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ENCYCLOPEDIAGEOARCHAEOLOGYfo
Edited byAllan S. GilbertAssociate EditorsPaul GoldbergVance T. Holliday
Rolfe D. MandelRobert S. Sternberg
ENCYCLOPEDIA ofGEOARCHAEOLOGY
Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOARCHAEOLOGY
Volume EditorAllan S. Gilbert is Professor of Anthropology at Fordham University in the Bronx, New York. He holds a B.A. from Rutgers University, and his M.A., M.Phil., andPh.D. in anthropology were earned at Columbia University. His areas of research interest include the Near East (late prehistory and early historic periods) as well asthe Middle Atlantic region of the USA. (historical archaeology). His specializations are in archaeozoology of the Near East and geoarchaeology, especiallymineralogy and compositional analysis of pottery and building materials. Publications have covered a range of subjects, including ancient pastoralism, faunalquantification, skeletal microanatomy, brick geochemistry, and two co-edited volumes on the marine geology and geoarchaeology of the Black Sea basin.
Associate EditorsPaul GoldbergDepartment of ArchaeologyEmeritus at Boston University675 Commonwealth AveBoston, MA 02215, [email protected]
Vance T. HollidayDepartments of Anthropology and GeosciencesUniversity of Arizona210030 Tucson, AZ 85721-0030, [email protected]
Rolfe D. MandelDepartment of AnthropologyUniversity of Kansas1415 Jayhawk Blvd622 Fraser HallLawrence, KS 66045, [email protected]
Robert S. SternbergDepartment of GeosciencesFranklin and Marshall College3003 Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, [email protected]
Advisory EditorsZenobia JacobsSchool of Environmental and Earth SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Panagiotis KarkanasEphoreia of Palaeoanthropology & Speleology of Southern GreeceAthens, Greece
Joseph SchuldenreinGeoarchaeology Research AssociatesYonkers, NY, USA
Sarah C. SherwoodUniversity of the SouthSewanee, TN, USA
R.E. Taylor, Emeritus,Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California at Riverside, RiversideCA, USA
Claudio Vita-FinziNatural History MuseumSouth Hill Park, London, UK
Jamie WoodwardGeography, School of Environment and DevelopmentThe University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Aims of the SeriesThe Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises afocused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists. These books represent one ofthe world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue tobe essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. Go to http://link.springer.com to visit the “Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series” online.
About the Series EditorProfessor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past 25 years he has beenthe Executive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of Coastal Research. In addition to theseduties, he was Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the University of Western Australia (Perth) and previouslyworked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience inAustralia; the Caribbean; South America; SW Pacific islands; Southern Africa; Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.
Founding Series EditorProfessor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked as a petroleumgeologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific, and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, andNew Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES
ENCYCLOPEDIA ofGEOARCHAEOLOGY
edited by
ALLAN S. GILBERTFordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
With Associate Editors
PAUL GOLDBERGBoston University, Boston, MA, USA
VANCE T. HOLLIDAYUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
ROLFE D. MANDELUniversity of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
ROBERT S. STERNBERGFranklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936270
ISBN: 978-94-007-4827-9This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-4409-0 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-94-007-4828-6
Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London
Printed on acid-free paper
Cover photo: Photograph of Structure 4 at the Ceren archaeological site, El Salvador, which functioned as the bodega(storehouse) for Household 4 in an ancient Maya village. The village was buried by tephra from the nearby LomaCaldera volcanic vent in about AD 650. The various layers of the phreatomagmatic eruption resulted in extraordinarilygood preservation of structures, including the thatch roofs, as well as the foods and artifacts stored within the buildings.Image courtesy of Payson Sheets, University of Colorado.
Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced fromother sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that dueacknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions.
