

Charles E. WeaverEarth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of Technology311 Ferst DriveAtlanta, GA 30332-0340, USAemail: [email protected]

W. O. WilliamsonCollege of Earth and Mineral SciencesUniversity of Pennsylvania0216 Steidle BuildingUniversity Park, PA 16802, USA

Hans F. Winterkorn(no address)

C. Wesley WoodDepartment of Agronomy and Soils234 Funchess Hall, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL 36849-5412, USAemail: [email protected]

Eiju Yatsu91 IwaseMatsudo-shi 271-0076, Japan

Iain M. YoungScottish Informatics, Mathematics, Biology, and Statistics(SIMBIOS) Centre, University of AbertayBell StreetDundee, DD1 1HG, UKemail: [email protected]

R. J. ZasoskiSoils and Biochemistry ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavis, CA 95616-8627, USAemail: [email protected]

Lucian W. ZelaznyDepartment of Crop and Soil Environmental SciencesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA 24061-0404, USAemail: [email protected]

Preface

N

f

G

s

a

“It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insectsflitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from eachother, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us.”

Charles Darwin1

Darwin’s tangled bank is the biosphere in poetic microcosm,and the “damp earth” he refers to is soil. Soil is arguably themost complex of all geological materials, a combination ofmineral and organic constituents in solid, aqueous and gaseousforms, organized into a loose, porous, horizonated, plant-bearingmaterial, that is constantly changing. It forms as a result of a com-plex series of interactions and feedbacks between lithosphere,hydrosphere, atmosphere and, biosphere. As the natural geologi-cal cover of most of the land surface of the earth, it is the focus ofthis encyclopedia.

Alfred North Whitehead2 once wrote that the European phi-losophical tradition “consists of a series of footnotes to Plato”.It might similarly be said that human history is little more thana footnote to the exploitation of soil that started with the Agri-cultural, or Neolithic, Revolution, 10 000 years ago. All themagnificent cultural artifacts of civilization, from cathedralsto efficient plumbing systems, are the direct heritage of thisexploitation, and the big question today concerns what human-ity must do to sustain the heritage. At the most fundamentallevel this is equivalent to asking what we must do to sustainour food-production system.

By way of answer, consider Felipe Fernández-Armesto’s3

definition of civilization: “a relationship to the natural environ-ment, recrafted by the civilizing impulse, to meet humandemands”. To sustain the food-production system, we need toavoid making our demands so great, and our recrafting soextreme, that the biosphere in which we are embedded breaksdown as a life-support system. Unfortunately, agriculture, the

1Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species by means of

atural Selection, or the Preservation of favoured races in the struggle

or life. London: John Murray. 502 p.2Whitehead, A. N. 1929. Process and reality, an essay in cosmology.

ifford lectures delivered in the University of Edinburgh during the

ession 1927–1928. Cambridge University Press, 1929. 509 p.3Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. 2001. Civilizations: culture, ambition,

nd the transformation of nature. New York: Free Press. 545 p.

very technology we depend upon to maintain our complexsocieties, is strategically situated to threaten the biosphere at avulnerable bottleneck, the soil. Soil occupies a kind of chokepoint through which virtually all of the fluxes of energy andmatter that keep the terrestrial biosphere functioning, aresqueezed between different compartments of the landscape,and for about ten millennia we have been commandeering anever growing area of the soil for human use.

Our ecological footprint has expanded to modify, more orless completely, about a third of the earth’s soils, while threa-tening a second third. Most of the expansion has happenedsince the steam locomotive opened up the grassland biomesof the western hemisphere to the markets and bellies of theOld World. Cheap energy from fossil fuel made the expansionpossible, driving the human population, the ultimate crop of thesoil from the point of view of Homo sapiens, to an exuberantburst of exponential growth. The pressure of our numbersrequires that the soil provide us with ever more food, fibreand energy, as well as living space. As a consequence we havebecome a potent geological force, unique to the Holocene, andour activities in manipulating the soil, constitute a massiveintervention into the external geological cycle. All the naturaltendencies for soil to erode, to acidify, to salinize, or to becomehydromorphic, depending on factors such as climate, textureand drainage, have been magnified and exaggerated at certaintimes and in certain places, into pathological states. Now weare a threat not only to terrestrial biomes, but also to the ecol-ogy of freshwater biomes, and even the sea as sediment loadedwith agrichemicals contributes to hypoxia along coastalregions.

The fact that we have not yet invented an agricultural systemthat is truly sustainable means that we cannot say with any cer-tainty that our civilization is sustainable. Disasters such as thedustbowl in the Midwestern USA, and extensive salinization inthe region of the Aral Sea, have seen systems fail within two orthree generations, and even where agriculture has persistedfor five thousand years or more, Egypt and Northern Chinabeing the prime examples, it has been because of fortunate geolo-gical circumstances rather than human ingenuity. Hence the

xxvi PREFACE

pessimism of Angus Martin4, who, writing as an ecologist, asks:“How many millennia of deforestation, dust storms and soil ero-sion has it taken for us to realize that our agricultural methodol-ogy has had serious flaws in it from the start?”

Yet, history shows that we have the intelligence, imagina-tion and courage to tackle large issues such as the problem ofsustainability, and compilations such as this encyclopedia areproof that our knowledge of soils, incomplete and provisionalas all science is, has grown comprehensive enough to solvethe technical problems involved. If we could figure out howto solve the socio-political ones, humanity might yet achievea sustainable civilization. Without doubt it will demand amonumental effort of cooperation on a global scale. Bill Rees5,inventor of the concept of the ecological footprint, puts it thisway: “Sustainability is the greatest collective exercise thehuman race will ever have to undertake”.

The objective of this second edition of the Encyclopediaof Soil Science is, in a single volume, to provide an entrypoint into the study of that part of the solid earth that is abso-lutely necessary, not only to the sustainability of civilization,but more fundamentally to the sustainability of a flourishing

4Martin, Angus. 1975. The Last Generation: the End of Survival.

Glasgow: Fontana. 188 p.5Rees, William E. 2007. Human eco-footprints: straying off the

sustainability trail. The Kenneth R. Farrell Distinguished Public Policy

Lectureship, delivered at the University of Guelph, May 16, 2007.

biosphere. The basic facts, concepts and uses of the soil arepresented alphabetically in the volume, which combines fea-tures of both encyclopedia and glossary. The longer articlescharacteristic of the former are combined with shorter, diction-ary-style definitions of frequently used terms, commonly foundin the latter. The intended readership is the scientist, engineer,technologist, environmentalist and planner, with an interest insoils and a concern for planet Earth. The Soil Science volume,In combination with other volumes in Springer’s Encyclopediaof Earth Sciences6, this volume on Soil Science, contributes toa comprehensive and rigorous view of the environment in whichwe live.

The original Encyclopedia of Soil Science was compiled byRhodes W. Fairbridge and Charles W. Finkl, Jnr., and first pub-lished as long ago as 1979. This second edition builds on theirwork, and I was fortunate enough to be able to call upon thosetwo very experienced editors for advice.

I am sorry that Rhodes did not live to see this volumein print.

Ward Chesworth

6In particular the volumes covering Environmental Science, Geo-

morphology, Geochemistry, Sedimentology, Field Geology, Applied

Geology, Hydrology and Water Resources, Remote Sensing, World

Climatology, and Coastal Science.

encyclopedia soil science - springer978-1-4020-3995... · 2017-08-25 · encyclopedia of earth...

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