All rights reserved for the contributions: Arctic Geoarchaeology: Site Formation Processes; Ceramics;Dendrochronology; Living Surfaces; Paleopathology; Paleodemography: Methods and Recent Advances;Zhoukoudian
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the materialis concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed tobe true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressor implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Dedicated to Rhodes W. Fairbridge
(1914–2006)with appreciation
Contents
Editorial Board xiii
Contributors xv
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
’Ain Ghazal 1Rolfe D. Mandel and Alan H. Simmons
Akrotiri Aetokremnos, Cyprus 3Rolfe D. Mandel and Alan H. Simmons
Alluvial Settings 4C. Reid Ferring
Amino Acid Racemization 14Kirsty Penkman
Analysis of Carbon, Nitrogen, pH, Phosphorus,and Carbonates as Tools in GeoarchaeologicalResearch 15
Michael F. Kolb
Anthrosols 24Vance T. Holliday
40Ar/39Ar and K–Ar Geochronology 27Leah E. Morgan
Archaeological Stratigraphy 33Julie K. Stein and Vance T. Holliday
Archaeomagnetic Dating 39Stacey Lengyel
Archaeomineralogy 46George Rip Rapp
Archaeoseismology 47Tina M. Niemi
Arctic Geoarchaeology: Site Formation Processes 57Kelly E. Graf
Artifact Conservation 58Dennis Piechota
Atapuerca 62Carolina Mallol
Beringia, Geoarchaeology 65Joshua D. Reuther and Ben A. Potter
Big Eddy Site, Missouri 74Edwin R. Hajic
Blombos Cave 75Magnus M. Haaland andChristopher S. Henshilwood
Boxgrove 76Richard I. Macphail
Built Environment 77Joseph Schuldenrein
Burned-Rock Features 89Alston V. Thoms
Cactus Hill, Virginia 95Daniel P. Wagner
Canals and Aqueducts in the Ancient World 96Charles R. Ortloff
Casper Site, Wyoming 105Vance T. Holliday
Çatalhöyük 105Neil Roberts
Cave Settings 108Panagiotis Karkanas and Paul Goldberg
Ceramics 118Charles C. Kolb
Cerén 128Payson Sheets
Chemical Alteration 129Panagiotis Karkanas
Chronostratigraphy 139Daniel Richter
Climatostratigraphy 141Philip L. Gibbard
Coastal Settings 145Patrick D. Nunn
Colluvial Settings 157Charles A. I. French
Cosmogenic Isotopic Dating 170Ari Matmon
Data Visualization 173Erich C. Fisher and Curtis W. Marean
Dendrochronology 180Jonathan G. A. Lageard
Dmanisi 197C. Reid Ferring
Dolní Věstonice, Pavlov, Milovice 198Jiřı Svoboda
Dumps and Landfill 199Joseph Schuldenrein
Dust Cave, Alabama 205Sarah C. Sherwood
Eastern Sahara: Combined Prehistoric Expedition 209Christopher L. Hill
El Mirón Cave 210Lawrence Guy Straus andManuel R. Gonzalez Morales
Electrical Resistivity and Electromagnetism 211Alain Tabbagh
Electron Probe Microanalyzer 219J. Victor Owen
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) inArchaeological Context 224
Mathieu Duval
Eolian Settings: Loess 233Marcelo A. Zarate
Eolian Settings: Sand 239Andrew S. Goudie
Ethnogeoarchaeology 245Georgia Tsartsidou
Experimental Geoarchaeology 251Richard I. Macphail
Field Geochemistry 263Richard E. Terry
Field Survey 271John Bintliff
Fission Track Dating 274Barry Kohn
Fluorine Dating 275Matthew R. Goodrum
Forensic Geoarchaeology 276J. M. Adovasio
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 285Francesco Berna
Gas Chromatography 287Ruth Ann Armitage
Geoarchaeology, History 292Christopher L. Hill
Geochemical Sourcing 303Michael D. Glascock
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) 309Kenneth L. Kvamme
Geomorphology 314Carlos E. Cordova
viii CONTENTS
Geophysics 323Apostolos Sarris
Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov 326Nira Alperson-Afil
Glacial Settings 327Christopher L. Hill
Glass 336J. Victor Owen
Grain Size Analysis 341Gloria I. López
Great Plains Geoarchaeology 348Vance T. Holliday and Rolfe D. Mandel
Grimaldi Caves 366Francesco G. Fedele
Ground-Penetrating Radar 367Lawrence B. Conyers
Harappa 379Joseph Schuldenrein
Harbors and Ports, Ancient 382Nick Marriner, Christophe Morhange,Clement Flaux and Nicolas Carayon
Harris Matrices and the Stratigraphic Record 403Edward Cecil Harris
Haua Fteah 410Chris O. Hunt
Hearths and Combustion Features 411Susan M. Mentzer
Hohle Fels 425Christopher E. Miller
House Pits and Grubenhäuser 425Richard I. Macphail
Inductively Coupled Plasma-MassSpectrometry (ICP-MS) 433
Hector Neff
Inundated Freshwater Settings 441Jessi J. Halligan
Isernia 447Francesco G. Fedele
Isochron Dating 448Jan D. Kramers
Java (Indonesia) 451O. Frank Huffman
Kebara Cave 453Paul Goldberg
Kennewick Man 455Gary Huckleberry
Kostenki, Russia 456Vance T. Holliday and John F. Hoffecker
Koster Site, Illinois 457Edwin R. Hajic
La Micoque 459Christopher E. Miller
Lake Mungo and Willandra 460Jim Bowler
Landscape Archaeology 464Tim Denham
Lead Isotopes 469A. Mark Pollard
Liang Bua 473Kira E. Westaway
Lithics 476M. Steven Shackley
Living Surfaces 486Erin C. Dempsey and Rolfe D. Mandel
Loessic Paleolithic, Tajikistan 492Richard S. Davis and Vance T. Holliday
Luminescence Dating of Pottery and Bricks 494Ian K. Bailiff
Magnetometry for Archaeology 499Jörg W. E. Fassbinder
Mass Movement 515John F. Shroder and Brandon J. Weihs
Metals 521Vincent Serneels
Microstratigraphy 532Paul Goldberg and Richard I. Macphail
Minnesota Messenia Expedition (MME) 537George Rip Rapp
CONTENTS ix